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This paper introduces a simulated grounded inductor (SGI) circuit realization based on two terminal active devices, namely negative impedance converters. The proposed SGI contains a minimum number of passive components when compared to its two terminal active device-based realization counterparts in the literature. It includes a grounded capacitor that is an advantage in integrated circuit process. Nonetheless, a single resistive matching constraint is needed for its realization. SPICE simulations are performed with 0.13 mu m CMOS IBM technology parameters with supply voltages of +/- 0.75 V. Also, an experimental study is included to verify the theory.

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a promising non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for massive machine-type communications for 5G-and-beyond communication systems. Innovative use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) takes advantage of using tone indices in data transmission. In this study, we propose a novel multiplexing and multiple access scheme, namely SCMA based on OFDM-IM (SCMA-IM). SCMA-IM method can be implemented in uplink NOMA systems in an efficient way with similar computational complexity as SCMA. In this method constellation differences and diversity are obtained via SCMA codebooks (CBs) and the employment of CBs is transferred to index modulation (IM). Performance improvement is achieved via CBs so that the number of data bits carried by indices increases more than one bit with different constellations, and also with the number of CBs assigned. In order to determine the indices used in IM, the receiver structure is simplified by the message passing algorithm and log-likelihood ratio detection process used in SCMA receivers without indexing the receiver. Thus, a new NOMA scheme is obtained by coding with IM. Bit error rate performance of the system is studied for 150% and 200% overloading factors.

Background The myelin sheath produced by glial cells insulates the axons, and supports the function of the nervous system. Myelin sheath degeneration causes neurodegenerative disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). There are no therapies for MS that promote remyelination. Drug discovery frequently involves screening thousands of compounds. However, this is not feasible for remyelination drugs, since myelin quantification is a manual labor-intensive endeavor. Therefore, the development of assistive software for expedited myelin detection is instrumental for MS drug discovery by enabling high-content image-based drug screens. New method In this study, we developed a machine learning based expedited myelin detection approach in fluorescence microscopy images. Multi-channel three-dimensional microscopy images of a mouse stem cell-based myelination assay were labeled by experts. A spectro-spatial feature extraction method was introduced to represent local dependencies of voxels both in spatial and spectral domains. Feature extraction yielded two data set of over forty-seven thousand annotated images in total. Results Myelin detection performances of 23 different supervised machine learning techniques including a customized-convolutional neural network (CNN), were assessed using various train/test split ratios of the data sets. The highest accuracy values of 98.84 ± 0.09 % and 98.46 ± 0.11 % were achieved by Boosted Trees and customized-CNN, respectively. Comparison with existing methods Our approach can detect myelin in a common experimental setup. Myelin extending in any orientation in 3 dimensions is segmented from 3 channel z-stack fluorescence images. Conclusions Our results suggest that the proposed expedited myelin detection approach is a feasible and robust method for remyelination drug screening.

Myelin is an essential component of the nervous system and myelin damage causes demyelination diseases. Myelin is a sheet of oligodendrocyte membrane wrapped around the neuronal axon. In the fluorescent images, experts manually identify myelin by co-localization of oligodendrocyte and axonal membranes that fit certain shape and size criteria. Because myelin wriggles along x-y-z axes, machine learning is ideal for its segmentation. However, machine-learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), require a high number of annotated images, which necessitate expert labor. To facilitate myelin annotation, we developed a workflow and software for myelin ground truth extraction from multi-spectral fluorescent images. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, a set of annotated myelin ground truths for machine learning applications were shared with the community.

In this study, both current and transimpedance mode instrumentation amplification operations are met through a new active building block proposal, namely Current DifferencingTransresistance Amplifier block, CDTRA. In order to regard CDTRA as an instrumentation amplifier (IA), two grounded passive resistors are needed. Passive resistors together with electronically tunable transresistance parameter of active block, rm, set versatility over gain tunability for instrumentation amplifier. Proposed active block is current input, current/voltage output design. It has low impedance input, high impedance for current output, and low impedance for voltage output respectively. Since this particular IA is based on CDTRA, then it inherits these electrical characteristics fully. Numerous SPICE simulations are performed through the paper to verify validity of the study. TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS technology parameters are utilized through simulations. Experimental work is performed for the proposed IA circuit.

In this paper, a new floating analog memristance simulator circuit based on dual-output operational transconductance amplifiers (DO-OTA) and passive elements is proposed. Theoretical derivations are presented which describe the circuit characteristics. DO-OTA active elements in the proposed circuit are realized with CMOS transistors, and PSPICE simulations are performed. Also workability of the circuit is tested experimentally by using commercially available integrated circuits. Theoretical derivations are validated with PSPICE simulation and experimental results. All results show that proposed simulator circuit provides frequency-dependent pinched hysteresis loop and nonvolatility feature. Exciting frequency, minimum and maximum memristance values and memristance range can be adjustable electronically with bias currents by changing the transconductances of DO-OTAs. Simulator circuit has a frequency range of 1 Hz–180 kHz.

Myelin sheath, wrapped around axons, allows rapid neural signal transmission, and degeneration of myelin causes various neurodegenerative diseases, such as, Multiple Sclerosis (MS). For candidate drug discovery, it is essential to quantify myelin. This requires tedious expert labor comprising myelin labelling on microscopic fluorescence images, usually acquired by confocal microscopes. In this study, semantic segmentation based automatic myelin segmentation on fluorescence microscopy images was introduced. Three-channel and three-dimensional fluorescence images of mouse stem cell derived neuron and oligodendrocyte co-cultures were labeled by an expert. The images were divided into patches for training and the labels corresponded to each patch were acquired. A data set of 11552 patches was used for training to identify myelin and non-myelin regions. In the data set, myelin detection performances of semantic segmentation technique were evaluated using 3 different learning algorithms. The highest accuracy value of 97.32 percent was achieved by using “RMSprop” learning algorithm with a group size of 8 and after 250 epochs. Results suggested that the proposed myelin segmentation method was suitable for detecting myelin. Thus, the outlined myelin segmentation method has the potential to be incorporated into remyelination drug screens.

In this study, a novel lead and lag type compensator circuit is proposed using a single active component, namely, the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA). The proposed circuit has only one CFOA, two grounded resistors and two grounded capacitors. The input impedance of the proposed compensator is designed to be high whereas the output impedance is low. In terms of input and output impedance values, the proposed topology is suitable for a cascade connection with the voltage-mode structure not requiring buffer circuits, both at the input and output of the circuit. Moreover, the proposed circuit offers the advantage of controlling the poles and zeros orthogonally. The non-ideal effects depending on the active component are also presented in the paper. The commercially available AD844 integrated circuit component was used as the CFOA component in the proposed lead and lag compensator circuit and circuit simulations were performed using PSpice. Moreover, the electrical performance of the circuit was demonstrated by experimental studies. The achieved theoretical, simulation and experimental results are given with a comparison. Finally, a closed-loop control system application was given using the proposed compensator circuit and the operation of the circuit was demonstrated with PSpice simulations.

In this work, a CBTA-based universal mutator circuit is proposed for the realization of memcapacitor and meminductor elements. Proposed mutator circuit contains only one CBTA element, one memristor and one capacitor. It is suitable to transform a grounded memristor to a floating memcapacitor or meminductor. SPICE simulation by using a CBTA designed with 0.18 μm level-7 TSMC CMOS transistors was performed to show the accuracy of the proposed circuit and as a result, frequency dependent hysteresis loops are obtained.

In this paper, a smart sensor system design for home appliances, such as refrigerator, is introduced. The proposed smart sensor system is designed to collect inner temperature and relative humidity level of the appliance along with condition of whether appliance’s door is open or closed. A current sensor is also used to measure the current drawn by the appliance. To control appliance’s connection to the grid a relay is attached to the system. Afterwards all sensor data is sent to a platform on which user can observe sensor values and control relay.

In this paper we present a modular integrated electrical control system hardware for small scale underwater vehicles to implement underwater researches and substitute human roles in the hard environments. This system is fully compatible to implement new designs with not much change in the whole system. We also introduce a new bus system for this kind of vehicles that is eligible to perform all the needed necessities. Additionally, the paper proposes an algorithm and an operation chart on a proper microcontroller controlled Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) motion.

Besides high bandwidth requirements and coverage areas, studies on 5G are also focused on issues such as large numbers of users, capacity, low latency, and secure communications. In addition to human communication, machine type communication (MTC), which requires specialized communication types with different needs, is one of the main research topics. Three basic MTC communication scenarios are proposed in this context, as Extreme Mobile BroadBand (xMBB), Ultra-reliable MTC (uMTC) and Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC). In this study, mMTC scenarios will be discussed. For mMTC, nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes are proposed instead of Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA), which is used in the communication infrastructure before 5G. One of the NOMA types, code-based access, will be mentioned. Especially on SCMA (Sparse Code Mutiple Access), which is likely to be a prospect standard from code-based access techniques, the influence of code books, receiver structures and BER performance analysis have been investigated. The performance of the codebook design is shown through simulations.

Oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons and form the myelin. Myelin facilitates rapid neural signal transmission. Any damage to myelin disrupts neuronal communication leading to neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). There is no cure for MS. This is, in part, due to lack of an efficient method for myelin quantification during drug screening. In this study, an image analysis based myelin sheath detection method, DeepMQ, is developed. The method consists of a feature extraction step followed by a deep learning based binary classification module. The images, which were acquired on a confocal microscope contain three channels and multiple z-sections. Each channel represents either oligodendroyctes, neurons, or nuclei. During feature extraction, 26-neighbours of each voxel is mapped onto a 2D feature image. This image is, then, fed to the deep learning classifier, in order to detect myelin. Results indicate that 93.38% accuracy is achieved in a set of fluorescence microscope images of mouse stem cell-derived oligodendroyctes and neurons. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first study utilizing image analysis along with machine learning techniques to quantify myelination. 316S026 European Association for Signal Processing IEEE Signal Processing Society MathWorks Amazon Devices

Minaei, Shahram (Dogus Author) A new voltage-mode (VM) proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single active component named Current Feedback Operational Amplifier (CFOA), two resistors and two grounded capacitors is proposed. The proposed PID controller employs a canonical number of only grounded capacitors without requiring any critical passive component matching conditions and cancellation constraints. It has high input and low output impedances; thus, it can be easily cascaded with other VM structures. It can be easily constructed by a single commercially available active element. Frequency-dependent non-ideal gain and parasitic impedance effects on the performance of the proposed PID controller are investigated. The performance of the proposed PID controller circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE circuit simulation program and an experiment. Also, 0.18 μm CMOS TSMC technology parameters with ±2 V supply voltages are used. Total power dissipation of the proposed PID controller is 1.64 mW.

In this paper, design of a real-time video frame buffer with an external memory interface is proposed. In addition, simulation and implementation processes of the design is described. The mentioned system is able to buffer video signals up to 1920×1080 full-HD resolution at 60 Hz frame rate. The memory interface is designed based on an external SDRAM memory and supports burst read/write operations. Input video resolution, video buffer size on memory and burst size of the memory interface are user defined and can be configured. Publisher's Version

Accurately and fast detection of weight of objects has an important place for lots of academic and industrial application at the present time. In this work, it was aimed to estimate weight of eggs in a distance independent manner using image processing and artificial neural networks (ANN). The constituted system consists of a camera, artificial lighting system, reflector and reference image. Object weight was estimated by processing the acquired image. Feed forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) was preferred as artificial neural network. 250 samples which consist of 4 different brands and 4 different classes (x-large, large, medium, and small) were used for testing and training the system. It was tried to be obtained optimum system by using different feature vectors, different images and different artificial neural network parameters. As accurate classification rate was %47 according to defined by Turkish food codex egg communique and classification values write on the egg cartoon, this rate was increased to %90.5 as a result of this work. All processes were realized by using MATLAB program and toolboxes.

In this work, a high-performance voltage and current output instrumentation amplifier circuit is proposed. The proposed circuit also has voltage-mode (VM) and transadmittance-mode (TAM) outputs at a time. It employs a single current backward transconductance amplifier (CBTA) and a grounded resistor. It has the advantage of having low input and high output impedances which makes it easy for cascadability. The presented circuit has electronically tunable property due to the bias current of the CBTA. The validity of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by PSPICE simulations using a 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m CMOS process with [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V supply voltage. Simulation results show that the proposed circuit has a high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), wide bandwidth, low offset and high gain properties.

In this work, a current-mode (CM) full-wave rectifier circuits using only one current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA) and two diodes are presented. These circuits use only active components which are more suitable for integrated circuit fabrication and posses low input and high output impedances which make it ideal for current-mode systems. The behaviours of the proposed structures are tested by PSPICE simulations for two different types of the CDBA implementation. It is tested by using PSPICE simulations based on the 0.25 μm TSMC level-7 CMOS technology parameters.

In this work, a novel voltage-mode (VM) single-input four-output universal filter topology is presented. The proposed structure uses two resistors, two capacitors and only one voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) and generates all biquadratic filtering functions namely: low-pass (LP), band-pass (BP), high-pass (HP) and band-reject (BR). The quality factor and natural frequency of the filter can be adjusted electronically without changing the values of the passive components. Moreover, the circuit does not require any condition of component matching and has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors of passive components and the active parameter. PSpice simulation results confirm the results of the theoretical analysis.

WOS: 000298836500016, …

A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller employing only a single commercially available active component, two resistors and two capacitors is presented. The PID controller circuit has low impedance voltage output which can be easily cascaded with other voltage-mode (VM) structures. The effects caused by the non-ideality of the current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) are analyzed. The performance of the proposed circuit is demonstrated by using PSPICE simulations.

ProfiNET Test, s. r. o.;T-Mobile Czech Republic a.s., 2011 34th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing, TSP 2011 -- 18 August 2011 through 20 August 2011 -- Budapest -- 87221, In this study novel floating frequency dependent negative resistor (FDNR), floating inductor (FI), floating capacitor and floating resistor simulator circuit employing two CBTAs and three passive components is proposed. The presented circuit can realize floating FDNR, inductor, capacitor or resistor depending on the passive component selection. Since the passive elements are all grounded, this circuit is suitable for fully integrated circuit design. The circuit does not require any component matching conditions, and it has a good sensitivity performance with respect to tracking errors. Moreover, the proposed FDNR, inductance, capacitor and resistor simulator can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the CBTA or can be controlled through the grounded resistor or capacitor. The proposed floating FDNR simulator circuit is demonstrated by using a PSPICE simulation for 0.25 µm TSMC CMOS technology. © 2011 IEEE.