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Democratic voting is a crucial and serious event in a country. The most common way in a country votes through a paper based system, but is it not time to bring voting into the 21st century of modern technology Digital voting system uses electronic devices such as voting machines or an internet browser to cast votes. These are sometimes referred to as e-voting where voting use a machine in a polling station and i-voting when using a web browser. Security of digital voting is always the biggest concern to implement a digital voting system. One way the security issues can be potentially solved through the technology of block chain. Block chain technology originates from the architectural design of the cryptocurrency bitcoin. With the use of block chains a secure and robust system for 4 digital voting can be devised. The report outlines our idea of how block chain technology could be used to implement a secure digital voting system.

Numerous theoretical models and techniques to assess human error were developed since the 60's. Most of these models were developed for the nuclear, military, and aviation sectors. These methods have the following weaknesses that limit their use in industry: the lack of analysis of underlying causal cognitive mechanisms, need of retrospective data for implementation, strong dependence on expert judgment, focus on a particular type of error, and/or analysis of operator behaviour and decision-making without considering the role of the system in such decisions. The purpose of the present research is to develop a qualitative prospective methodology that does not depend exclusively on retrospective information, that does not require expert judgment for implementation and that allows predicting potential sequences of accidents before they occur. It has been proposed for new (or existent) small and medium- scale facilities, whose processes are simple. To the best of our knowledge, a methodology that meets these requirements has not been reported in literature thus far. The methodology proposed in this study was applied to the methanol storage area of a biodiesel facility. It could predict potential sequences of accidents, through the analysis of information provided by different system devices and the study of the possible deviations of operators in decision-making. It also enabled the identification of the shortcomings in the human-machine interface and proposed an optimization of the current configuration. Fil: Calvo Olivares, Romina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Rivera, Selva Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina Fil: Núñez Mc Leod, Jorge Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ingenieria. Instituto de Capacitación Especial y Desarrollo de Ingeniería Asistida por Computadora; Argentina

The applications and contributions of fuzzy set theory to human reliability analysis (HRA) are reassessed. The main contribution of fuzzy mathematics relies on its ability to represent vague information. Many HRA authors have made contributions developing new models, introducing fuzzy quantification methodologies. Conversely, others have drawn on fuzzy techniques or methodologies for quantifying already existing models. Fuzzy contributions improve HRA in five main aspects: (1) uncertainty treatment, (2) expert judgment data treatment, (3) fuzzy fault trees, (4) performance shaping factors, and (5) human behaviour model. Finally, recent fuzzy applications and new trends in fuzzy HRA are herein discussed.

Construction of the CAREM-25 full-size prototype, a very low power nuclear power station [25 MW(electric)], is scheduled to begin in Argentina in 2001. The CAREM-25 is designed based on principles of inherent safety, passive safety functions, and ease of operation. This paper analyzes the safety philosophy from the point of view of risk by performing a level-III probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of this prototype. The specific PSA steps are discussed, including a specially developed method to obtain representative initiating events, system analysis by fault trees, event development in event trees, plant and containment response analysis, containment event tree development, consequence calculations, and risk representation. The PSA results are presented and discussed in terms of their own values as well as in comparison to other PSA results performed for larger nuclear power plants (NPPs). The advantages of the CAREM-25 from the risk point of view are studied in terms of the effective reduction of both the probability of severe accident sequences and the potential consequences of such sequences (radiological and emergency preparedness impact). The risk point of view also provides a perspective to analyze the impact of several design modifications in order to further reduce the residual risk of the NPP.more » These design modifications, several of which have already been included in the prototype, are discussed and evaluated.« less

The most important issues in human reliability analysis (HRA) are the analysis of the information gotten from the task, its uncertainty and its treatment while using accurate techniques. This leads to a quantification of the performance shaping factors (PSFs) and then to human reliability quantification. The purpose of this paper is to compare the information required by the classical and the second generation model, especially the unified reliability model, to highlight the importance of cognitive task analysis. This newest approach proves to be more accurate in quantifying human performance by focusing on analyzing both the task cognition and physical demand and the operator resources. The bases for a task analysis in the unified reliability model, its source or collecting method and its uncertainty treatment will be established. Also, the dimensions of the unified task analysis and its relation with human error will be presented.

This chapter will focus on the development of a system with Artificial Intelligence based on Evolutionary Computation that allow generate a quasi-optimum trace of a pipeline integrating Digital Elevation Models and Geographical Information Systems. The algorithm is conceived with optimization purposes based on the relevant characteristics of the trace without prior monetary quantification, although the last was taken into consideration.

A Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) was performed for the Australian Replacement Research Reactor (RRR) as a complement to its Preliminary Safety Analyses. The RRR is presently being built at Lucas Heights, Australia, and should become critical by 2005. Since this PSA was developed in parallel with the basic engineering phase of the RRR, the preliminary results were used as input to the design process, thus permitting improvements to be made to the design, and resulting in a very low residual risk.

In this work it is proposed to start from initial events centered on the patients. This means, considering the attention of different pathologies or the number of patients who are due to take care of. This approach is based on how the conformation of the personnel Knowledge Base is directly related to the treated pathologies. This implies similar treatments for similar pathologies. While the rest of the context elements do not change, the new pathologies face the personnel to non recognized situations or wrongly recognized situations.