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This chapter covers the software side of the projects. This includes things you can do in the Python programs, but also some of the features of Linux that will allow you to start your programs automatically. This will provide some of the techniques you will need for projects in the later chapters. Some of the techniques listed will help you add functionality to your disco lights, have your PIR camera start automatically, and add a basic graphical interface for controlling electronics projects. The chapter also introduces a reed-switch that will be used to have a Lego train automatically stop at the station and control multi-colored LEDs.

We address the particular cyber attack technique known as stack buffer overflow in GNU/Linux operating systems, which are widely used in HPC environments. The buffer overflow problem has been around for quite some time and continues to be an ever present issue. We develop a mechanism to successfully detect and react whenever a stack buffer overflow occurs. Our solution requires no compile-time support and so can be applied to any program, including legacy or closed source software for which the source code is not available. This makes it especially useful in HPC environments where given their complexity and scope of the computing system, incidents like overflows might be difficult to detect and react to accordingly.

Open operating system, Linux is the traditional Web, E-mail, DNS, FTP server, as well as being used in Cloud and Big data infrastructure. In addition, Linux is also used like a desktop or mobile devices, smart TV and cars. In particular, stepping up to the IoT era at this time is expected to be greater proportion occupied by Linux. As the use of Linux has increased security has emerged as an important factor. User management is core of Linux system security. In this paper, Classifying Linux user and analyzed the role of the user-specific file. Finally, we analyzed the linux management technologies and useful user security tools.

Dirty Copy on Write (COW) vulnerability, discovered by Phil Oester on October 2016, it is a serious vulnerability which could escalate unprivileged user to gain full control on devices (Computers, Mobile Smart Phones, Gaming devices that run Linux based operating systems). This means that any user who exploits this bug, would escalate his/her privileges; and can do anything either locally or remotely (with some modifications) to hijack the device, destroy data, create a backdoor, or to record all key strokes, use computer as an attack (object) to attack other computer in the internet (in the wild), etc., COW is a local root exploit in Linux causing vulnerability issues. This paper will discuss the copy on write issue in Linux, it will also explain the nature of the problem and how it is caused, and the different mechanism to mitigate it.

Ubuntu is an operating system with Linux kernel based on Debian and distributed as free and open-source software. It uses Unity as its default desktop environment, which results in more difficulties of usage for Microsoft Windows users. In this paper, we present a lightweight desktop environment named UKUI based on UbuntuKylin, the official Chinese version of Ubuntu, for Linux distribution. It is designed as a pluggable framework and provides better user experience during human-computer interaction. In order to evaluate the performance of UKUI, a set of testing bench suits were performed on a personal computer. Overall, the results showed that UKUI has better performance compared with Unity.

Gentoo is a GNU/Linux metadistribution designed to maximize and simplify user control of the software environment. All determinants of a Gentoo environment are recorded in a small number of plain-text configuration files, from which the software make-up of the system can be reconstructed entirely. As such, Gentoo constitutes a replicable and transparent software infrastructure - as mandated by research valuing reproducibility. Of equal scientific interest is the flexibility of Gentoo's package management. All software is distributed in a rolling-release fashion, giving the user full control over which versions (including live versions and branches/tags from version control) of which programs to install, and with which compilation options. All of the above is accompanied by automatic, version-aware dependency resolution, which also tracks static library linking and prompts for rebuilds as necessary. We believe Gentoo is excellently suited to address many of the challenges in neuroscience software management; including: system replicability, system documentation, data analysis reproducibility, fine-grained dependency management, easy control over compilation options, and seamless access to cutting-edge software releases. We have made a substantial set of neuroimaging and data analysis packages - including their entire dependency stacks - available for any system using Gentoo's Package Management Standard. Neuroscientific software now usable under Gentoo includes but is not limited to: Dipy (Garyfallidis et al. 2014) FSL (Jenkinson et al. 2012) Nipype (Gorgolewski et al. 2016) Nilearn (Abraham et al. 2014) PsychoPy (Peirce 2008) Herein we describe the implementation and current capabilities of this environment, as well as its ability to accelerate and improve research.

Problems with portability of applications across various Linux distributions is one of the major sore spots of independent software vendors (ISVs) wishing to support the Linux platform in their products. The source of the problem is that different distributions have different sets of system libraries that vary in the interfaces (APIs) provided. And the critical questions arise for ISVs such as “which distributions my application would run on?” or “what can I specifically do to make my application run on a greater number of distributions?”. This article refers to an industry-wide approach to mitigate the problem of Linux platform fragmentation through standardization of common interfaces—the Linux Standard Base (LSB) standard, the leading effort for the “single Linux specification”. The article shows how extending this approach with a knowledge base about the composition of real world Linux distributions can enable automatic portability analysis for Linux applications even if they use interfaces outside the scope of the standard. The knowledge base powered Linux Application Checker tool is described that can help answer the above questions by automatically analyzing the target application and confronting collected data about its external dependencies with what various distributions provide. Additionally, Linux Application Checker is an official tool approved by the Linux Foundation for certifying applications for compliance with the LSB standard.

This research introduces a virtual interface between Windows 7 and LINUX Fedora 16 based on Virtual Machine ware (VMware) for real-time Malaysian Sign Language (MSL) translation into text and/or voice (in English). The developed method is based on HTK, Gt2k under LINUX Fedora 16 and VC++ 2010 and OpenCV pre 1.1 library under Windows7. The communication between client (Windows7) and server (LINUX Fedora 16) has been established using VMware. The main significance of this approach is that the best characteristics of both operating systems LINUX Fedora 16 and Windows7 have been utilized. Under Windows7, Visual C++ 2010 combined with OpenCV pre 1.1 library supports video processing algorithms and has a power graphical user interface. Meanwhile, the Gt2k for gesture recognition is fully supported under LINUX. Therefore, a client/server technology has secured much time during the MSL recognition system development and helped in terms of algorithms enhancement.

The Linux operating system represents an intriguing set of tools for academics looking to take advantage of free and open-source software. This column continues a discussion of Linux (see the prece...

Computer data has become one of the most valuable assets that individuals, organizations and enterprises own today. The majority of people agree that losing their data (programs, data sets, documentation files, email addresses, photos, customer data, etc.) would be a disaster. The reason most individuals avoid performing data backups though, is because they feel the process is complicated, tedious and expensive. This is not always true. In fact, with the right tool, it’s very easy and affordable. In this paper we compare the performance and system resources usage of five remote incremental backup open source tools for Linux: Rsync, Rdiff-backup, Duplicity, Areca and Link-Backup. These tools are tested using three distinct remote backup operations: full backup, incremental backup and data restoration. The advantages of each tool are described and we select the most efficient backup tool for simple replication operations and the overall best backup tool.

Linux, or GNU/Linux, as it is also known, is an open-source operating system based upon the Unix operating system. It is very popular on Web servers, but there is also a subculture of users who run...

The notion of a single server architecture is, however, beginning to fade as data-centre users focus on squeezing more performance per-watt out of their systems. Although they employ a Linux core, the servers operated by companies such as Google have been heavily customised. Also many server users are questioning whether reliance on one type of processor (no matter how accomplished it is) is altogether wise - putting a much greater focus on how data moves through the system.

Operating Linux Application softwares on Windows platform, can not only promote the development of interoperability technology of these two operating systems, but also strengthen the status Windows has in the market. Because of the differences in the architectures of Linux and Windows, when running Linux application programs in Windows operating system, we need to resort to some certain kinds of technologies such as Services For Unix, Application Programming Interface emulation, virtual machine platform, source codes refactoring, etc. This paper aims at making deep analyses on the principles and features of these technologies.

In this fast growing world, people are increasingly mobile; everything is fast, connected and highly s ecured. All these have put up the requirements on mobile de vices and leads to several features being added in the mobile operating systems and its architecture. The development of the next generation software platfor m based on Linux for mobile phones provides enhanced user experience, power management, cloud support and openness in the design. In spite of many studie s on Linux, the investigations on the challenges an d benefits of reusing and adapting the Linux kernel t o mobile platforms is very less. In this study, a s tudy on architecture of the Linux, its adaptations for a mo bile operating system, requirements and analysis fo r Linux mobile phones, comparison with android and solution technologies to satisfy the requirements for a Lin ux mobile operating system are analysed and discussed.

From 1992 to 1994, BSD which was UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), found itself involved in a license-related lawsuit filed by ATT it is an open source software with publically available source code that can be freely redistributed. The name "Linux" originally referred to the kernel that makes up the core of the OS, however, entire OSs based on the Linux kernel are commonly referred to as Linux.Linux holds only a small share in the desktop PC market where accumulation and continuity of application software is critical. However, in the server OS market Linux competes with the likes of UNIX, represented by Solaris from Sun Microsystems,1 and with Windows Server from Microsoft, the reigning champion of the desktop PC market. The success of Linux made the term "open source" popular worldwide.Since its first official announcement by Linus Benedict Torvalds in October of 1991, Linux has been evolving at an astounding pace, achieving superior functionality in its lightness, high degree of freedom, and reliability. A few years later, in 1995, it was being used as a practical and stable OS (Leibovitch, 1999).At that time, Microsoft founder Bill Gates' famous "An Open Letter to Hobbyists"2 would epitomize source codes to be protected as intellectual property with usage rights to be granted to consumers for a fee. In the midst of this, Linux was provided free of charge and its source code was made publically available. These practices were greeted with surprise and sympathy, and considered as the reason for its success along with intuitive discussions (e.g., DiBona, Ockman, & Stone, 1999). Furthermore, for-profit enterprises such as Netscape, Apple, Hewlett Packard, and IBM subsequently began publicizing their adoption of the open source strategy, making their source codes available to the public (Hamerly, Pazuin, & Walton, 1999; Landry, 2000).However, the open source strategies of these for-profit enterprises were not as successful as that of Linux. The definitive reason for the success of Linux was in its miraculously perfect entry that filled the gaps left by preceding groups. This phenomenon could not be repeated even under ideal conditions of it being free of charge and open source.2. The Birth of UNIXUNIX was developed at ATT he rewrote the entire system for it to operate like an OS (Salus, 1994, chap. 1). This small-scale, light, and user-friendly OS was called UNICS, which later became UNIX.The first edition of the UNIX Programmer's Manual was published jointly by Thompson and Ritchie on November 3, 1971 to be used with the PDP-11/20 (Salus, 1994, chap. 13). The PDP-11 series hardware was quite limited in address and memory, which brought about a prominent characteristic of UNIX. …

As the fastest growing operating system, Linux is applied in broader areas, and more and more people start to use Linux operating system. In allusion to the hot issues like Linux and UnixLinux and free softwares, Linux kernelLinux DistroLinux and embedded systemLinux and WindowsLinux teaching, the research results have been summarized in the article.

The development of microkernel has sharply increased. One of the most successful microkernel implementation is L4. L4Linux is L4 version that is able to run virtualized Linux. We have also built our microkernel named FLoW. In this paper we described about our achievement in developing virtualized Linux on top of our FLoW microkernel. We implemented unique design about virtualizing more than one Linux. The idea is about creating more than one Linux to handle the requests made by user application about Linux system call. So every user application that requests the feature of Linux system call will be handled by more than one Linux Service. The result shows that there is an acceleration of processing time. The total CPU cycle used by user application in working with user request are less when having such mechanism. That means our mechanism successfully accelerate around 17% processing time of user application that request Linux system call from within our Linux Service that run on top of FLoW Microkernel. Then the system endurance testing resulted that our system is able to handle around 96 Linux system calls request almost at the same time without break.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to portray the achievement of new Linux conveyance taking into account Debian Linux and Xenomai Real-Time structure. Methods/Analysis: This acknowledgment is instigated through the esteemed requirement of the real-time systems in recent software technologies. The fundamental objective of such conveyance is to suggest classic Operating systems (OS) which incorporate Xenomai base. Findings: Xenomai is a real-time evolution framework co-operating with GNU/Linux operating system providing a ubiquitous, device-agnostic, hard real-time support to user-area applications coherently integrating into GNU/Linux operating system environment. Generally the Xenomai technology first aims at aiding application designers depending on traditional RTOS to move effortlessly to a GNU/Linux-based execution environment, without rewriting their application entirely at no cost. Improvements/Applications: Porting of Xenomai to Debian based Operating System and evaluation of performance parameters like clock test, latency on a General Purpose Computer.

Linux Server Operating system is widely used in electric power SCADA systems in China. In order to study the performance difference between different distribution Linux Server operating systems so that we can select an appropriate distribution to use, the paper compares four secure Linux server operating system's performance using lmbench benchmarking methodology. The experiments showed that lmbench could effectively distinguish the performances between different Linux Server operating systems and is extremely useful for our Linux Selection.

ARM processors are embedded in virtually all mobile consumer electronic devices but mobility has a price: reliance on battery power places limits on the performance, making them less capable than that of desktop computers. Despite this limitation, users of mobile computing devices still expect desktop-class performance. In order to deliver real-time, immersive application performance, embedded system programmers must adopt a performance-driven approach for programming. In other words, programs need not only be functionally correct but must also deliver the highest possible performance.

I’m not sure there’s all that much tying the various expectations of LPIC-1 exam topic 102 together into any kind of cohesive whole. It is true that they all address concerns shared by Linux administrators and, broadly speaking, concerns related to prepare stable and productive compute environments. So there’s that.

In programming sometimes some condition which was assumed to be true is false during the program execution or the value of the variable which was assumed is not during program execution. The result of this the output will not be as expected. The errors like segmentation fault, logical errors can be understood during program execution only. Therefore debugging is very important in programming. The debugging can be done by printing out message or by using debugging tools or by using manual checking of the code line by line. There are various tools available to test the program for debugging and some of them are specific error debuggers. In this paper we discuss various debugging tools available for C programming on Linux platform. These tools helps programmer to reduce time in manual checking of program line by line. KeywordsGDB, MEMWATCH, strace, valgrind.

PsyToolkit is a set of software tools for programming psychological experiments on Linux computers. Given that PsyToolkit is freely available under the Gnu Public License, open source, and designed such that it can easily be modified and extended for individual needs, it is suitable not only for technically oriented Linux users, but also for students, researchers on small budgets, and universities in developing countries. The software includes a high-level scripting language, a library for the programming language C, and a questionnaire presenter. The software easily integrates with other open source tools, such as the statistical software package R. PsyToolkit is designed to work with external hardware (including IoLab and Cedrus response keyboards and two common digital input/output boards) and to support millisecond timing precision. Four in-depth examples explain the basic functionality of PsyToolkit. Example 1 demonstrates a stimulus-response compatibility experiment. Example 2 demonstrates a novel mouse-controlled visual search experiment. Example 3 shows how to control light emitting diodes using PsyToolkit, and Example 4 shows how to build a light-detection sensor. The last two examples explain the electronic hardware setup such that they can even be used with other software packages.

We develop an automatic Live Linux rebuilding system for science and engineering education, such as information processing education, numerical analysis and so on. Our system is enable to easily and automatically rebuild a customized Live Linux from a ISO image of Ubuntu, which is one of the Linux distribution. Also, it is easily possible to install/uninstall packages and to enable/disable init daemons. When we rebuild a Live Linux CD using our system, we show number of the operations is 8, and the rebuilding time is about 33 minutes on CD version and about 50 minutes on DVD version. Moreover, we have applied the rebuilded Live Linux CD in a class of information processing education in our college. As the results of a questionnaires survey from our 43 students who used the Live Linux CD, we obtain that the our Live Linux is useful for about 80 percents of students. From these results, we conclude that our system is able to easily and automatically rebuild a useful Live Linux in short time.

In June 2007, with the impending release of a revised version of the GNU General Public License (GPLv3), Linux kernel developers discussed the possibility of changing the license of the Linux kernel from being strictly the GPLv2 to a dual-licensing arrangement of both GPLv2 and GPLv3. We studied a set of Linux Kernel Mailing List (LKML) postings to better understand the relationship among the kernel developers and these licenses. Using Actor-Network Theory, we identify and describe a LKML debate about licensing. Our narrative highlights important actor networks, their interrelationships, and a (failed) process of translation. The details suggest that the conceptualization of a copyright license as a monolithic social force maintaining the Linux community should be tempered with an appreciation of authorship and its distributed nature within Linux development.

PhyLIS is a free GNU/Linux distribution that is designed to provide a simple, standardized platform for phylogenetic and phyloinformatic analysis. The operating system incorporates most commonly used phylogenetic software, which has been pre-compiled and pre-configured, allowing for straightforward application of phylogenetic methods and development of phyloinformatic pipelines in a stable Linux environment. The software is distributed as a live CD and can be installed directly or run from the CD without making changes to the computer. PhyLIS is available for free at http://www.eve.ucdavis.edu/rcthomson/phylis/ .

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the GNU/Linux operating system, with special attention to its use as a desktop computing platform in libraries.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes the connection between libraries and the open source communities. It provides a model for an open source desktop computer that incorporates the needs of libraries. Specific topics covered include the graphical desktop, office productivity, electronic mail, web browsing and viewers, and public access computing.FindingsIt is possible to model a desktop computer around open source software, however the ultimate decision on whether to proceed must be measured against potential costs, governing policies, and organizational cultures.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the improvement, growth, and development of the library and open source communities.

This paper describes a Linux-based OS framework for integrating the F LUKA Monte Carlo software (currently distributed only for Linux) into a CD-ROM, resulting in a complete environment for a scientist to edit, link and run F LUKA routines—without the need to install a UNIX/Linux operating system. The building process includes generating from scratch a complete operating system distribution which will, when operative, build all necessary components for successful operation of F LUKA software and libraries. Various source packages, as well as the latest kernel sources, are freely available from the Internet. These sources are used to create a functioning Linux system that integrates several core utilities in line with the main idea—enabling F LUKA to act as if it was running under a popular Linux distribution or even a proprietary UNIX workstation. On boot-up a file system will be created and the contents from the CD will be uncompressed and completely loaded into RAM—after which the presence of the CD is no longer necessary, and could be removed for use on a second computer. The system can operate on any i386 PC as long as it can boot from a CD.

In this paper I argue that analyses of access to the contexts and work of ‘e-science’ and scientific ‘cyberinfrastructures’ are hindered by models that assume fixed roles for contributors and users and undervalue the joint ‘reworking’ of scientific data that is one of the central strengths of such approaches. Using a community of Free/Libre Open Source software (FLOSS) developers as a complementary case, I develop an alternative practice-based model of access that focuses on the particular sets of social and technical knowledges that allow individuals to work together to develop and maintain shared resources. Importantly, this model of access puts the practices of ‘reworking’ as central rather than peripheral to human activity. Access within this framework is characterized as the ability to shift between individual and joint, mediated work, and to understand and manipulate the multiple representations of shared objects such shifts require.

This paper describes a virtual system that emulates an ARM-based processor machine, created to replace a traditional hardware-based system for teaching assembly language. The virtual system proposed here integrates, in a single environment, all the development tools necessary to deliver introductory or advanced courses on modern assembly language programming. The virtual system runs a Linux operating system in either a graphical or console mode on a Windows or Linux host machine. Student feedback indicates that teaching with the virtual system has become progressively easier, clearer and more interesting while keeping staff support to a minimum. Since no software licenses or extra hardware are required to use the virtual system, students are able to carry their own ARM emulator with them on a USB memory stick. Institutions adopting this, or a similar, virtual system can also benefit by reducing the capital investment in hardware-based development kits, and by enabling distance-learning courses.

This paper discusses the problems and disadvantages users have to deal with when they attempt to use the Single Sign On mechanism, in conjunction with the Kerberos V5 protocol as a means of authenticating users on Linux based environments. Some known incompatibilities and Security problems are exposed for which, today, native Single Sign On in Kerberos is not a standard in Linux. Finally, the future prospects regarding the possibility of accomplishing this goal will be discussed.

International audience; We present Extractor and Viewer, two tools from the Kayrebt toolset. The former is a plugin for the Gnu Compiler Collection (GCC) which builds pseudo-UML2 activity diagrams from C source code. It is specifically designed to handle the Linux kernel, a large and complex codebase. Use cases for this tool are numerous. The diagrams extracted from the C source code can be used to get a better insight of the control or data flow inside a program, or to evaluate the complexity of a function at a glance. Kayrebt::Viewer is a GUI designed for visualizing and navigating between the diagrams to explore source code.

Currently, Linux operating system has become a research focus in the embedded system field, due to its unique advantages such as open-source and security. In this case, this paper provides an idea to transplant the navigation program from VxWorks system to Linux operating system. Therefore, in order to achieve the objective mentioned above, this paper focuses on the analysis of startup process of Linux and kernel based on x86 platform. Then, the key techniques will be resolved to establish a complete development environment and construct an embedded Linux operating system to meet application requirements. In this paper, the method taking advantages of Clonezilla is recommended to backup and restore the embedded Linux.

Diplomsko delo obravnava težavo varnega izvajanja neznanih programov v operacijskem sistemu GNU/Linux. Potreba po rešitvi problema se pojavi pri sodniških sistemih za programske domače naloge in pri programih za vrednotenje rešitev programerskih tekmovanj. V obeh primerih mora strežnik izvajati programe, ki jim ne more zaupati. Če bi uporabnik takšnega sistema dobil dostop do datotek ostalih uporabnikov, bi lahko njihove rešitve ukradel ali jih celo pokvaril. V okviru dela smo razvili program gaol, ki z uporabo mehanizmov v jedru Linux takšno varnost omogoča. Poleg tega pa smo razvili spletni sodniški sistem za izvajanje in preizkušanje programskih domač nalog, ki je grajen na programu gaol. This diploma thesis addresses the issue of unknown program execution in the GNU/Linux operating system. The need for such a solution is apparent in online submission systems for programming assignments and evaluation systems used in programming competitions. Untrusted programs must be executed in both cases. If a user obtains access to other users' files, they can steal and sabotage their solutions. In the context of this work, the program gaol has been developed. It supports this kind of security by using available mechanisms in the Linux kernel. In addition to it, an evaluation system build on top of gaol for executing and testing programming assignments has also been developed.

Modern user interfaces grow more and more complex and cannot be possibly handled by the same software components in charge of the timely execution of safety-critical control tasks. Evidence Srl recently proposed a single-board dual-OS system aimed at combining the flexibility of the Linux general-purpose operating system, which is able to produce any complex user interface, and the reliability of the automotive-grade ERIKA Enterprise operating system, a small-footprint real-time OS suitable for safety-critical control tasks and able to execute commands triggered by Linux. The operating systems run on dedicated cores and, for efficiency reasons, they share memory with limited support for memory protection: although the system allows running two operating systems, from a safety certification point of view it suffers from the fact that safety-critical and non-safety-critical components should be isolated from each other. In this paper we present, as an improvement to the initial implementation, again a double-OS system running, on a dual-core platform, ERIKA Enterprise and a full-featured Linux OS, but using the Xen hypervisor to run the two operating systems in two isolated domains. In the proposed setup, each of the domains runs on a dedicated core, assigned statically by the hypervisor. Linux runs as the control domain, and is therefore able to execute any of the components of the Xen toolstack; it is also able to grant to the real-time operating system access to any I/O-memory range needed for control tasks. The described system also provides a simple, safe communication mechanism between the two operating systems, based on Xen's inter-domain event notification primitives and explicit sharing of a dedicated set of memory pages by the real-time operating system.

Let’s imagine you’ve set up your site locally and it’s running great. But now you would like to move your site to a production box in the cloud at Amazon, Rackspace, Linode, Digital Ocean, or any number of other cloud-hosting providers. These vendors will, out in cyberspace (out in the cloud), set up a Linux box for you on which to run your web site. Often to really follow best practices you’ll set up at least two Linux boxes and a load balancer to balance traffic between the two (or more) Linux boxes. This setup will also give you redundancy in case one of the Linux servers has any problems.

Today, involvement of computer software with educational system has been widely known, but this involvement has a problem because most teachers and professors bind the pupils and students on proprietary software. That is not suitable, because they do not have money to buy all of this software for work at home and so we have a lot of piracy. Fortunately we have open source software with a lot of free of charge software tools and give the same results as proprietary software. In this paper we describe a project to help address illegal software issues by building a prototype of GNU/Linux Live CD based on Slax distribution that can be used by installing or not installing anything into hard drive for use both on-campus as well as off-campus.