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The energy conservation is the most important subject for long run operation of the sensor nodes with limited power resources. Clustering is one of most energy efficient technique to grouped the sensor nodes into distinct cluster. But, in a cluster based WSN, CHs and gateways bear an extra work load to send the processed data to the sink. The inappropriate cluster formation may cause gateways overloaded and may increase latency in communication. In this paper, we propose a novel load balanced clustering model for improving energy efficiency and giving a guarantee of long network lifetime. We show the result of performance measurement experiments that designs using a branch and bound algorithm and a multi-start local search algorithm to compare with the existing load balanced clustering model.

In the virtual space with the interactive 3D contents, the degree of mental satisfaction is determined by how fully it reflect the real world. There are a few factors for getting the high completeness of virtual space. The first is the modeling technique with high-polygons and high-resolution textures which can heighten an visual effect. The second is the functionality. It is about how realistic represents dynamic actions between the virtual space and the user or the system. Although the studies on the techniques for animating and controlling the virtual characters have been continued, there are problems such that the long production time, the high cost, and the animation without expected behaviors. This paper suggest a method of behavior control of animation by designing the optimized skeleton which produces the movement of character and applying the procedural technique using physical law and mathematical analysis. The proposed method is free from the constraint on one-to-one correspondence rules, and reduce the production time by controlling the simple parameters, and to increase the degree of visual satisfaction.

Virtualization allows multiple commodity operating systems to share on a single physical machine. Resource allocation among virtual machines is a key to determine virtual machine performance. To satisfy time-sensitive task on a domain, hypervisor needs to observe the resource requirements and allocates proper amount of CPU resources in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose a realtime credit scheduler for latency sensitive application on virtual machines. The key idea is to register a time event in the Xen hypervisor. Experiment result shows that the proposed scheme is superior to Credit scheduler.

At present, Authoring tools, which are used to develop the WIPI applications are less convenient to be coded. Usually, the programming tools only focus on the grammar while scarcity of visualization. Developer forced directly codes all times during the development by this cause. As a procedure for rapid WIPI Application Development, in this paper, WIPI API High Level Component is first visualized, in order words, graphic control is developed. Second this control is used in designing the mobile layout. Then UI Markup Language and source code can be generated automatically. With this view, we propose the JIML(Jlet Interface Markup Language) with UI Markup Language based XML of WIPI Jlet Platform and also present the transformable rule for generation to the WIPI code about WIPI Jlet UI from offered JIML. Also we implement the WIPI Jlet Generation System to make the generation to JIML, WIPI code. The Implemented System provides efficiency when developing WIPI Business Application, and helps to enable rapid development.

Most enterprises have controlled claim data related to marketing, production, trade and delivery. They can extract the engineering information needed to the reliability of unit from the claim data, and also detect critical and latent reliability problems. Existing method which could detect abnormal quality unit lists in early stage from claim database has three problems: the exclusion of fallacy probability in claim, the false occurrence of claim fallacy alarm caused by not reflecting inventory information and too many excessive considerations of claim change factors. In this paper, we propose a process and methods extracting abnormal quality unit lists to solve three problems of existing method. Proposed one includes data extraction process for reliability measurement, the calculation method of claim fallacy alarm probability, the method for reflecting inventory time in calculating claim reliability and the method for identification of abnormal quality unit lists. This paper also shows that proposed mechanism could be effectively used after analyzing improved effects taken from automotive company's claim data adaptation for two years.

Many XML-compliant UIDLs(User Interface Description Languages) have been developed to specify user interfaces. Although previous UIDLs are helpful to describe user interfaces of web and desktop applications, they are not available of developing UI of mobile applications. In this paper, in order to effectively specify user interfaces of MIDlet which is application model on J2ME(Java Platform, Micro Edition), we propose MIML(Midlet Interface Markup Language) and present transformation rules to generate source codes from MIML. Further, we enhance the usability of MIML through J2MERenderer which is a tool using presented rules. The proposed method can specify user interfaces of mobile applications and allow developers to keep productivity and consistency in development phase.

Along with the trend of internet use, various web application developments have been performed to provide information that was managed in the internal database on the web by making a web server page. However, in most cases, a direct program was made without a systematic developmental methodology or with the application of a huge developmental methodology that is inappropriate and decreased the efficiency of the development. A web application that fails to follow a systematic developmental methodology and uses a script language can decrease the productivity of the program development, maintenance, and reuse. In this thesis, the auto writing tool for a dynamic web server page was designed and established by using a database for web application development based on a fast and effective script. It suggests a regularized script model and makes a standardized script for the data bound control tag creator by analyzing a dynamic web server page pattern with the database in order to contribute to productivity by being used in the web application development and maintenance.Key Words:Web Application, Dynamic Server Page, Site Builder

Simulation system was introduced and used a lot in the fields of aviation, vessel, and medical treatment. 3D Simulation system has been used quite insufficiently as it requires a lot of system resource and huge amount of computer calculation. As the graphic card performance and simulation function developed, however, PC based simulation has been activated and is verified of its possibility as an educational software. However, educational institutions need to invest huge amount of budget and manpower to purchase and maintain CT Equipment. For such a reason, educational institutions entrust their students to hospitals for indirect experience of operation or for mere observation. This study, therefore, developed a CT Virtual reality education system with which medical CT Equipment can be directly operated in PC based 3D Virtual environment.

There are two problems associated with the existing principal component analysis, which is regarded as the most effective in object recognition technology. First, it brings about an increase in the volume of calculations in proportion to the square of image size. Second, it gives rise to a decrease in accuracy according to illumination changes. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes wavelet transformation and histogram equalization. Wavelet transformation solves the first problem by using the images of low resolution. To solve the second problem the histogram equalization enlarges the contrast of images and widens the distribution of brightness values. The proposed technology improves recognition rate by minimizing the effect of illumination change. It also speeds up the processing and reduces its area by wavelet transformation.

CVD-Ru represents a critically important class of materials for BEOL interconnects that provides Cu reflow capability. The results reported here include superior gap-fill performance, a solution for plausible integration issues, and robust EM / TDDB properties of CVD-Ru / Cu reflow scheme, by iterative optimization of process parameters, understanding of associated Cu void generation mechanism, and reliability failure analysis, thereby demonstrating SRAM operation at 10 nm node logic device and suggesting its use for future BEOL interconnect scheme.

In virtual machine environments, it is difficult to allocate CPU resource in a timely manner when lots of domains are in BOOST priority. In this paper, we present a virtual machine scheduling scheme based on realtime priority and efficiently deals with multi BOOST problem. We evaluate our prototype in terms of latency over diverse workloads. Our experiment result shows that the proposed realtime priority scheme effectively allocates CPU resources for low latency guest domain over varying workloads.

To support real time task in a virtual machine, hypervisor have to monitor system resource and provide exact resource for real time task. There are several monitor tools running on virtual machine, however, it has limitations on supporting detailed information for monitoring real time workload, performance degradation and difficult for controlling user interface. In this work, we proposed a resource monitoring and feedback tool for Xen virtual machine called XMM. XMM provides accurate resource monitoring in a hypervisor level without incurring much overhead. We also provide a GUI based control tool adjusting system resources based on user intervention, which can be useful in a multimedia system where user preference is important. XMM shows lots of information reflecting system behavior and it can give scheduling feedback for handling real time task. We believe XMM can be a useful tool for Xen virtual machine for various purposes.

In virtual machine environments, it is difficult to allocate CPU resource in a timely manner when lots of domains are in BOOST priority. In this paper, we present a virtual machine scheduling scheme based on VCPU shaping and efficiently deals with multi BOOST problem. We evaluate our prototype in terms of latency over diverse workloads. Our experiment result shows that the proposed realtime priority scheme effectively allocates CPU resources for low latency guest domain over varying workloads.

In a virtual machine, there is much requirement for supporting realtime characteristic. To support realtime task in a virtual machine, we have to monitor and control resources including CPU, memory, I/O device. Recently several monitor tools are released running on virtual machines including Xenmon. However, it has limitations on supporting detailed information for monitoring realtime workloads. Furthermore, frequent access to trace buffer severely degrades the overall system performance. In this paper, we propose a light-weight monitor tools for Xen virtual machine, which provides workloads monitoring with high accuracy, and users can monitor lots of system information with low overhead. We also provide GUI tools for user friendly purpose.

In virtual machine environments, it is difficult to allocate CPU resource to virtual machine efficiently because virtual machine lacks knowledge of each domains workload. Especially, realtime tasks in guest domain have to finish before their deadline, however, virtual machine scheduler is not aware of guest-level tasks and how much resources guest domain requires. In this paper, we present a virtual machine scheduling framework based on feedback mechanism. The proposed mechanism exploits various scheduling information from each domain. Xen scheduler controls the CPU allocation by increasing or decreasing CPU slices. We evaluate our prototype in terms of realtime task performance over diverse workload. Our experiment result shows that feedback mechanism effectively allocates CPU resources for guest domain in varying workloads.

The key issues in ubiquitous sensor networks for context awareness is location-tracking. The main goal of location-tracking is to find the position of a moving object. In this paper, we describes the design and implementation of ICLS (Intelligent Cricket-based Location System). Especially, a more accurate location-tracking system using a sensor fusing mechanism is proposed herein. The benefits of sensor fusion are that it can obtain more accurate, complete, or dependable results. ICLS employs an ltrasonic sensor for ranging by time-of-flight measurements and uses a magnetic sensor to detect obstacles. To yield a more accurate navigation, a novel pass finding algorithm is also proposed in this paper. The results of the experiment that was conducted in this study show that a mobile robot moves towards a destination with a high degree of accuracy.

Much of the literature on warranty analysis considers failure models which are indexed by a single variable, such as age or usage. However, there are situations where several characteristics are used together as criteria for judging the eligibility of a failed product. The warranty analysis characterized by a region in a two-dimensional plane with one axis representing age and the other axis representing usage is known as a "two-dimensional" warranty plan. A classical warranty plan requires crisp data obtained from strictly controlled reliability tests. However, in a real situation these requirements might not be fulfilled. In an extreme case, the warranty claims data come from users whose reports are expressed in a vague way. It might be caused by subjective and imprecise perception of failures by a user, by imprecise records of warranty data, or by imprecise records of the rate of usage. This paper suggests different tools appropriate for modeling a two-dimensional warranty plan, and a suitable fuzzy method to handle vague data.

A warranty claims information system is in general developed as three steps. The first step is a quantitative analysis through the time series detection of warranty claims data. The second step is early warning grade determination, considering both of the quantitave analysis and qualitative factors related to the early warning one. The third step is unit list sampling with pure warranty claims in all these activities. Especially, the considerations in early warning grade determination are the qualitative factors such as change due to complaints of customers, variations between regions, unit types and models, parts significance and so on. AHP analysis is appropriate in connection with these problems. This paper suggests a neural network learning model in determining early warning grade of warranty claims data, which includes AHP analysis and knowledge of quality experts. The early warning grade of warranty claims data using this model can compromise a dispute with rapid quality improvement and cost efficiency. The test result also suggests that the proposed method enhances accuracy of early warning grades in warranty claims database, which is at national famous automobile company.

Much of the literature on warranty analysis considers failure models which are indexed by a single variable, such as age or usage. However, there are situations where several characteristics are used together as criteria for judging the eligibility of a failed product. The warranty analysis characterized by a region in a two-dimensional plane with one axis representing age and the other axis representing usage is known as a "two-dimensional" warranty plan. A classical warranty plan requires crisp data obtained from strictly controlled reliability tests. However, in a real situation these requirements might not be fulfilled. In an extreme case, the warranty claims data come from users whose reports are expressed in a vague way. It might be caused by subjective and imprecise perception of failures by a user, by imprecise records of warranty data, or by imprecise records of the rate of usage. This paper suggests different tools appropriate for modeling a two-dimensional warranty plan, and a suitable fuzzy method to handle vague data.

The objects real time rendered in the 3D cyberspace can interact with each others according to the events which are happened when satisfying some conditions. But, to representing the behaviors with these interactions, too many event conditions are considered because each behavior pattern and event must be corresponded in a one-to-one ratio. It leads to problems which increase the system complexity. So, in this paper, we try to physical method based on elasticity force for representing more realistic behaviors of AI fish and present a new method can create the various behavior patterns responding to one evasion event.

In interactive 3D cyber space systems including computer games and virtual reality applications, we have increased need for real-time interactive control of articulated body motions for more realistic expression of characters. Animation methods that based on articulated body motions are used for produce real-time control of artificial life's motion. But these methods are not adequate to complex systems, like virtual marine world, that lead to many interactive actions. In this paper, we present the real-time animation method that can be applied to control of artificial fish for constructing the virtual marine world.

We propose a binary rewriting system called Kimchi that modifies binary programs to protect them from format string attacks in runtime. Kimchi replaces the machine code calling conventional printf with code calling a safer version of printf, safe_printf, that prevents its format string from accessing arguments exceeding the stack frame of the parent function. With the proposed static analysis and binary rewriting method, it can protect binary programs even if they do not use the frame pointer register or link the printf code statically. In addition, it reduces the performance overhead of the patched program by not modifying the calls to printf with the format string argument located in the read-only memory segment, which are not vulnerable to the format string attack.

We propose a binary rewriting system called Kimchi that modifies binary programs to protect them from format string attacks in runtime. Kimchi replaces the machine code calling conventional printf with code calling a safer version of printf, safe_printf, that prevents its format string from accessing arguments exceeding the stack frame of the parent function. With the proposed static analysis and binary rewriting method, it can protect binary programs even if they do not use the frame pointer register or link the printf code statically. In addition, it replaces the printf calls without extra format arguments like printf(buffer) with the safe code printf(”%s”, buffer), which are not vulnerable, and reduces the performance overhead of the patched program by not modifying the calls to printf with the format string argument located in the read-only memory segment, which are not vulnerable to the format string attack.

The security requirements in the software life cycle has received some attention recently. However, it is not yet clear how to build security requirements. This paper describes and illustrates a process to build application specific security requirements from state transition diagrams at the security threat location. Using security failure data, we identify security threat locations which attackers could use to exploit software vulnerabilities. A state transition diagram is constructed to be used to protect, mitigate, and remove vulnerabilities relative to security threat locations. In the software development process, security requirements are obtained from state transition diagrams relative to the security threat location.

Cellular telephone systems offer high reliability in favorable environments such as open rural areas. However, in urban areas and in rough terrain mobile and personal terminals experience multipath fading. Diversity techniques are used at the base station to overcome multipath fading. Although space diversity is the most common form of antenna diversity, it is the least attractive because it requires a second antenna widely separated from the first, as well as associated cable runs and installation costs. Interest has focused on polarization diversity that uses a single dual polarized antenna in place of two space diversity antennas. Angle diversity is also effective, but is not commonly employed. No direct, simultaneous comparisons of space, polarization, and angle diversity have been reported. Virginia Tech, sponsored by Metawave, is performing measurements of the three diversities under identical conditions. The measurements and results are described.