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Stereoscopic projection mapping (PM) allows a user to see a three-dimensional (3D) computer-generated (CG) object floating over physical surfaces of arbitrary shapes around us using projected imagery. However, the current stereoscopic PM technology only satisfies binocular cues and is not capable of providing correct focus cues, which causes a vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). Therefore, we propose a multifocal approach to mitigate VAC in stereoscopic PM. Our primary technical contribution is to attach electrically focus-tunable lenses (ETLs) to active shutter glasses to control both vergence and accommodation. Specifically, we apply fast and periodical focal sweeps to the ETLs, which causes the “virtual image” (as an optical term) of a scene observed through the ETLs to move back and forth during each sweep period. A 3D CG object is projected from a synchronized high-speed projector only when the virtual image of the projected imagery is located at a desired distance. This provides an observer with the correct focus cues required. In this study, we solve three technical issues that are unique to stereoscopic PM: (1) The 3D CG object is displayed on non-planar and even moving surfaces; (2) the physical surfaces need to be shown without the focus modulation; (3) the shutter glasses additionally need to be synchronized with the ETLs and the projector. We also develop a novel compensation technique to deal with the “lens breathing” artifact that varies the retinal size of the virtual image through focal length modulation. Further, using a proof-of-concept prototype, we demonstrate that our technique can present the virtual image of a target 3D CG object at the correct depth. Finally, we validate the advantage provided by our technique by comparing it with conventional stereoscopic PM using a user study on a depth-matching task.

Newer methods for treating amblyopia use shutter glasses to occlude the strong eye.Needed is a computer-based system to perform liquid crystal shuttering in laboratory and clinical settings, possibly also for home use.In order to achieve good timing performance in a bidirectional system under Windows, a multithreading programming technique with data protection is needed.We developed software based on multithreading under LabWindows/CVI (National Instruments) that allowed efficient real-time performance with inexpensive hardware. Background and objectives: Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is poor vision in an eye from prolonged neurologic suppression. It is a major public health problem, afflicting up to 3.6% of children, and will lead to lifelong visual impairment if not identified and treated in early childhood. Traditional treatment methods, such as occluding or penalizing the good eye with eye patches or blurring eye drops, do not always yield satisfactory results. Newer methods have emerged, based on liquid crystal shutter glasses that intermittently occlude the better eye, or alternately occlude the two eyes, thus stimulating vision in the lazy eye. As yet there is no technology that allows easy and efficient optimization of the shuttering characteristics for a given individual. The purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive, computer-based system to perform liquid crystal shuttering in laboratory and clinical settings to help wake up the suppressed eye in amblyopic patients, and to help optimize the individual shuttering parameters such as wave shape, level of transparency/opacity, frequency, and duty cycle of the shuttering.Methods: We developed a liquid crystal glasses controller connected by USB cable to a PC computer. It generates the voltage waveforms going to the glasses, and has potentiometer knobs for interactive adjustments by the patient. In order to achieve good timing performance in this bidirectional system, we used multithreading programming techniques with data protection, implemented in LabWindows/CVI.Results: The hardware and software developed were assessed experimentally. We achieved an accuracy of 1Hz for the frequency, and 2% for the duty cycle of the occlusion pulses. We consider these values to be satisfactory for the purpose of optimizing the visual stimulation by means of shutter glasses. The system can be used for individual optimization of shuttering attributes by clinicians, for training sessions in clinical settings, or even at home, aimed at stimulating vision in the lazy eye.Conclusions: Multithreading offers significant benefits for data acquisition and instrument control, making it possible to implement time-efficient algorithms in inexpensive yet versatile medical instrumentation with only minimum requirements on the hardware.

Nowadays local primary desaturation has been proved to be an effective method to suppress the color breakup for field-sequential-color (FSC) displays. However, little attention has been focused on the interaction between various subfield colors and the color breakup visibility. In this article, a perception experiment was conducted with the help of a 120 Hz 2-field FSC display to investigate the thresholds of color breakup visibility along different hue directions with a constant white point in the standard color space. The experimental results show that the color breakup visibility is various when using different subfield colors for temporal combination. A relative high threshold value or low sensitivity of color breakup visibility can be observed when subfield colors are chosen along the blue-yellow direction while becoming perceptible easily along magenta-cyan direction. The results and analysis of our experiments are promising to optimize the performance of local primary desaturation. Meanwhile, other applications using the temporal color fusion such as tunable lighting can also benefit from the conclusion of our work to suppress the color breakup effect.

A 2D-3D autostereoscopic switchable display based on multi-distance dynamic directional backlight is introduced in this paper. The working principle and design process of the system are described in detail as well. Our prototype consists of a multi-distance dynamic directional backlight, LCD panel, and eye tracking system. The multi-distance dynamic directional backlight includes an LED array and corresponding driving circuit. The LEDs in the array are controlled in synchronization with the vertical synchronization signal of the LCD panel. The prototype can measure stereoacuity of the viewer’s eyes in different viewing distance with full resolution, low crosstalk, and 2D-3D compatibility. Combined with mechanical structure and eye tracking technique, the system can measure stereoacuity at 0.4, 1.0, and 5.0 m. Also, a multi-distance autostereoscopic display prototype is fabricated and demonstrated experimentally. It shows that the viewer can perceive high-quality 3D images in different distance. Without the auxiliary glasses, the crosstalk is about 5%. Our prototype is also compatible with active shutter glasses. In conjunction with active shutter glasses, the crosstalk is about 1%, just next to that of commercial display (View Sonic VX2268WM).

The main contribution of this study is to realize the multiplexed lighting environment using time-division active shutter glasses. These days, the improvement of an indoor environment is actively studied to realize desirable condition. Visual stimulation, especially from peripheral vision, affects lots of factors such as feelings, work efficiency, mental stress, and relaxation. However, the influence of peripheral visual stimulation varies among individuals, and it is difficult to control peripheral visual stimuli individually in the same space. In most cases, the visual environment suitable for each person collide with each other and desirable visual environments for all occupants cannot be realized at the same time. Therefore, in this study, we propose a lighting environment multiplexing system. The proposed system makes independently controllable multiple lighting environments for multiple occupants in one space. We utilize active shutter technology for visual multiplexing in the system. With this system, completely different lighting environments can be simultaneously realized in the same space, such as “environment where the whole space is bright with a white light” vs. “environment where the incandescent lamp shines softly only partially.” This study presents the implementation and evaluation of the proposed system, which can control intensity, color, and distribution in the multiplexed lighting environment.

BackgroundThe ability to record brain activity in humans during movement, and in real world environments, is an important step towards understanding cognition. Electroencephalography (EEG) is well suited to mobile applications but suffers from the problem of artefacts introduced into the signal during movement. Steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs) give an excellent signal-to-noise ratio and averaging a sufficient number of trials will eventually remove any noise not phase locked to the visual flicker.New MethodHere we present a method for producing SSVEPs of real world environments using modified LCD shutter glasses, which are commonly used for 3D TV, by adapting the lens to flicker at neurophysiologically relevant frequencies, in this case the alpha band. Participants viewed a room whilst standing and walking. Either the left or right side of the room was illuminated, to test if it is possible to recover the resulting SSVEPs when walking, as well as to probe the effect of walking on neural activity. Additionally, by using a signal generator to produce “simulated SSVEPs” on the scalp we can demonstrate that this method is able to accurately recover evoked neural responses during walking.ResultsThe amplitude of SSVEPs over right parietal cortex was reduced by walking. This finding is in line with converging evidence that visual-vestibular integration involves cortical lateralization with the right hemisphere being dominant in right handers. Furthermore, the waveform and phase of the SSVEPs is highly preserved between walking and standing, but was nevertheless sensitive to whether visual stimulation was presented to the left or right visual hemifield.ConclusionsThis method allows probing neural responses at a wide range of frequencies, during natural movements within real environments.

A Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) display system with resolution of 1280 ×1024 is designed and driven by FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array). The system uses DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate3 Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory), combining the DDR3 MIG core with read/write timing and FIFO (First-in First out) technology, and achieves a 180Hz field sequential driving display on LCoS.

This paper proposes multi-view display using a digital light processing (DLP) projector and new active shutter glasses. In conventional stereoscopic active shutter systems, active shutter glasses have a 0--1 (open and closed) state, and the right and left frames are temporally divided. However, this causes the display to flicker because the human eye perceives the appearance of black frames when the other shutter is closing. Furthermore, it is difficult to increase the number of views because the number of frames representing images is also divided. We solve these problems by extending the active shutter beyond the use of the 0--1 state to a continuous range of states [0, 1] instead. This relaxation leads to the formulation of a new DLP imaging model and an optimization problem. The special structure of DLP binary imaging and the continuous transmittance of the new active shutter glasses require the solution of a binary continuous image decomposition problem. Although it contains NP-hard problems, the proposed algorithm can efficiently solve the problem. The implementation of our imaging system requires the development of an active shutter device with continuous transmittance. We implemented the control of the transmittance of the liquid crystal display (LCD) shutter by using a pulse-width modulation (PWM). A simulation and the developed multi-view display system were used to show that our model can represent multi-view images more accurately than the conventional time-division 0-1 active shutter system.

Herein, we present and discuss essential virtue of field-sequential colour liquid-crystal display (FSC-LCD) and how we technically resolved fundamental problems in the FSC-LCD such as the occurrence of flickering, hue rotation at low temperature and colour breakup. And in addition, we present demonstration of the implementations of actual examples of indicators in airports and railway stations, a transparent LCD and an LCD exhibiting good legibility under the direct sunshine.

In the 21st century, the form of presenting information plays an incredibly important role in arousing interest in research problems. Stereoscopy is among the imaging techniques that have evoked much interest in the recent years. Its numerous applications that can be observed in various fields (such as medicine, space science, law, marketing, or entertainment industry) suggest that we should also use this technology for didactic purposes. The aim of the article is to discuss the process of creating three-dimensional photography and the opportunities offered by stereoscopy, which makes it possible to obtain images with depth effect and impression of solidity. The authors describe different ways to obtain three-dimensional images and the devices applied in the process, as well as techniques of presenting three-dimensional material to a wider audience. The methods of free-viewing (the oldest method of viewing stereoscopic images), anaglyph (a simple method applied in printing and displaying static images and movies on screen), lenticular raster (employing a series of narrow vertical cylindrical lenses), and stereoscopy (in which mirrors, lenses, prisms, or filters are used) are discussed. Also, the application of computer technology is reviewed and the ways in which stereoscopy can benefit from this medium owing to the use of LCD shutter glasses. Contemporary technology offers considerable opportunities, at the same time posing ever-increasing demands, which are mentioned in the paper, too. Teaching is most effective when information is received through multiple channels, combining verbal and visual messages. Owing to 3D images, the recipients grasp more information details, remember them longer, and are more interested in the message content. Creating didactic presentations with the use of three-dimensional photographs or films is presented as a way of arousing interest, allowing direct participation in the cognitive process, and facilitating the reception of the transmitted content.

Color breakup is a lethal issue to conventional field-sequential-color LCDs. Several methods have been proposed to solve this problem. However, these solutions are either more than 180 Hz—the currently used LC mode is not sufficiently fast for this field rate—or they degrade the image quality while using a field rate of 120 Hz. To overcome these limitations, a 120 Hz Stencil Local Primary Desaturation, Stencil-LPD, is presented in this work. The 120 Hz Stencil-LPD method provides reduced but sufficient saturated backlight color to precisely present an image with less color distortion or color breakup. After optimizing a number of backlight segments, the experimental results demonstrate that the image fidelity is significantly improved and color breakup is greatly suppressed compared to the existing methods.

In this paper, we describe an experimental study, which evaluates how 3D stereoscopy affects player immersion in a possibly very distracting local multiplayer game. The game “Nicely Dicely” was specifically developed for this purpose, with 3D stereoscopy in mind, right from the beginning. Groups of participants were competitively playing the game in non-3D monoscopic and 3D stereoscopic presentations via a 3D compatible projector and corresponding active shutter glasses. In the following, we elaborate on the game and our quantitative and qualitative hybrid experiment design and methodology. An analysis of the resulting data will show that, indeed 3D stereoscopy significantly increases spatial presence, involvement and player immersion, even in a local multiplayer situation. Furthermore, some guiding insights relating the game’s design will be illustrated.

The proposed sync-processor enables a fractional-order time-synchronization to generate an efficient lens shutter-control timing for the charge-shared LCD lens driving in the 3DTV active shutter glasses. This design implements a universal sync-edge tracer as a pre-processor to form the unit event of the wireless sync-packet, a fractional-order timer to measure the timing period for accurate synchronization of the stereo-vision, and charge-shared driver controlled by the proposed symmetric even/odd timer to provide an efficient charge equalization method. The proposed symmetric even/odd timer block sequentially generates the driver switching events by distributing the driver activation into four pins of the LCD active shutter lenses to reuse the pre-pumped charge of the charge-shared LCD driver, which is sequentially shared between four pins for LCD lens. The proposed sequential lens control by distributing the charge-sharing events also enables the reduction of the hardware size required for the counters and overflow comparators in the switching timer to generate the pulse width modulation (PWM) pulse waveform of the LCD lens control for time-sequential 3D stereo-vision. The implemented one-chip solution, which is applied with all of the proposed techniques to improve the previous work, reduces about 140 $\mu\hbox{A}$ of LCD lens driving current, which results in about 30% current reduction in total. This paper describes the system's architecture and the details of the proposed techniques, while also identifying the key concepts and functions.

Viewing stereoscopic 3D content is typically enabled either by using polarizing or active shutter glasses. In certain cases, some viewers may not wear viewing glasses and hence, it would be desirable to tune the stereoscopic 3D content so that it could be simultaneously watched with and without viewing glasses. In this paper we propose a video post-processing technique which enables good quality 3D and 2D perception of the same content. This is done through manipulation of one view by making it more similar to the other view to reduce the ghosting artifact perceived without viewing glasses while 3D perception is maintained. The proposed technique includes three steps: disparity selection, contrast adjustment, and low-pass filtering. The proposed approach was evaluated through an extensive series of subjective tests, which also revealed good adjustment parameters to suit viewing with and without viewing glasses with an acceptable 3D and 2D quality, respectively.

3D displays are increasingly popular in consumer and commercial applications. Many such displays show 3D images to viewers wearing special glasses, while showing an incomprehensible double image to viewers without glasses. We demonstrate a simple method that provides those with glasses a 3D experience, while viewers without glasses see a 2D image without artifacts. In addition to separate left and right images in each frame, we add a third image, invisible to those with glasses. In the combined view seen by those without glasses, this cancels the right image, leaving only the left. If the left and right images are of equal brightness, this approach results in low contrast for viewers without glasses. Allowing differential brightness between the left and right images improves 2D contrast. We observe experimentally that: (1) viewers without glasses prefer our 3D+2DTV to a standard 3DTV, (2) viewers with glasses maintain a strong 3D percept, even when one eye is significantly darker than the other, and (3) sequential-stereo display viewers with glasses experience a depth illusion caused by the Pulfrich effect, but it is small and innocuous. Our technique is applicable to displays using either active shutter glasses or passive glasses. Our prototype uses active shutter glasses and a polarizer.

The 3-D TV active shutter glasses (SGs) technology requires the communication of the sync timing for time-sequential frame synchronization, in contrast to the syncless film-type patterned retarder approach. To advance our previous work based on the fractional-order timer, this paper proposes a fractional-order synchronizer, including an adaptive sync reconstructor (ASR) based on FRT for syncless frame synchronization. The FRT enables accurate synchronization regardless of sync-clock speed. The hybrid cooperation of FRT and ASR reduces the required frequency of communication of the sync packets and turns off the emitter on the TV side for perfect syncless operation. The implemented one-chip solution uses less than roughly 11% of the operating current of major commercial SG. The syncless SG technique also minimizes synchronization failure and 3-D vision crosstalk from interruption in sync packets.

In this paper, I improve a tabletop stereoscopic 3DCG system with motion parallax so as to use it with two users and share a stereoscopic 3DCG scene together. I develop a method to calculate two users' viewpoints simultaneously by using depth images. I use a 3D-enabled projector to superimpose two 3DCG images for each user, and use active shutter glasses to separate them into individual images for each user. The improved system would be useable for cooperative works and match type games.

We conducted both subjective and objective experiments for measuring color break-up perception with the factors of stimuli size and sub-frame frequency on the simplest field sequential driving. Our results indicate how to design the universal evaluation method for color break-up issue on field sequential color display devices.

Two prototypes of full-panel resolution auto-stereoscopic LCD have been developed [1]. One of them uses the field-sequential (time-sequential) method and a directional backlight system. This paper mainly describes optical cross-talk factors of it and a fact that reflection on the back-face of the LCD glass is the most significant one. This can be a problem in other auto-stereoscopic LCDs with a structure similar to ours.

Considering the high complexity of local dimming backlight that is necessary to effectively suppress color breakups for field sequential color liquid crystal displays (FSC-LCDs), a global dimming-based solution is proposed. This solution involves considering that the color breakups mainly occur at object edges of an image. By introducing an algorithm to present the edge information in a single field, evaluating color breakup performances, and experimentally verifying based on a 240-Hz LCD, lighter color breakups are revealed compared with mainstream local dimming-based solutions. Therefore, the proposed solution can achieve FSC-LCDs with better performance and practicality for advanced display applications.

Expensive hardware is required by the conventional two-dimensional (2-D) light-emitting diode (LED) dimming technique to obtain high-contrast and low-power in the field sequential color (FSC) technique. Thus, based on real-time image data, the pseudo zero-dimension (0-D) LED dimming technique is proposed to further reduce power dissipation in the D-FSC technique, which allows the intelligent selection of an adequate color sequence. The multi-liquid crystal and backlight (LC/BL) algorithm utilizes the D-FSC technique in temporal and spatial domains. It not only utilizes the pseudo 0-D technique to effectively reduce the color breakup (CBU) effect without greatly increasing frame rate, but also to reduce power consumption. On the backlight module, CBU suppression can be substantially improved and power dissipation can be reduced by at least 12.5%. Power consumption can also be further reduced through the re-dimming improvement in the proposed pseudo 0-D dimming technique.

We developed a holographic head-mounted display with a see-through structure that enables the user to view augmented reality scenes binocularly. It has right and left optical systems for each eye that have horizontal sliding structures to adapt the interdistance to each observer’s different interpupillary distances. Reconstructed images are colorized using the field sequential color method and are enlarged using a Fourier transform optical system. This paper describes a calibration method to correct installation errors arising from the optical elements. The results of objective and subjective evaluations show that the reconstructed images locate at the correct depths and provide correct accommodation and vergence as well.

A novel displaying method, two-field driving scheme, was proposed for field sequential color LCDs without color filter. A spatially modulated color backlight provided multi-primary low-resolution optical stimuli, which were then compensated by an LC panel to display detailed colorful images. That is, the manipulation on three (or more) spatial and two temporal degrees of freedom was sufficient to convey full color information. The simulation results showed that the proposed method achieved acceptable color reproduction accuracy, average CIEDE2000 color difference (DeltaE00) < 3. The least number of fields particularly alleviated the demand for fast-response LC modes in sequential-type LCDs. Furthermore, color break-up suppression was observed due to less chrominance difference between the two fields.

A field-sequential colour projection system can display colour images using a single panel. Such a system, however, produces characteristic trichromatic separation, or “colour breakup”. Colour breakup is the perceived splitting of the white portions of an image into its red, green, and blue components when the image is projected with the colour sequential method and the viewer’s eyes are moving rapidly. Viewing images containing colour breakup may cause visual fatigue and other symptoms of asthenopia. In this study, the authors examine the various subjective symptoms of asthenopia that can be caused by colour breakup.

This paper proposes a mixed color sequential (MCS) algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique in RGB light-emitting diode (LED) backlight display. Owing to synchronous control of liquid crystal display (LCD) and LED panels, high quality image with suppressed color breakup (CBU) and motion blur effects is achieved by our novel color sequential technique. Importantly, MCS algorithm is useful for color filter-less optical compensated bend (OCB) panel display for alleviating CBU and motion blur effects. Furthermore, high contrast image is also presented on LCD panel because of mixed red-green-blue (RGB) and cyan-magenta-yellow (CMY) backlights with optimum power consumption. In other words, MCS algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique can have the better performance compared with other field sequential color techniques. Experimental results demonstrate by an actual RGB backlight module for 32-in 1366*768 LCD panel the improvement of CBU and motion blur effects.

This paper proposes a mixed color sequential (MCS) algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique in RGB LED backlight display. Owing to synchronous control of LCD and LED panels, high quality image with suppressed color breakup and motion blur effects is achieved by our novel color sequential technique. Furthermore, high contrast image is also presented in LCD panel because of mixed RGB and CMY backlights with optimum power consumption. In other words, MCS algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique can have the better performance compared with other field sequential color techniques.

For color filterless display, a novel spatial and temporal division (STD) field sequence color (FSC) display technique divides each frame into many temporary sub-frames for improving color breakup (CBU) and motion blur effects. Fast refresh frequencies enhance the image quality. Spatial and temporal division achieves low cost and power consumption. Keywords: field sequential color, liquid crystal display, color breakup, color filterless, Motion Blur, LED Backlight.

A field-sequential color projection system displays color images using a single panel and a color filter wheel.The wheel spins very rapidly,and creates a sequence of red,green,blue,and white images that combine to create a single full-color image.Although the use of a single panel can reduce both projector size and costs,the field-sequential color projection mechanism causes the observer to perceive trichromatic separation during times of rapid eye movement.This phenomenon is called “color breakup”.We examine the characteristics of saccadic eye movement,which result from viewing images containing color breakup.We describe two experiments that were conducted to examine the effects of color breakup as manifested through the ergonomic indices of eye movement and the subjective symptoms of asthenopia.

International audience; This article contains comments on the nature of stereo perception as it relates to stereo video displays as well as a discussion of interfaces for stereo graphics and the interaction of stereo video and stereo graphics. A number of areas of interest are briefly reviewed and accompanied by extensive citations from the patent and technical literature. These include single camera (70 references) and dual camera (100 references) stereoscopy, compatible 3D recording and transmission (57 references), head mounted displays (85 references), field sequential stereo (285 references), and autostereoscopic systems including lenticular (64 references), parallax barrier (22 references), stereoptiplexer (17 references), integral imaging (24 references), direction selective mirrors, lenses or screens (26 references), volumetric displays (133 references), holovision (13 references), stereoendoscopy (14 references), and stereosculpting (15 references). Also discussed are interfaces for stereo graphics and the interaction of stereo video and stereo graphics.

We propose a real-time stereoscopic image converter that can generate stereoscopic images with different perspective depth using motion parallax from a 2-D image. Computing the motion parallax between two adjacent 2-D images using the proposed method for motion detection, region segmentation and depth map generation generates the stereoscopic image. We have compared the stereoscopic depth of the proposed method with that of the conventional method. The proposed converter is designed and implemented by using a FPGA and verified by evaluating the field-sequential stereoscopic image on a TV. This converter can automatically produce a realistic 3-D effect regardless of the direction and velocity of a moving object in the 2-D image.

We have developed the Scan‐backlight Stereoscopic LCD that is a kind of field‐sequential ‐Stereoscopic LCD combining the Dual‐ Directional‐ Backlight and the fast‐response OCB panel. The Dual‐Directional‐Backlight using a double‐sided prism sheet can change the direction of light by switching the LED light sources. The OCB panel using Feed‐Forward Drive can realize frame rate of 120 Hz. As a result, the Scan‐backlight Stereoscopic display works at its original resolving power, and produces flicker‐free stereoscopic images. This auto‐ stereoscopic display can resolved the problems of the double images and the pseudoscopic images in case of watching at oblique angles.

An 8-bit liquid crystal on silicon microdisplay driver for projection display has been designed and fabricated using AMI 0.5 µm double-poly, triple-level metal CMOS process. The driver includes frame buffering at the pixel level, which presents optimized optical characteristics for field sequential color operation, and a mixed mode gray scale method which implements distinct 256 gray levels per color with a simpler driver architecture.

A full resolution auto-stereoscopic LCD with field-sequential (time-sequential) method and a unique directional backlight system has been developed [1][2]. In this paper, we describe a simple countermeasure to reduce optical cross-talk in the display.

An imaging system was developed based on single-channel and transparent rotating deflector (TRD) to achieve stereoscopic video imaging. To acquire images at high frame rate, a CMOS camera was used with triggering function allowing image acquisition at certain time point. Stepping motor was controlled to rotate in an arc, stopping at the edge for image acquisition. The acquired 2D images were displayed in stereoscopic 3D using active shutter glasses and conventional display monitor. Using microcontroller (MCU) as centralized control system, system components were controlled and synchronized through using general purpose input/output (GPIO) ports. The created system was evaluated for two factors: motor rotation analysis based on MCU signal generation; and image property based on coefficient of variation calculation.

Crosstalk is a cause of a major perceptual problem in the 3D display system shown itself mostly as ghosting. In this work we aimed at investigating how much perceived crosstalk that is acceptable for the end-users in movie type contents played by 3D projection systems. Two types of 3D projection systems (one system using active shutter glasses, and the other system using passive polarized glasses) were compared in the experiment. The study included an objective measurement of crosstalk in the 3D projection system and a subjective users’ experience of the visible distortions. The results shows that 10% can be considered as a crosstalk threshold for end-users not to be annoyed (MOS

Although various 3-D head mounted displays (HMDs) using stereograms have been implemented, extended usage of those systems cause discomfort, fatigue and tiredness because stereogram do not satisfy all 3-D visual cues: accommodation, vergence, and parallax. On the other hand, electro-holography enables observers to view natural 3-D images with minimal discomfort due to satisfying these necessary cues. This time, we fabricated a small sized full-color holographic display system with a type of binocular eyepiece for the base of the wearable system. In this paper, we describe the structure of our system and the proposed calibration method for the arrangement of the optical parts. This calibration plays an important role in the accuracy of the reconstructed images. The main optical parts are combined to a single component to keep the exact arrangement, so this system is semi-portable and can be used everywhere with only a little adjustment. The system has the slide structure between left and right view point like binoculars to eliminate the influence of individual interpupillary distances (PDs). The field sequential color method enables the system to reconstruct full-color images by this display system. The light source is a full-color LED covered with a sharpened fiber and the tip of the fiber works as an almost ideal point light source. The results of the subjective experiments show that reconstructed full-color images are statistically located at the correct depths and satisfy correct accommodation and vergence without the influence of individual PDs.

We previously developed a field-sequential stereoscopic display system with a 42-inch diagonal HDTV DC-type plasma display panel (PDP). This system uses an LCD shutter stereoscopic eyeglass, synchronized with the left and right pictures on the display by infrared signals. Stereoscopic images were displayed on the PDP using the proposed light emission scheme and gray-scale signal processing. However, it was found that cross-talk impairment was incurred due to leakage between light for the left and right images. We calculated the amount of cross-talk as a function of phosphor persistence and decay time and estimated the desirable decay time for a field-sequential stereoscopic display system. This enabled us to develop a signal processing method for reducing the cross-talk impairment, and a subjective evaluation confirms the effectiveness of the method.

Lately a color field sequential LCD is widely noticed because it requires no micro-color-filter. To realize the color field sequential LCD in the direct view type, we adopted an OCB mode which can be obtained fast response and uniform alignment in large area, and a low-temperature p-Si TFT which can be possible scanning high speed and fabrication large size. Further, we optimize the driving method, and obtain good display condition in a trial-fabrication of 4 inches size color field sequential LCD.

This paper focuses on the scanning methods of a field-sequential stereoscopic display system. We examined the advantages and disadvantages of several scanning methods to identify the most suitable one for the field-sequential stereoscopic display technique. An evaluation test using a system with 525 scanning lines and a 120-Hz field frequency was conducted. The results show that the picture quality of the 4:2 or 4:1 interlace method, which maintains high vertical resolution, is superior to that of the simple 2:1 interlace one. We also developed an experimental field-sequential stereoscopic system for HDTV with 1:2 interlacing and confirmed that it is possible to display high-quality stereoscopic HDTV pictures in full 1125-line vertical resolutions.

We have developed a field-sequential stereoscopic display system with a 42-inch diagonal HDTV DC-type plasma display panel (PDP). This system uses an LCD shutter stereoscopic eyeglass, synchronized with the L and R pictures on the display by infrared signals. A 12 sub-field light-emission scheme for stereoscopic display and a signal-processing method for improving gray-scale expression in stereoscopic display are described. Stereoscopic images were displayed on the PDP by the proposed emission scheme. The effectiveness of the signal-processing method was confirmed by subjective evaluation.

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) will be classified into miniature displays, reflective type, projection type, direct view type, and holography type. All of these LCDs will be widely utilized in the coming multimedia network era. Along with this trend, in the first part of this paper we will discuss the social background of this research. We will place an emphasis on a polymer stabilized (PS) FLCD that is featured by fast response speed (40 microseconds), high contrast (230: 1) with grayscale, wide viewing angle, and high resolution (400 lp/mm). The PS-FLCD will be promising technology for displaying a moving video image in the multimedia network era.

This study focuses on the scanning of field-sequential stereoscopic pictures-we examined picture quality and conducted an evaluation test using a system with 525 scanning lines and a 120 Hz field frequency. The results show that in the quality of pictures displayed, the 4 : 2 or 4 : 1 interlace method, which maintains high vertical resolution, is superior to the simple 2 : 1 interlace one. We also made an experimental field-sequential stereoscopic system for a HDTV with a 4 : 2 interlace. With this 1125-scanning prototype system, we tested picture quality and confirmed that it is possible to display high-quality stereoscopic HDTV pictures of full 1125-line vertical resolutions.

On field sequential color (FSC) displays, a frame of an image is represented by sequentially displaying multiple fields. In the case of FSC LCD displays, color image is displayed by sequential control of backlights and modulation of light transmissions. Sequential displaying of multiple fields results in undesirable color artifacts near boundaries of moving objects. They are often called as color breakup (CBU). This paper presents a new method to measure perceived static CBU on natural color images. The proposed method can be utilized for performance evaluation or algorithm development for static CBU reduction.

In the present study, we examined the visual accommodation of subjects who were gazing fixedly at stereoscopic images on two different displays: a cathode ray tube (CRT) with the subjects wearing liquid crystal shutter glasses and a liquid crystal display (LCD) with the subjects not wearing liquid crystal shutter glasses. In Experiment 1, we measured accommodation in subjects viewing a moving stereoscopic image. In Experiment 2, we measured accommodation in subjects viewing moving stereoscopic images on an LCD and a CRT. In Experiment 3, we measured accommodation in subjects viewing a stereoscopic image moving from far to near on an LCD. In Experiment 4, we measured of accommodation in subjects viewing moving stereoscopic images (stereoscopic display mode) and non-stereoscopic images (2-D mode) on an LCD. The results suggested, the ciliary muscle is repeatedly strained and relaxed while the subject views the moving target. In the present study, the subjects’ accommodative amplitude was changed when the target moved from the near to far point, and vice versa. Ke yw ords: Accommodation, Binocular Vision, Stereoscopic Image and Visual Display

This work presents a method to determine the optimal backlight scanning signals to minimize crosstalk for time-sequential stereoscopic 3D on LCD TV with active shutter glasses. The solution is obtained through optimization of the variables defined by a model of backlight scanning that considers important aspects like liquid crystal transitions and light diffusion, subject to constraints that ensure the rendition of a uniform backlight. Compared with basic backlight scanning, the proposed method can increase luminance at a given crosstalk level or reduce crosstalk at a given luminance level.