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SYN Flood Attack is one form of distributed denial of service attack that attains the handshake process of TCP. This attack consumes all available server resources and provokes legitimate traffic which aims to make the server unavailable. It causes serious damage to cloud server and networking protocols. The main objective of this research work is to train the neural network for detecting the attack and to secure network connection. A novel binary fruit fly optimization algorithm with deep learning is proposed to predict the syn flood attack. The proposed algorithm is implemented using the KDD cup dataset. DL- BFFA algorithm has achieved 99.96% detection accuracy for detecting the SYN Flood Attack. A comparison study is conducted to validate the proposed model.

This paper investigates the load frequency control (LFC) problem for smart grids with denial-of-service (DoS) attacks via a novel event-triggered control method. In order to sustain the stable operation of the smart grids, a handshake logic-based event-triggered communication scheme (HLETCS) is proposed. The targets of the designed controller are twofold. Firstly, an event-triggered mechanism with a handshake logic-based concept is proposed to save network resources. In this triggering method, a handshake protocol is used to detect DoS attacks in the communication networks. Secondly, through employing Lyapunov stability theory, sufficient stabilization criteria ensuring the uncertain LFC systems being asymptotically stable are deduced. Based on these conditions, the corresponding state feedback controller design method is given. Finally, a simulation of a two-area power system with electric vehicles is given as an example to substantiate the proposed method of this paper.

As VLSI technology enters the post-Moore era, there has been an increasing interest in asynchronous design because of its potential advantages in power consumption, electromagnetic emission, and automatic speed scaling capacity under supply voltage variations. In most practical asynchronous circuits, a pipeline forms the micro-architecture backbone, and its characteristics play a vital role in determining the overall circuit performance. In this paper, we investigate a series of typical asynchronous pipeline circuits based on bundled-data encoding, spanning different handshake signaling protocols such as 2-phase (micropipeline, Mousetrap, and Click), 4-phase (simple, semi-decoupled, and fully-decoupled), and single-track (GasP). An in-depth review of each selected circuit is conducted regarding the handshaking and data latching mechanisms behind the circuit implementations, as well as the analysis of its performance and timing constraints based on formal behavior models. Overall, this paper aims at providing a survey of asynchronous bundled-data pipeline circuits, and it will be a reference for designers interested in experimenting with asynchronous circuits.

Origami structures can transform their form and function by changing the direction of their folds. This reconfiguration can enable multifunctional robots, but doing so requires a fast, robust, and repeatable actuation method. In this article, we present an origami gripper that uses dynamic transformation to change its kinematic behavior in less than a second. We characterize individual vertices to show that the transformation is predictable and repeatable for different designs and orientations. We then apply it to a multivertex template that is capable of a wide range of shapes and motion patterns, indicating that transformation can be generalized to complex and functional machines. To demonstrate this, we built a transforming origami gripper on a robotic arm to pick up multiple objects. Demonstrations show that the gripper can quickly reconfigure between three different grasping modes and has sufficient stiffness to engage with and lift multiple objects with distinct geometries.

Understanding the earthquake behavior of structures is the first step towards developing a strategy for earthquake-resilient design and construction of the built environment. The growing number of earthquake simulators (shake tables) globally has allowed researchers to closely study the response of different building types when subjected to simulated earthquake shaking. Typically, such simulators are sophisticated and complex testing apparatus that require high levels of skill and experience for their effective operation and are associated with high costs of installation, operation, maintenance, and repair. In developing countries where there is limited investment in research, the application of such tools to meet the current need for experimental campaigns is generally not feasible, and hence alternative tools and methods are sought. In this context, a detailed review into alternative cost-effective tools and methods such as shock tables, harmonic shake tables, and controlled underground explosions for experimental testing was undertaken and is reported herein. Furthermore, the design, detailing, and construction of a shock table and a harmonic shake table are presented.

Grant-free access, in which channels are accessed without undergoing assignment through a handshake process, is a promising solution to support massive connectivity needed for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. In this paper, we consider uplink grant-free massive access for an IoT network with multiple channels. To be specific, the IoT devices generate short packets and have grant-free non-orthogonal access to a channel to transmit the generated packets to a base station (BS). With the aim of keeping the information fresh at the BS, we first derive the age of information (AoI) for grant-free short-packet communications, and then formulate the AoI minimization problem. However, the problem is challenging as the number of users involved is large, and to tackle this problem efficiently, we propose a mean-field evolutionary game-based approach. In this approach, the average behavior of the IoT devices is considered rather than their individual behaviors, and the dynamics of the strategies of the IoT devices are modeled by an evolutionary process. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed mean-field evolutionary game-based approach.

To enable the efficient division of labor in container yards, many large ports apply twin cranes, two identical automated stacking cranes each dedicated to one of the transfer zones on the seaside and landside. The use of a handshake area, a bay of containers that separates the dedicated areas of the two cranes, is a simple means to avoid crane interference. Inbound containers arriving in the transfer zone of one crane and dedicated to a stacking position of the other crane’s area are placed intermediately in the handshake area by the first crane and then taken over by the second crane, and vice versa for outbound containers. Existing research only evaluates simple heuristics and rule-based approaches for the coordination of twin cranes interconnected by a handshake area. For this setting, accounting for precedence constraints due to stacking containers in the handshake area, we derive exact solution procedures under a makespan minimization objective. In this way, a comprehensive computational evaluation is enabled, which benchmarks heuristics with optimal solutions and additionally compares alternative crane settings (i.e., without workload sharing and cooperation with flexible handover). We further provide insights into where to position the handshake area. Our results reveal that when planning is too simple (i.e., with a rule-based approach), optimality gaps become large, but with sophisticated optimization, the price of a simplified crane coordination via a handshake area is low.

This paper mainly introduces an improved PLC communication program based on PLC link network communication. Read and write corresponding production data at different time periods through the shared link area, and use link location soft elements as interactive handshake signal. The main station download module and slave station upload module are designed to complete the large range of data transmission interaction between master and slave stations, and the control system is realized in the automatic production line for drum brake pad processing.

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have a long propagation delay; thus, when multiple nodes access the channel at the same time, the nodes cannot perceive the channel status in time, which causes access conflicts between nodes. To reduce multinode access conflicts and improve network throughput, a random handshake MAC protocol based on Nash equilibrium (RHNE-MAC) is proposed. In the RTS phase, RHNE-MAC regards nodes sending control packets to channels as competitive behavior and an incomplete information game. This paper firstly discusses the collision probability of two nodes sending data to the master node at the same time when the nodes are evenly distributed. Subsequently, according to the collision probability and the size of the network, the mathematical expectation concept is added to the payment function. Then, it uses the Nash equilibrium theory to solve the game, which allows the network to dynamically adjust the probability of nodes requesting access to a channel according to the number of nodes, thereby minimizing the problem of multinode access conflicts. Finally, the master node schedules the data transmission for each node according to the successful receipt of control packet information and propagation delay information of the network; therefore, multiple nodes can transmit data after a handshake period. The simulation results show that the throughput is increased by approximately 12% compared with prescheduling-based MAC and by 207% compared with TDMA; moreover, the end-to-end delay also has better performance.

As a newly proposed secure transport protocol, QUIC aims to improve the transport performance of HTTPS traffic and enable rapid deployment and evolution of transport mechanisms. QUIC is currently in the IETF standardization process and will potentially carry a significant portion of Internet traffic in the emerging future. An important safety goal of QUIC protocol is to provide effective data service for users. To aim this safety requirement, we propose a formal analysis method to analyze the safety of QUIC handshake protocol by using model checker SPIN and cryptographic protocol verifier ProVerif. Our analysis shows the counterexamples to safety properties, which reveal a design flaw in the current protocol specification. To this end, we also propose and verify a possible fix that is able to mitigate these flaws.

Automated stocker system is widely used in semiconductor and liquid crystal display (LCD) industries for handling and storage of valuable wafers or glass panels. Massive front opening unified pods (foups) containing wafers, or cassettes storing glass panels, are placed in shelf stockers during manufacturing. Although several preventative measures have been taken, during the past earthquakes, substantial financial loss from the industries were reported, and one of the main causes was attributed to collision of the foups or cassettes and shake off from the shelfs. This paper proposes a methodology of incorporating viscous fluid dampers into the stokers to mitigate their seismic response. Unlike conventionally been done in buildings where dampers are placed between adjacent stories, it is proposed to install dampers in between the ceiling and top of the stocker. Such configuration utilizes the large velocity at the stocker top under vibration, resulting in smaller damper size, and enables a leverage mechanism that requires smaller damper force to resist the stocker’s vibration. Both shake table tests and simulation of a full-scale stocker under realistic earthquakes have been conducted. Results indicate that both displacement and acceleration responses of the stocker can be significantly reduced, and dynamic response of the stocker under seismic excitations can be well predicted.

Wrist-worn smart devices are being used to share various sensitive personal information in various fields such as social, medical treatment, sports, etc. Secure pairing establishing a trusted channel between involved devices is a prerequisite to ensure data transmission security. Handshake has been employed to realize secure pairing between devices worn by different users without pre-shared knowledge, the participation of third parties or complicated user interactions. However, existing schemes cannot meet the practical requirement in terms of time delay and security. In this paper, we present a secure and usable pairing scheme utilizing the handshake acceleration data. Specifically, we propose an optimal feature selection algorithm based on Euclidean distance sorting which improves the success rate and security of the system. In addition, we use Pearson correlation coefficient based feature sequence similarity measurement approach to enhance the accuracy of pairing scheme. Theoretical and experimental security analysis indicates that our solution can resist active and passive attacks. What’s more, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution has a high key generation rate of 87 bits per second, and completes security pairing in less than 4 s.

The small-scale unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) helicopter has a complex structure, strong nonlinearity, coupling and open-loop instability, making it shake violently and even produce chaotic oscilla...

In the IEEE S&P 2017, Ronen et al. exploited side-channel power analysis (SCPA) and approximately 5 000 power traces to recover the global AES-CCM key that Philip Hue lamps use to decrypt and authenticate new firmware. Based on the recovered key, the attacker could create a malicious firmware update and load it to Philip Hue lamps to cause Internet of Things (IoT) security issues. Inspired by the work of Ronen et al., we propose an AES-CCM-based firmware update scheme against SCPA and denial of service (DoS) attacks. The proposed scheme applied in IoT terminal devices includes two aspects of design (i.e., bootloader and application layer). Firstly, in the bootloader, the number of updates per unit time is limited to prevent the attacker from acquiring a sufficient number of useful traces in a short time, which can effectively counter an SCPA attack. Secondly, in the application layer, using the proposed handshake protocol, the IoT device can access the IoT server to regain update permission, which can defend against DoS attacks. Moreover, on the STM32F405+M25P40 hardware platform, we implement Philips’ and the proposed modified schemes. Experimental results show that compared with the firmware update scheme of Philips Hue smart lamps, the proposed scheme additionally requires only 2.35 KB of Flash memory and a maximum of 0.32 s update time to effectively enhance the security of the AES-CCM-based firmware update process.

Crane girder is subject to alternating load in long time, which makes it prone to fatigue and fracture. Vision deflection measurement has become an effective method for structural health monitoring. However, crane girder does not always exhibit high contrast feature and artificial markers have to be pasted. Existing artificial markers cannot perform well in poor light conditions and the accuracy is limited. In this paper, we design an anti-interference marker by pasting a film onto a circular surface light source. The marker allows the vision system to work well under different light conditions. In addition, the reduction of camera shake and sub-pixel technique have been studied to improve the accuracy. According to the characteristics of the marker, corresponding image processing algorithms are also studied. Firstly, the designed marker can suppress environmental interference even at long distances with a wireless module and a small aperture. Secondly, the center of the marker in the image can be calculated using a sub-pixel detection technique. Finally, a camera shake reduction method is applied by using multiple reference markers and scale conversion factors are taken into account to get the physical displacement. To verify the measurement results, two experiments were carried out using a digital dial gauge sensor and laser displacement sensor for comparison. The experimental results proved the robustness and high precision of the vision system.

Smartphones equipped with motion sensors can be manipulated as a community seismic network for earthquake detection. But, there still have many challenges such as the limited sensing capability of the off-the-shelf sensors and unpredictable diversity of daily operations by phone users in current smartphones, which yield poor monitoring quality. So we present a suite of algorithms towards detecting anomalous seismic events from sampling data contaminated by users operations, including a lightweight signal preprocessing method, a two-phase events picking and timing scheme on local smartphones, and a decision fusion scheme to maximize anomaly detection performance at the fusion center while meeting the requirements on system false alarm rate. We experimentally evaluate the proposed approach on networked smartphones and shake tables. The results verify the effectiveness of our approach in distinguishing anomalous seismic events from noises due to the normal daily operation.

In this paper, we introduce a new construction for unlinkable secret handshake that allows a group of users to perform handshakes anonymously. We define formal security models for the proposed construction and prove that it can achieve session key security, anonymity and affiliation hiding. In particular, the proposed construction ensures that (i) anonymity against protocol participants (including group authority) is achieved since a hierarchical identity-based signature is used in generating group user’s pseudonym-credential pairs and (ii) revocation is achieved using a secret sharing-based revocation mechanism.

As robots begin to occupy our social spaces, touch will increasingly become part of human–robot interactions. This paper examines the impact of observing a robot touch a human on trust in that robot. In three online studies, observers watched short videos of human–robot interactions and provided a series of judgments about the robot, which either did or did not touch the human on the shoulder. Trust was measured using a recently introduced multi-dimensional instrument, which assesses people’s trust in a robot as being capable, reliable, sincere, and/or ethical. The first study showed that observed robot touch increased overall trust in the robot, especially for the sincere and ethical trust aspects, and led people to perceive the robot as more comforting, but also more inappropriate. A second study replicated the general pattern, even with a handshake preceding the touch; but in the context of the handshake the touch was seen as more inappropriate. A third study examined the joint impact of a handshake, touch, and information about the robot’s designed function. In the context of such information, observed touch was seen as even more inappropriate, which in turn decreased trust.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging technologies with the primary purpose of establishing Vehicular communications. Available protocols for data dissemination in VANETs are faced with issues like discontinuous connections, uncertainty about receiving messages, collisions, and latency. In this paper, a new method is presented for the dissemination of advertising and infotainment messages. The proposed method has used store carry and forward (SCF), rateless coding, and a new handshake mechanism to solve discontinuous connections, uncertainty about receiving messages, and collision problems, respectively. In this paper, changing the Road Side Unit (RSU) message over time and its impact on the network is proposed as a new step in evaluating data dissemination methods. Our results showed that if changing the RSU message happened very rapidly, the network performance will almost be eliminated; to address this problem and due to the advertising nature of messages, the use of overhearing has been suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that message overhearing has been used in VANET. Extensive and accurate simulations results show that the proposed method for 2, 3, 5, and 10 messages: (i) reduces the overhead of handshake on average 70% 63%, 48%, and 3%, (ii) increases the number of delivered packets on average 5%, 22%, 75%, and 84%, and (iii) increases the range of data dissemination on average 47%, 187%, 661%, and 2962%, respectively. With the mentioned improvements, the proposed method can also significantly reduce the latency of disseminating messages between vehicles.

This work presents a security analysis of the QUIC handshake protocol based on symbolic model checking. As a newly proposed secure transport protocol, the purpose of QUIC is to improve the transport performance of HTTPS traffic and enable rapid deployment and evolution of transport mechanisms. QUIC is currently in the IETF standardization process and will potentially carry a significant portion of Internet traffic in the emerging future. For a better understanding of the essential security properties, we have developed a formal model of the QUIC handshake protocol and perform a comprehensive formal security analysis by using two state-of-the-art model checking tools for cryptographic protocols, i.e., ProVeirf and Verifpal. Our analysis shows that ProVerif is generally more powerful than Verifpal in terms of verifying authentication properties. Moreover, both tools produce a counterexample to some security properties, which reveal a design flaw in the current protocol specification. Last but not least, we analyze the root causes of this counterexample and suggest a possible fix.

In this paper, a link-layer synchronization and medium access control (MAC) protocol for very-high-speed wireless communication networks in the THz band is presented. The protocol relies on a receiver-initiated handshake as a way to guarantee synchronization between transmitter and receiver. In addition, it incorporates a sliding window flow control mechanism, which combined with the one-way handshake, maximizes the channel utilization. Two different application scenarios are considered, namely, a macroscale scenario, in which nodes utilize turning directional antennas to periodically sweep the space while overcoming the distance problem at THz frequencies, and a nanoscale scenario, in which nano-nodes require energy harvesting systems to operate. A carrier-based physical layer is considered for the macro-scenario, whereas the physical layer for the nano-scenario is based on a femtosecond- long pulse-based modulation scheme with frame interleaving. The performance of the proposed MAC protocol is analytically investigated in terms of delay, throughput and successful packet transmission probability, and compared to that of an adapted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance with and without handshake. The results are validated by means of extensive simulations with ns-3, in which all the necessary THz elements have been implemented. The results show that the proposed protocol can maximize the successful packet delivery probability without compromising the achievable throughput in THz-band communication networks.

Video prediction has developed rapidly after the booming of deep learning. As an important part of unsupervised representation learning, it plays an important role in anomalous behavior detection, autonomous driving, video games, and other fields. However, the prediction method based on optical flow estimation is susceptible to brightness change and camera shake, and it is difficult to predict occluded objects. While the prediction method based on pixel generation is difficult to fit ambiguous and complex scenes, which leads to a blurry prediction. In this work, we proposed an end-to-end video prediction framework that combines the optical flow estimation module with the pixel generation module by a learnable mask weight to predict high-fidelity videos. To further improve the prediction effect, we introduce adversarial training to the framework. We introduced a frame discriminator and a sequence discriminator to ensure the consistency of the spatio-temporal distribution of predicted video frames and real video frames. The results of experiments on challenging datasets demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness of our proposed video prediction framework. On the one hand, our proposed framework has achieved an equal quality compared with the current latest model, which requires fewer parameters and has a faster prediction speed. On the other hand, the results of ablation experiments demonstrate the effect of fusing different modules and the effectiveness of adversarial training.

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) have emerged as the new class of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to meet the stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of emerging applications. Multipath routing with cross-layer approach appears to be a potential solution for supporting the distinct characteristics of WMSNs. However, due to the broadcast nature of the underlying medium, multiple paths are exposed to inter-path interference. In addition, low-power wireless links are asymmetric, error-prone and unreliable in nature. Consequently, an accurate and stable link quality estimation is essential to guarantee the performance of routing protocol. This paper proposes Triangle link quality metric and minimum inter-path Interference based Geographic Multipath Routing (TIGMR) protocol which finds multiple node-disjoint paths in IEEE 802.15.4 compliant network. This cross-layer routing protocol selects forwarding node based on a triangle link quality metric, remaining energy, and distance while anticipating minimum adjacent path interference effect. In addition, TIGMR protocol avoids Hidden Node Problem (HNP) at the sink node without using Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send (RTS/CTS) handshake mechanism. Simulation results indicate TIGMR protocol optimizes overall performance and improves network lifetime as compared with state-of-the-art Two-Phase Geographic Forwarding (TPGF) and Link Quality and Energy-Aware Routing (LQEAR) protocols.

Cloud computing provides solutions to a large number of organizations in terms of hosting systems and services. The services provided by cloud computing are broadly used for business and scientific applications. Business applications are task oriented applications and structured into business workflows. Whereas, scientific applications are data oriented and compute intensive applications and structured into scientific workflows. Scientific workflows are managed through scientific workflows management and scheduling systems. Recently, a significant amount of research is carried out on management and scheduling of scientific workflow applications. This study presents a comprehensive review on scientific workflows management and scheduling in cloud computing. It provides an overview of existing surveys on scientific workflows management systems. It presents a taxonomy of scientific workflow applications and characteristics. It shows the working of existing scientific workflows management and scheduling techniques including resource scheduling, fault-tolerant scheduling and energy efficient scheduling. It provides discussion on various performance evaluation parameters along with definition and equation. It also provides discussion on various performance evaluation platforms used for evaluation of scientific workflows management and scheduling strategies. It finds evaluation platforms used for the evaluation of scientific workflows techniques based on various performance evaluation parameters. It also finds various design goals for presenting new scientific workflow management techniques. Finally, it explores the open research issues that require attention and high importance.

IEEE 802.11p standard, operating over the 75-MHz spectrum at 5.9-GHz band with one control channel (CCH) and six service channels (SCHs), has been poised to provide V2X services over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). However, due to the absence of central coordinator and the nature of high vehicular mobility, it is difficult to achieve reliable multichannel coordination and adaptive resource reservation to make full use of SCHs, resulting in dramatic throughput degradation. To mitigate this, in this article, we propose an adaptive high-throughput multichannel medium access control (MAC) protocol, namely, AHT-MAC, which can effectively handle the data transmissions over SCHs. With AHT-MAC, the data transmission range (TR) is adjusted according to the beacon TR over the CCH so that a transmitting node can determine proper communication candidates and prepare available resources for both communication nodes before transmissions. Moreover, the communication coordination is done through a two-way handshake. During the handshake, adaptive resource reservation is realized following the proposed resource sharing mechanism, where nodes first utilize as much resource as possible and then share them with others proactively. To increase the success probability of the communication handshake, a request conflict resolution mechanism is also designed to nullify improper handshakes. Therefore, AHT-MAC can reduce the resource wastage due to handshake failures and extra overheads for retransmission requests. Our performance analysis shows that AHT-MAC can significantly improve the system throughput and reduce the channel access period.

Background:Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is used primarily in CBTC because of easy availability of commercial WLAN equipment. In present scenario, WLAN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is a well-known protocol which is used to satisfy real-time traffic and delay- sensitive applications. The bidirectional train-trackside communication is the fundamental key of train control in CBTC.Methods:DCF describes two basic techniques used for packet transmission: First technique is a Two Way Handshake (TWH) mechanism and another is Four Way Handshake (FWH) mechanisms. RTS/CTS FWH protocol specified by IEEE802.11b is introduced to rectify the Hidden Node Problem (HNP) encounters in TWH protocol. That is why the TWH mechanism of DCF technique suffers from higher average packet delay time when this protocol is applied to CBTC. DCF- Four Way Handshake (FWH), Request To Send (RTS) and Clear To Send (CTS) delay model is proposed to develop Communication Based Train Control (CBTC) system.Results:FWH is applied in CBTC to overcome the packet delay and throughput limitations of Two Way Handshake (TWH) mechanism of distributed coordination function (DCF) based technique. An experiment is designed to simulate and compare the performance of RTS/CTS delay model against TWH mechanism of DCF.Conclusion:It was found that the Average packet delay is slightly higher and throughput is lesser in RTS/CTS in comparison to TWH method. By comparing the performance of these two medium access mechanism in CBTC it was found that for multiple retransmissions with various data rates the RTS/CTS model had better packet delay time than TWH.

Enabling end-to-end secure communication is essential for many Internet-of-Things (IoT) application scenarios. Transport-layer security (TLS) and datagram TLS (DTLS) are the de-facto protocols for communication security in the IP-based IoT. However, the current authentication approaches of TLS are confronted with the heavy overhead and security issues in the resource-constrained IoT scenario. On the other hand, the identity-based cryptography (IBC) becomes an attractive cryptographic solution for the IoT. Unfortunately, the current IBC-based proposals exist the problem of either high communication latency or low level of security. In this article, we propose the first lightweight secure transport protocol called iTLS, which delivers protected data in the first flight with perfect forward secrecy, and provides implicit mutual authentication without certificates. iTLS dynamically generates identity-based early keys before receiving a server response, allowing clients to send the encrypted data without additional round trips. Furthermore, it employs the ephemeral secret ticket to obtain an ephemeral server key in the previous connection. Therefore, the early key established afterward can provide full forward secrecy. Design and implementation in the form of extension make iTLS fully compatible with TLS 1.3 and easy to be converted to a DTLS version. Our evaluation shows that iTLS reduces the network traffic overhead by at least 61.2%, and handshake latency on an ideal network by at least 60% compared to the certificate-based TLS. The results demonstrate iTLS achieves strong adaptability on the low-power and lossy IoT networks.

Expansion displacement of switch rail is very important for the comfort and safety of the high-speed railway. For safety considerations, it is reasonable to take a noncontact measurement to monitor it online. The visual measurement method is suitable for the monitoring system of high-speed railway infrastructure. However, it is a big challenge to monitor such displacement in a visual system because of uneven illumination, low light, camera shake, and the constrained data acquisition condition in all-weather. In this paper, an Automatic Visual Monitoring System for Expansion Displacement of Switch Rail (AVMS-EDSR) is presented. First, AVMS-EDSR captures switch rail images through an image acquisition and transportation system. Then, a novel Spatial Support Convolutional Neural Networks (SSCNN) is proposed for ruler detection in switch rail images. At last, AVMS-EDSR outputs expansion displacement by Automatic Interpretation Method (AIM), which is faster and more precise than manual interpretation. Experimental results demonstrate that AVMS-EDSR can automatically monitor the expansion displacement of switch rail, report abnormal results, and interpret the ruler of the switch rail image in 1 s with the average difference less than 1 mm at a distance of 5 m, which can meet the requirement for real-time automatic monitoring of expansion displacement of switch rail.

Since mobile nodes such as autonomous underwater vehicles can effectively expand network coverage, underwater acoustic networks with mobile nodes have attracted more and more attention in recent years. To ensure the timely access of a mobile node without disturbing the normal transmission of data packets from static nodes, a sequence-scheduled and query-based medium access control protocol is proposed in this paper. The underwater nodes with data packets to be transmitted reply with a control packet for channel reservation after receiving the broadcast control packet of the buoy, then the reserved nodes transmit their data packets as the order calculated by the buoy. We develop a mechanism to adjust the transmission order of the control packets sent by the underwater nodes in the handshake phase to reduce the collision and guarantee the success rate of reservation, and a query is initiated when the reserved control packet of the mobile node is not received by the buoy in the handshake to respond to the data transmission request of the mobile node in time. Simulations show that the maximum nodal throughput of the proposed MAC protocol increases by at least 20% and the access delay of the mobile node decreases by about 90%, compared to the two reference protocols. Besides, the average access probability of the mobile node in the proposed protocol is more than 90%.

Shake tables are vital tools for assessment of seismic behavior of civil structures. Different nonlinearities are produced during experimentation which distorts harmonic sinusoidal reaction of motor-powered shake table. In this work, the efficacy of Kalman filter in conjunction with Butterworth filter was tested to reduce the noise of shake tables during assessment of seismic behavior. A generalized formula through signal and control algorithms was developed using LabVIEW. The fundamental signal, phase and amplitude of each harmonics were estimated instantly through sensors. The simulation block diagram programs were developed in LabVIEW for linear SDOF system using Newmark’s-β method. To generate harmonic data, a harmonic recognition scheme was created using continuous Kalman filter in LabVIEW by incorporating Butterworth high-pass filter. Responses of SDOF system for different earthquakes were evaluated in LabVIEW which showed that the obtained data are in well agreement with literature data. Further, the results were validated through two sample problems and the final responses were similar to NONLIN software results. The time period of the structures obtained through LabVIEW and NONLIN was exactly same (T = 0.513 s). Furthermore, an aluminum frame model was prepared for testing purpose to evaluate the validation of the developed algorithm. The results obtained from experimental studies were compared with the responses obtained from analytical studies. The produced algorithm is computationally methodical than indirectly calculating harmonics from the amplitudes and phases, estimated from the shake table. The experiment also serves as a benchmark for the validation of numerical models in LabVIEW.

With the aggravating trend of aging population in modern societies, Mobile Healthcare Social Network (MHSN) is an attracting platform for improving the life quality of elderly patients and offering mutual supports. In a sustainable MHSN system, one essential issue is to protect sensitive healthcare information while providing information-sharing for patients with multiple symptoms. To achieve multi-symptom matching and cross-domain communications for patients in MHSNs, we propose a new Secret Handshake scheme with Multi-Symptom intersection ( MSSH ), which is derived from a linear-complexity Authorized Private Set Intersection (APSI) based on Schnorr signature. In MSSH , two anonymous patients, who have registered with independent healthcare centers, are able to successfully execute an affiliation-hiding mutual anonymous authentication only if their target authentication policies are satisfied. The authentication policy demands that the designated healthcare center should be matched and the cardinality of their symptoms intersection is not less than a threshold value. Meanwhile, the symptoms outside of the set intersection remain confidential. The formal analysis proves MSSH is secure under the Random Oracle Model (ROM). The experimental results demonstrate that MSSH is efficient and feasible in MHSNs.

Waroeng Steak And Shake is one of the favorite restaurants of Bekasi residents which in serving and payment ordering services is still using the manual method by taking notes on paper. This method is very ineffective because it still uses a lot of paper to record orders and cause long customer queues just to order food or pay for orders. Customers cannot provide special notes directly to the chef so orders are made according to standards. To overcome the problem of the length of the queue and the use of a lot of paper and customers can provide notes directly to the chef, the authors propose to design a smart resto mobile multiplatform server client-server system with the waterfall method. The author hopes that this method can be implemented well in the system of ordering service records directly to the chef and of course reduce the queue at Waroeng Steak And Shake restaurant in Bekasi

The TLS protocol is the main cryptographic protocol of the Internet. The work on its current version, TLS 1.3, was completed in 2018. This version differs significantly from the previous ones and has a clean-state design taking into account all modern principles of constructing secure cryptographic protocols. At the same time, even when there are security proofs in some fairly strong security model, it is important to explore the possibility of extending this model and then clarifying the security limits of the protocol. This work considers the restriction on the usage of post-handshake authentication in connections established with external PSK. We show that some vulnerability appears in the case of psk_ke mode (PSK-only key establishment) if more than one pair of entities can possess the same PSK. We provide several practical scenarios where this condition can be easily achieved. Also we propose appropriate mitigation to prevent this vulnerability.

Maintaining privacy on the Internet with the presence of powerful adversaries such as nation-state attackers is a challenging topic, and the Tor project is currently the most important tool to protect against this threat. The circuit construction protocol (CCP) negotiates cryptographic keys for Tor circuits, which overlay TCP/IP by routing Tor cells over n onion routers. The current circuit construction protocol provides strong security guarantees such as forward secrecy by exchanging 𝒪(n 2) messages. For several years it has been an open question if the same strong security guarantees could be achieved with less message overhead, which is desirable because of the inherent latency in overlay networks. Several publications described CCPs which require only 𝒪(n) message exchanges, but significantly reduce the security of the resulting Tor circuit. It was even conjectured that it is impossible to achieve both message complexity 𝒪(n) and forward secrecy immediately after circuit construction (so-called immediate forward secrecy). Inspired by the latest advancements in zero round-trip time key exchange (0-RTT), we present a new CCP protocol Tor 0-RTT (T0RTT). Using modern cryptographic primitives such as puncturable encryption allow to achieve immediate forward secrecy using only 𝒪(n) messages. We implemented these new primitives to give a first indication of possible problems and how to overcome them in order to build practical CCPs with 𝒪(n) messages and immediate forward secrecy in the future.

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is one of the most widely used security protocols on the internet. Yet do implementations of TLS keep on suffering from bugs and security vulnerabilities. In large part is this due to the protocol's complexity which makes implementing and testing TLS notoriously difficult. In this paper, we present our work on using differential testing as effective means to detect issues in black-box implementations of the TLS handshake protocol. We introduce a novel fuzzing algorithm for generating large and diverse corpuses of mostly-valid TLS handshake messages. Stimulating TLS servers when expecting a ClientHello message, we find messages generated with our algorithm to induce more response discrepancies and to achieve a higher code coverage than those generated with American Fuzzy Lop, TLS-Attacker , or NEZHA . In particular, we apply our approach to OpenSSL , BoringSSL , WolfSSL , mbedTLS , and MatrixSSL , and find several real implementation bugs; among them a serious vulnerability in MatrixSSL 3.8.4 . Besides do our findings point to imprecision in the TLS specification. We see our approach as presented in this paper as the first step towards fully interactive differential testing of black-box TLS protocol implementations. Our software tools are publicly available as open source projects.

Purpose Line–cell conversion and rotation of operators between cells are common in lean production systems. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide an integrated look at these two practices through integrating job rotation scheduling and line-cell conversion problems, as well as investigating the effect of rotation frequency on flow time of a Seru system. Design/methodology/approach First, a nonlinear integer programming model of job rotation scheduling problem and line–cell conversion problem (Seru-JRSP) was presented. Then, because Seru-JRSP is NP-hard, an efficient and effective invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm was developed. Exploration process of IWO was enhanced by enforcing two shake mechanisms. Findings Computations of various sample problems showed shorter flow time and less number of assigned operators in a Seru system scheduled through job rotation. Also, nonlinear behavior of flow time versus number of rotation periods was shown. It was demonstrated that, setting number of rotation frequency to one in line with the literature leads to inferior flow time. In addition, ability of developed algorithm to generate clusters of equivalent solutions in terms of flow time was shown. Originality/value In this research, integration of job rotation scheduling and line–cell conversion problems was introduced, considering lack of an integrated look at these two practices in the literature. In addition, a new improved IWO equipped with shake enforcement was introduced.

In-network middleboxes are vital for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) system security, but the widely adopted transport layer security (TLS) protocol blinds application-level middleboxes due to the encryption of traffic data. To resolve this problem, many solutions have been proposed to date. Among them, SplitTLS is widely adopted in the industry by proxy manufacturers. It requires TLS client to install customized root certificates and incurs additional security flaws, e.g., disabling server authentication and using weak cipher suites. Another approach is to customize the TLS protocol where middleboxes are enabled via either performing handshake directly with TLS endpoints or receiving session key materials in an out-of-band manner. Overall, current solutions would either jeopardize the original TLS handshake procedure or incur additional overheads on the endpoints. In this article, we design a new middlebox-enhanced TLS (ME-TLS), which enables endpoints to introduce authenticated middleboxes into a TLS session while control middleboxes’ access permission and processing order of traffic data. Particularly, in our proposed ME-TLS, the handshake structure of TLS keeps unchanged and middleboxes work in a passive manner. That is, middleboxes in the ME-TLS could recover session key materials by monitoring handshake messages passively instead of interacting with endpoints; secondary secure channels for key transmission are also not needed in our ME-TLS. We implement our ME-TLS based on the TLS 1.3 protocol and evaluate its performances. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposal is practical and deployable for real-world IoT scenarios.

Accompanied with the mushroom growth of communication technology, the correct operation of protocols has been widely concerned and studied in the field of communication. The correctness verification is a difficult problem due to the state space explosion. In this paper, the event graph model of a communication protocol is established and the verification matrix is proposed to verify the correctness of the protocol. It is found out that the correctness of a protocol is equivalent to the nilpotency of the verification matrix on the max-plus algebra framework. The matrix method is constructive and leads to a polynomial algorithm for verifying the correctness of protocols. Some examples about stop-and-wait protocols and handshake protocols are taken to illustrate how the presented results work in practical applications.

In this article we test an Erlang implementation of the Noise Protocol Framework, using a novel form of white-box testing. We extend interoperability testing of an Erlang enoise implementation against an implementation of Noise in C. Testing typically performs a noise protocol handshake between the two implementations. If successful, then both implementations are somehow compatible. But this does, for example, not detect whether we reuse keys that have to be newly generated. Therefore we extend such operability testing: During the handshake the Erlang noise implementation is traced. The resulting protocol trace is refactored, obtaining as the end result a symbolic description (a functional term) of how key protocol values are constructed using cryptographic operations and keys. Therafter, this symbolic term is compared, using term rewriting, with a symbolic term representing the ideal symbolic execution of the tested noise protocol handshake (i.e., the "semantics" of the handshake). The semantic symbolic term is obtained by executing a symbolic implementation of the noise protocol that we have developed.

Cloud computing is one of the most prominent parallel and distributed computing paradigm. It is used for providing solution to a huge number of scientific and business applications. Large scale scientific applications which are structured as scientific workflows are evaluated through cloud computing. Scientific workflows are data-intensive applications, as a single scientific workflow may consist of hundred thousands of tasks. Task failures, deadline constraints, budget constraints and improper management of tasks can also instigate inconvenience. Therefore, provision of fault-tolerant techniques with data-oriented scheduling is an important approach for execution of scientific workflows in Cloud computing. Accordingly, we have presented enhanced data-oriented scheduling with Dynamic-clustering fault-tolerant technique (EDS-DC) for execution of scientific workflows in Cloud computing. We have presented data-oriented scheduling as a proposed scheduling technique. We have also equipped EDS-DC with Dynamic-clustering fault-tolerant technique. To know the effectiveness of EDS-DC, we compared its results with three well-known enhanced heuristic scheduling policies referred to as: (a) MCT-DC, (b) Max-min-DC, and (c) Min-min-DC. We considered scientific workflow of CyberShake as a case study, because it contains most of the characteristics of scientific workflows such as integration, disintegration, parallelism, and pipelining. The results show that EDS-DC reduced make-span of 10.9% as compared to MCT-DC, 13.7% as compared to Max-min-DC, and 6.4% as compared to Min-min-DC scheduling policies. Similarly, EDS-DC reduced the cost of 4% as compared to MCT-DC, 5.6% as compared to Max-min-DC, and 1.5% as compared to Min-min-DC scheduling policies. These results in respect of make-span and cost are highly significant for EDS-DC as compared with above referred three scheduling policies. The SLA is not violated for EDS-DC in respect of time and cost constraints, while it is violated number of times for MCT-DC, Max-min-DC, and Min-min-DC scheduling techniques.

With the widespread use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), the identification of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) VPN encrypted traffic has become an important issue. This paper first introduced SSL VPN encrypted traffic and analyzed the flow of its handshake protocol. Then, an improved fingerprint recognition algorithm was designed to identify SSL streams. Capsule Neural Network (CapsNet), an optimized convolutional neural network, was used to recognize SSL VPN. An experimental analysis was carried out on the ISCXVPN2016 dataset. It was found that the recognition accuracy of the proposed method reached up to 99.98% for SSL streams, and the convergence speed was high; the recognition precision reached 98.16%, and the recall rate reached 99.98% for SSL VPNs, both of which were better than the algorithms such as random forest (RF) and C4.5. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the optimized recognition algorithm for SSL VPN recognition and make some contributions to its application in practice.

Recognizing activity specifically humans, plays a vital role in security alarm systems, elder, fall detection, gesture recognition, smart home systems, and many other fields. Many researchers are being carried out for device-free activity recognition, gesture recognition, elder fall detection, etc. With the increase in technological advancement, the deployment of Wi-Fi has increased. With the presence of Wi-Fi signals almost everywhere in the environment, it helps to detect human activities by the virtue of its property. The Channel State Information (CSI) of the Wi-Fi signal collected contains both amplitude and phase information of Wi-Fi signals. The channel state estimation provides vital information about the channel properties of a communication link which helps in Human activity recognition, as well as human to human interactions. We leverage the change of amplitude in the Wi-Fi signals when there is a human activity or human-to-human interaction. The paper uses the deep learning method which is used to classify five human-to-human interactions in three different phases. The proposed convolutional neural network can identify 5 classes (approaching, departing, high-five, handshake, and hug) of Human-Human Interactions (HHI) with an accuracy of 95.76%.

International audience; Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator (FDSOI) technologies offer new possibilities for power management, especially with dynamic body biasing. Traditional strategies are based on a large body bias generator, which drives the IP back-gates thanks to a dedicated and often complex power management system. As asynchronous circuits use local synchronizations with handshake components, which activate only the processing parts, it is possible to take advantage of these handshake signals to implement a simple and fine-grain body biasing strategy. Instead of driving IPs with a large body bias generator, we use tiny distributed generators, locally activating small body bias regions when the circuit is processing data. These latter are based on level-shifters and implemented as standard cells. Thus, we propose a high-level design flow associating asynchronous circuits and a local body biasing strategy, which does not require complex body bias management. Indeed, the local handshake signals directly control our dedicated body bias generators. Moreover, Place and Route operations are facilitated by the use of standard cell generators. The simulations show the flow efficiency, a finer grain body biasing and a significant power reduction.

Our goal is to simulate earthquakes in a familiar environment, for example in one’s own office, helping users to take the simulation more seriously. We propose an AR earthquake simulation using a video see-through VR headset, use real earthquake data, and implement a novel AR screen shake technique, realistically shaking the entire view of the user. We run a user study (n=25), where participants experienced an earthquake both in a VR scene and two AR scenes with and without the AR screen shake technique. Our results suggest that both AR scenes offer a more compelling experience compared to the VR scene, and the AR screen shake improved immediacy and was preferred by most participants. This showed us how virtual safety training can greatly benefit from an AR implementation, motivating us to further explore this approach for the case of earthquakes.

This paper proposes a new lightweight handshake protocol implemented on top of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) that can be used in device discovery and ensuring the IoT network security by autonomously managing devices of any computational complexity using whitelisting and blacklisting. A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is utilized for the session key generation in the proposed handshake protocol. The CoAP server performs real-time device discovery using the proposed handshake protocol, and anomaly detection using machinelearning algorithms to ensure the security of the IoT network. To the best of our knowledge, the presented PUF-based handshake protocol is the first to performs blacklisting and whitelisting. Whitelisted IoT devices not displaying anomalous behavior can join and remain in the IoT network. IoT devices that display anomalous behavior are autonomously blacklisted by the CoAP server and are either disallowed from joining the IoT network or are removed from the IoT network. Simulation results show that amongst the five machine learning algorithms studied, the stacking classifier displays the highest overall anomaly detection accuracy of 99.98%. Based on the results of the network simulation performed, the CoAP server is capable of blacklisting malicious IoT devices within the network with perfect accuracy.

This paper designs a data security transmission system suitable for distributed working mode to provide a safe and reliable platform for business communication and information interaction between two data nodes. In the choice of system security protocol, this paper uses SSL based data security transmission protocol as the security protocol of system communication. According to the threat situation expulsion method, this paper proposes an improved scheme for the protocol, which uses the identity authentication mechanism to improve the authentication mechanism of handshake protocol, and uses the improved protocol as the security transmission protocol of the system. In order to prove the effectiveness of the improved scheme of handshake protocol, this paper uses the data security transmission system to test, and the results show that the improved scheme of handshake protocol is feasible. This method provides a reference for the research of data security transmission system based on SSL.

Vehicle detection is an essential part of an intelligent traffic system, which is an important research field in drone application. Because unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are rarely configured with stable camera platforms, aerial images are easily blurred. There is a challenge for detectors to accurately locate vehicles in blurred images in the target detection process. To improve the detection performance of blurred images, an end-to-end adaptive vehicle detection algorithm (DCNet) for drones is proposed in this article. First, the clarity evaluation module is used to determine adaptively whether the input image is a blurred image using improved information entropy. An improved GAN called Drone-GAN is proposed to enhance the vehicle features of blurred images. Extensive experiments were performed, the results of which show that the proposed method can detect both blurred and clear images well in poor environments (complex illumination and occlusion). The detector proposed achieves larger gains compared with SOTA detectors. The proposed method can enhance the vehicle feature details in blurred images effectively and improve the detection accuracy of blurred aerial images, which shows good performance with regard to resistance to shake.