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IoT is emerging as a massive web of heterogeneous networks estimated to interconnect over 41 billion devices by 2025, generating around 79 zettabytes of data. The heterogeneous network shall bring in a plethora of digital services leveraging cloud and communication technologies to drive smart city applications. As users access these services remotely in a ubiquitous environment over public channels, it becomes imperative to secure their communication. Both entity and message authentication emerge as a critical security primitive to thwart unauthorized access and prevent the falsification of messages. While researchers have given due attention to achieving mutual authentication between the subscriber (remote user) and gateway node (broker), the mutual authentication between the gateway node and an IoT sensor node is left to be desired. It could be done at the peril of a rogue or a shadow IoT device unauthorizedly joining an IoT-based network. Some of the widely used IoT-specific application layer protocols like constrained application protocol (COAP) and message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol are not inherently equipped with adequate security safeguards. They, therefore, rely on underlying transport layer security protocols, which are highly computationally intensive. To address this issue, this paper proposes a three-factor authentication framework suitable for IoT-driven critical applications based upon identity, password and a digital signature scheme. The framework employs publish-subscribe pattern leveraging elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) and computationally low hash chains. The formal and informal security analysis shows that the framework is resistant to different types of cryptographic attacks. Furthermore, the automated validation performed with the Scyther tool verifies that there are no cryptographic attacks found on any of the claims stated in the proposed framework. Finally, a comparison of the framework security features, computational, and communication overheads is carried out with other existing protocols.

One of the main application scenario that the upcoming 5G systems are expected to support is Internet of Things (IoT) traffic backhauling. With the exponential increase of devices, it follows the critical challenge of handling the huge data volume that they produce. Terrestrial Networks may not be sufficient for that, or not always available. Satellites then come into play, and they can provide the ubiquitous coverage targeted by 5G. On the other side, aggregation can be an efficient strategy to reduce the amount of traffic, and use network resources in an efficient manner. Building on that, in this work we consider an hybrid IoT-satellite network architecture for collecting MQTT traffic. We design an advanced filter namely MQTT-MFA that performs MQTT topics aggregation in close proximity of MQTT Publishers before data is sent over the satellite link. The developed MQTT-MFA implementation leverages on MQTT bridge, and it is compliant with Mosquitto, an open source MQTT broker. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated that MQTT-MFA requires only 10% of the TCP/IP overhead generated in a baseline architecture (where the bridge is not set up) and 1/4 number of bytes to transmit the same amount of information, when compression of the data payload is also enabled.

Healthcare is one of the largest domains across the globe both in terms of employment and income generation. It is continuously evolving and exploiting new technological dimensions to incorporate innovations for providing universal health coverage. Sharing of data collected by various sensors deployed at the patient’s end is a growing solicitude in healthcare as the privacy of the personal healthcare data is of paramount importance. In this paper, a blockchain based healthcare framework is proposed to address the problems related to the sensor-based patient vital body parameters collection, monitoring, secured data storage and sharing among different stakeholders. This framework uses Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices interfaced with MAX30205 (human body temperature), and a blood pressure including heart-rate measuring device to collect the patient vital parameters. A Markov state chain is modeled to monitor the patient medical states through various phases during the treatment and monitoring process. Application layer protocols MQTT, CoAP, and AMQP are evaluated for latency and packet loss during data transfers. Ethereum permissioned blockchain is used to deploy the proposed model. Smart contracts provide access control only to the authorized users. A comparative analysis is provided in the end to highlight the merits of the proposed model over the existing similar methods. Due to the parallelism and use of blockchain, the system reports 80% improvement in terms of nodes and transaction scalability compared to the existing systems.

An open-source P2P energy trading platform facilitates energy trading amongst the peers. The proposed system provides real time data acquisition, monitoring and control of self-generated energy at a remote location. The trading activities are done on a web interface that uses a private Ethereum blockchain. A smart contract is deployed on the Ethereum blockchain and the trading activities performed on the web interface are recorded on a tamper-proof blockchain network. An internet of things platform is used to monitor and control the self-generated energy. Energy data is collected and processed by means of ESP32-S2 microcontrollers using field instrumentation devices which are connected to the voltage source and load. An open-source decentralized Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading system, designed on the blockchain and internet of things (IoT) architecture is proposed. The hardware setup includes a relay, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a Wi-Fi router and ESP32-S2 microcontroller. For data transfer the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used over a local network. ESP32-S2 is set up as MQTT client and Node-Red IoT server is used as MQTT broker. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) request method is implemented to connect the Node-Red server with the web interface developed using React.JS library. The system design, implementation, testing, and results are presented in this paper.

Internet of Things (IoT)- based services connect the user with sensing devices through intermediary devices like a gateway. The authentication with secure key exchange assures security trio of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for the complete IoT-based system. It also ensures trusted privacy of communicated information. Recently, numerous authors proposed a Remote User Authentication scheme (RUA) on User-Gateway based secure key exchange for the tiny and lightweight sensor based paradigms such as an IoT and a wireless sensor network (WSN) using lightweight mathematical approaches. In this article, we propose a reliable and efficient lightweight key exchange scheme with the secure RUA for the user-gateway model. For designing a lightweight RUA scheme, we use elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). We use BAN-Logic for the validation of mutual authentication. We use widely accepted random oracle-based ROR model for formal security analysis and Dolev-Yao channel for informal security analysis. For the implementation and result collection of the proposed scheme, we used publisher-subscriber-based lightweight Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Overall, in this article, we propose a highly secure and efficient RUA scheme for the sensor-based environment with the formal security analysis and real-time implementation.

This paper assesses the relative performance of the MQTT protocol in comparison to the Secure Remote Update Protocol (SRUP) in a number of simulated real-world conditions, and describes an experiment that has been conducted to measure the processing delay associated with the use of the more secure protocol. Experimental measurements for power consumption of the devices and the size of comparable TCP packets were also made. Analysis shows that the use of the SRUP protocol added an additional processing delay of between 42.92 ms and 51.60 ms—depending on the specific hardware in use. There was also shown to be a 55.47% increase in power consumption when running the secure SRUP protocol, compared with an MQTT implementation.

The subject of research is modeling the structure of the Internet of things (IoT) network for controlling audio information based on the IoT platform. The purpose of the article is to detail the process of modeling the audio information monitoring network based on the IoT platform. The authors proposed the structure of a multi-agent system (MAS) for monitoring audio information (MASAI). The structure of MASAI includes many agents of sound transformation, analysis of information received from them, and decision-making. It was decided to use the IoT network, which includes sound sensors, the IoT platform, the notification service, and the user’s application to simulate the MASAI. The structure of this network using the Amazon platform is proposed. An algorithm for modeling the Internet of things network for analyzing audio information based on the AWS platform is presented, including simulating audio sensors, transmitting this information to the platform, sensors authenticating, processing information according to certain rules, generating notifications to a user. Detailed structure of the AWS platform is provided with a description of the functions of its components such as: device gateway, rule machine, certificate block, device copy block, database, analytics block, notification service. The algorithm for connecting devices to the AWS platform is given: creating a device certificate on the platform, creating a security policy, rules for processing information received from devices, and testing the network. The features of the algorithm for modeling the readings of sound information sensors on a smartphone are shown, steps are given for organizing its communication with the platform, performing security procedures, sending data in the form of an MQTT message, and displaying the captured audio information.

With the rapidly growing number of internet of things (IoT) devices connected to the internet, accessing the available internet services has become more significant to support the operation of these devices. However, according to the limited resources available on IoT devices, accessing these services can be exhaustive, which has encouraged the proposal of new light-weight protocols, e.g. the MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Accordingly, a new system is proposed in this paper to proxy all internet services using their requirements and protocols to the IoT devices using these light-weight protocols. The proposed system has been able to significantly reduce the resources consumption on IoT devices, such as the energy, memory, time and network bandwidth. Accordingly, this system can significantly improve the efficiency of these devices, so that IoT devices can achieve more tasks using the same resources, or the same tasks using less resources.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is a predominant research domain for smart cities, smart villages, society, and industry 4.0. The introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in an ultra-low latency network with fog, dews, and edge computing gives the researcher ample scope to establish a decentralized architecture for ultra-high-speed message exchange between IoT devices. This work mainly focused on Social Internet of Things ecosystem and its design to efficiently handle large group social gatherings, events, and emergency service management. We propose a layered message transfer framework for the social IoT scenario. We also establish network connection through flying ad hoc network architecture. The standard IoT message transfer protocol is redesigned by amalgamating with an opportunistic routing mechanism and deployed within 6G software-defined network (SDN) slice. We use seven distinguished network slices for different services and corresponding access. The study reveals nearly 99% of message delivery rate with a latency upper bound of 2300 ms by opportunistic message transfer scheme in a dense network scenario for QoS 2. It also shows 95% of the bandwidth utilization per slice and 97% of network coverage under SDN in quality of service level 2. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

With the advent of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), it is considered to be one of the latest innovations that offer interesting opportunities for different vertical industries. One of the most relevant IoT technology areas is smart construction. IoT operates in several sectors on a daily basis; implementation includes smart building, smart grids, smart cities, smart houses, physical defense, e-health, asset, and transportation management, but it is not restricted to this. Support from smart IoT buildings is an IoT-level, connected, and cost-effective system. Commercial space has major requirements in terms of comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management. Such requirements can be served organically by IoT-based systems. As the supply of energy has been exhausted and energy demand has risen, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and the maintenance of buildings. With the use of evolving IoT technology, we present a secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture. Every device is known by its unique address, and one of the key web transfer protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It is an application layer protocol that does not use protected channels for data transfer. Automatic key management, confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity are all features of the Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS). To achieve energy efficiency, we propose a smart construction architecture that, through IoT, manages the performance of all technological systems. The results of the simulation show that the energy consumption is lowered by about 30.86% with the use of the CoAP in the smart building, which is less than the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport case (MQTT). This paper also aims to observe how to integrate the DTLS protocol with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using optimizations from the Certificate Authority (CA) to improve security.

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoTs) and the number of connected devices is driven by emerging applications and business models. One common aim is to provide systems able to synchronize these devices, handle the big amount of daily generated data and meet business demands. This paper proposes a cost-effective cloud-based architecture using an event-driven backbone to process many applications’ data in real-time, called REDA. It supports the Amazon Web Service (AWS) IoT core, and it opens the door as a free software-based implementation. Measured data from several wireless sensor nodes are transmitted to the cloud running application through the lightweight publisher/subscriber messaging transport protocol, MQTT. The real-time stream processing platform, Apache Kafka, is used as a message broker to receive data from the producer and forward it to the correspondent consumer. Micro-services design patterns, as an event consumer, are implemented with Java spring and managed with Apache Maven to avoid the monolithic applications’ problem. The Apache Kafka cluster co-located with Zookeeper is deployed over three availability zones and optimized for high throughput and low latency. To guarantee no message loss and to simulate the system performances, different load tests are carried out. The proposed architecture is reliable in stress cases and can handle records goes to 8000 messages in a second with low latency in a cheap hosted and configured architecture.

This paper describes the interaction between the Internet of Things (IoT) device and the IoT infrastructure in its two different implementations: Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. Both implementations support MQTT-based communication with IoT devices; however, the details of protocol implementation and the interfaces provided to the IoT device are somewhat different. The development of the IoT device firmware that enables communication with both infrastructures and allows the device to be portable between them needs to take these differences into consideration.

Internet of Things (IoT) applications can be used in healthcare services to monitor patients remotely. One implementation is that it is used to monitor COVID-19 patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people who are infected without symptoms must self-isolate so that the virus does not spread. Measurement of blood oxygen levels or SpO2 is one of the measurements that must be carried out in routine examination procedures for self-isolating patients for early detection of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients. Previous research has developed an IoT-based health monitoring system with a Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) and a gateway that can be used for data acquisition and transmission. The system uses a home pulse oximeter to measure SpO2 and heart rate and an Android application that functions as an IoT gateway to collect data from sensors and add location information before sending data to the server. The WBSN has been successfully integrated with two types of open source IoT platforms, namely ThingsBoard and Elasticsearch Logstash Kibana (ELK). However, it is necessary to carry out further studies on analytical and experimental performance tests of the two systems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a performance evaluation of the IoT-based SpO2 monitoring systems using the Thingsboard and ELK as IoT platforms. To evaluate the performace we ran the monitoring system on both platforms using pulse oximeter and Android device as IoT gateway with HTTP and MQTT as transport protocol for sending the data to the server. From this study we found that average time of message delivery in ELK compared to ThingsBoard using the same protocols was higher but stable.

With the development of the times, the concept of "interconnection of all things" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of people. As an early and developing Internet technology, the Internet of things(IoT) has shown its infinite potential in many fields of social life. In agriculture, the agricultural IoT is coverring a growing number of fields: greenhouse planting, climate factor collection, climate prediction and so on. Based on this idea, the design idea of "patchouli growth environment monitoring system" is put forward. In this paper, the medicinal plant "patchouli" is studied, and its medicinal value and growth factors are discussed. Meanwhile, based on zigbee technology, we design a set of feasible monitoring scheme including hardware and software. The hardware part used ZigBee wireless network design, mainly relies on the cc2530 chip and the esp8266 wifi chip to carry on the wireless distance transmission to the sensor data. It interacts between OneNET cloud server and mysql database through MQTT protocol, TCP/IP protocol and HTTP protocol.

Artificial neurons are quite useful to generate chaotic behavior, and they can be implemented on embedded systems like Raspberry Pi that include WiFi network connectivity. In this manner, this paper shows the use of some artificial neurons to generate chaotic binary sequences whose randomness is enhanced by post-processing approaches and measured by performing statistical NIST SP 800-22 tests. The chaotic neurons are synchronized by different methods and each neuron is implemented on a Raspberry Pi, which allows connectivity to a machine-to-machine (M2M) broker. This wireless connectivity advantage is exploited herein to develop a lightweight cryptographic application under the message queueing telemetry transport (MQTT) for Internet of Things (IoT) protocol. The synchronized neurons have a topology in which one Raspberry Pi works as publisher and can send encrypted information to multiple subscribers. Due to the chaotic behavior of the neurons, the Raspberry Pi acting as subscriber can recover the encrypted information if and only if it has the right key, i.e., the correct random binary sequence generated by the publisher. To augment the security against attacks, the chaotic neurons have different initial conditions before M2M synchronization is accomplished, and the color image encryption under MQTT for IoT is evaluated by performing correlation, histogram, variance, entropy, and NPCR tests.

The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) led to the construction of many IoT middleware, a software that plays a key role since it supports the communication among devices, users, and applications. Although various solutions and studies were proposed, they rarely address crucial privacy and security considerations, especially regarding the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol. Moreover, in the majority of the solutions, integrating new devices is a time-consuming task performed manually that cannot be accomplished in a scenario with thousands, maybe millions of devices. In this sense, this article proposes a new IoT middleware, called In.IoT, a scalable, secure, and innovative middleware solution that addresses the middleware concerns identified in this article. In.IoT architectural recommendations and requirements are detailed and can be replicated by new and available solutions. It supports MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP as application-layer protocols. Its performance is evaluated in comparison with the most promising solutions available in the literature and the results obtained by the proposed solution are extremely promising. In.IoT is evaluated, demonstrated, validated, and it is ready and available for use.

This work aims to monitor air quality in places where humans spend most of their time, such as workplaces and homes. Radon gas is a naturally occurring, colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that accumulates in enclosed spaces. It is a radioactive element produced by the decay of its natural parent elements, uranium and thorium, which is harmful to our respiratory system when inhaled. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the key to the problems of contemporary life, we are witnessing an emerging connected world, and these architectures have the potential by using sensors to take data from the physical world, transfer it over the network and store it for further decision making or action. The proposal of this work is based on a radon sensor connected to an IoT device, the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT), the Node-RED for managing data flows and a database management system on a web server. The information collected by the sensor is sent by the IoT device to be processed by Node-RED. The obtained data is stored in a database to be represented on a web server. Therefore, this work includes a case study where the technologies involved in the indoor radon gas monitoring system are presented. It is a way to perform radon gas measurements automatically. The final application would allow: displaying radon concentrations on a map with placemarks and updating the information in real-time. The database could record data from other radon sensors that any user wants to associate with this website.

Although numerous consumer devices use Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol stack to connect and communicate over the Internet, their integration into a single Internet of Things (IoT) solution represents a challenge, primarily due to the lack of the standardized interoperability framework on the application layer. Devices produced by different manufacturers cannot operate together out of the box, thus raising the cost of system setup and maintenance. In this paper, a novel protocol is proposed that aims to bridge this gap. It is based on Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol and allows the seamless integration of different kinds of IP devices into the connected system. The proposed protocol is complete as it covers the aspects of device discovery and association in the IoT network. It provides mechanisms for IoT network maintenance and defines the abstract device model and communication patterns to enable system-wide device interoperability. The other goal of the protocol is to be portable to resource-constrained platforms. To validate the proposed protocol, it was integrated into the existing smart home hub, and for testing and validation purposes, prototype devices were developed.

This paper presents the implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT) application that performs the Moisture level sensing through node MCU and Raspberry Pi, and data transfer to the Cloud of the Amazon Web Services or Raspberry Pi. The implementation is done using programming the Node MCU using Embedded C, Raspberry pi is Operated using Raspbian operating system and AWS EC2 Internet of Things platform based on the Node-RED tool installed on the Raspberry Pi and the AWS EC2. The Interconnection of data from the Node MCU to Raspberry Pi is done by MQTT Data Transfer Protocol and Mosquitto Protocol.

The main challenge for the Internet of Things (IoT) is to ensure interoperability between heterogeneous IoT entities. To support the interaction, intercommunication, and interoperability between these devices several solutions are proposed in the literature. The SDN (Software-defined Network) is one of these solutions to resolve the problem of the heterogeneous network used in IoT. To guarantee network interoperability, the SDN uses a centralized controller, which handles the entire network. The role of end devices in IoT is only forwarding data. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol is another solution for granting interoperability in IoT. Which is a publish/subscribe based messaging protocol that avoids direct connection between devices by relaying data through a central server called the broker. Combination of these two solutions to manage IoT devices makes it easy to add new devices without touching or changing the existing infrastructure. The new devices only need to communicate with the broker. Moreover, the Controller SDN is responsible for handling networks. Consequently, smart devices added don’t need to be compatible with the others. In this paper, we present the design and the implementation of a new IoT architecture, which is a combination of SDN technology and MQTT protocol. That enables heterogeneous IoT devices to be interoperable and interact without any problems. Our system utilizes the lightweight protocol MQTT with a new mechanism using several slave brokers and one master. The slaves manage the group of the end devices in the wireless IoT network, and the master broker installed in the SDN controller supervises the integral network. The SDN controller uses a multicast system to send MQTTdata across the external wireless network. As a result, that reduces transmission delay between wireless IoT network compared with the using of a standard MQTT.

Various wide-area Internet of Things services have been deployed. In most of these IoT services, a significant number of tiny data blocks are transferred across wide-area networks. Therefore, the transfer mechanisms should be simplified. One promising candidate for use as a transfer mechanism is MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT). In this paper, an architecture for a distributed MQTT broker, referred to as a virtual ring approach, is proposed. This architecture complies with the IoT Data Exchange Platform, as discussed in ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41. The operations of this distributed broker architecture using a virtual ring network for real-time communication is also described, along with the superiority of the architecture based on a performance analysis using queuing models

Internet of Things (IoT) devices and technology are increasingly being integrated into smart grids. These devices come with a lot of security vulnerabilities. To combat this, IoT protocols have been extended with security mechanisms. However, these mechanisms introduce extra processing that can lead to additional delay. This additional delay can affect the reliable operation of a smart power system which depends on prompt communication. This paper investigates the real time properties of IoT communication security protocols. We determine the impact of IoT protocols on the real time requirements of smart grid functions (protection, control, and monitoring). We measure how much communication traffic size and delay are added and how it scales. We determine the requirements that must be met by the optimized security protocols. Three IoT communication protocols were considered: CoAP/DTLS, MQTT/TLS, and XMPP/TLS. Results show both latency and overhead increased by a minimum of 3 × for each protocol. The increase in delay was below the recommended maximum standard for microgrid monitoring but exceeded the recommended standard for control operations.

IoT entities amass a massive quantity of sensing data and transmit it to the cloud for processing as well as reasoning. Such disparate networks raise numerous research questions, say processing, storage, and management of massive data. Though numerous prevailing methodologies are presented, it brings about restricted memory, battery-centered processes, privacy, safety, low processing ability, along with compatibility that directed them to be exposed to disparate attacks, particularly during the data transmission process. To surmount such disadvantages, ‘two’ methods are proposed aimed at IoT data distribution to the cloud utilizing IANFIS in addition to secure transmission of those distributed data utilizing MECC. Initially, the IoT device is authenticated by means of performing registration, login, as well as verification for preventing the device as of unauthorized utilization. Subsequently, the device is accessed to sense the information as of associated objects by utilizing smart sensors; in addition, the communication of disparate IoT sensors is performed by employing the MQTT protocol. Utilizing the IANFIS, this sensed information as of diverse IoT devices is distributed to the specific cloud server. Then by employing the MECC, the data is sent securely to the user. Lastly, the LC is executed by means of HFPGA. To corroborate the proposed system’s effectiveness and correctness, it is compared with existing methodologies and evaluated against relevant metrics.

An operating device has been designed for long term aggregating, storing and visualizing climate records with a view to their further publication in a cloud service. In order to address the given problem a number of technical issues related to the device concept development and its operating algorithms were solved. The device runs using the MQTT protocol and a microcontroller unit based on ESP8266 chip which is designated for the application in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The designed system is based on open-source software and allows providing access to the received data to all authorized users. The system is expanded easily since the number of attached sensors and peripheral units can change and the program can be transformed so as to solve emerging tasks. The ability to connect the Internet from any access point provides the mobility for the device and permits to make measurements within the range of a Wi-Fi network. In some instances, it is convenient to use smart phones or tablets that have access to the Internet via cellular networks for research and scientific experiments. In this case, mobile devices can act as monitors to control the system operation. This device can be useful for carrying out research work when data collection over a long period of time and long-term storage of information with the possibility of its further processing are essential. The examples are automatic monitoring of the equipment, medical supervision of patients’ health or gathering and processing of various climate parameters. Undergraduate students can also make use of the developed device when studying IoT technology.

The Internet of Things (IoT) enables the development of innovative applications in various domains such as agriculture, smart building, and industry. Integrating the cloud platform’s extensive processing and storage capacity with the ubiquitous sensing and actuation provided by the devices creates an environment that offers vast data. The IoT devices send the data to the cloud platform by IoT applications using mainly publish-subscribe messages, like MQTT, which do not provide standardization to the messages. Moreover, in the cloud-connected IoT, messages with sensitive content require end-to-end security - even when they use Transport Layer Security (TLS). Thus, this article’s main contribution refers to a system that standardizes the publish-subscribe topic and payload with context-aware messages at both ends (device and cloud platform) and provides end-to-end security. Our results demonstrate a Byte efficiency of 40% for the topic and 50% for the end-to-end secure payload compared to the main related works.

One of the most indispensable needs of life is food and its worldwide availability endorsement has made agriculture an essential sector in recent years. As the technology evolved, the need to maintain a good and suitable climate in the greenhouse became imperative to ensure that the indoor plants are more productive hence the agriculture sector was not left behind. That notwithstanding, the introduction and deployment of IoT technology in agriculture solves many problems and increases crop production. This paper focuses mainly on the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) in acquiring real- time data of environmental parameters in the greenhouse. Various IoT technologies that can be applicable in greenhouse monitoring system was presented and in the proposed model, a method is developed to send the air temperature and humidity data obtained by the DHT11 sensor to the cloud using an ESP8266-based NodeMCU and firstly to the cloud platform Thing- Speak, and then to Adafruit.IO in which MQTT protocol was used for the reception of sensor data to the application layer referred as Human-Machine Interface. The system has been completely implemented in an actual prototype, allowing the acquiring of data and the publisher/subscriber concept used for communication. The data is published with a broker’s aid, which is responsible for transferring messages to the intended clients based on topic choice. Lastly, the functionality testing of MQTT was carried out and the results showed that the messages are successfully published.

With the rapid development of IoT technology in various fields such as smart cities and industry 4.0, the need for wireless sensor network-based systems has increased, one of which is the concept of using a vehicle as a mobile sensor network or known as VaaMSN. Many developers use the IoT platform as a cloud computing service in developing the VaaMSN system. However, not all IoT platform service providers provide monitoring features on every device and provide information such as device location, purpose, condition. Therefore, this research aims to develop an IoT Platform that can receive data and provide information on each device, making it easier to process data and control devices. Therefore, this research aims to develop an IoT platform called the SEMAR-IoT-Platform that able to received data and provide information on each device for easier data processing and control devices. The SEMAR-IoT-Platform integrates Big Data, Data Analytics, Machine Learning, using the principles of Extract, Transfer, and Load (ETL) for data processing and provides communication services using HTTP-POST, MQTT, and NATS. The test results show that the system has been successfully implemented to complement a simple IoT system with an average delay time of HTTP, NATS, and MQTT communications of less than 150ms for the data storage process, and for the data visualization process has an average delay time of less than 300ms.

In this paper, the authors consider DoS attacks implemented in Internet of Things networks employed on ‘publisher-subscriber’ structure. The objects of the research are the SUBSCRIBE messages of th...

While some unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can operate with a given degree of autonomy (e.g., path following, obstacle avoidance, auto return, and other flight modes), many civilian drones have a safety pilot standby all the time for abnormal conditions. This is typically done within line-of-sight (LOS) due to regulations. While flying within LOS, radio frequency communication remains a popular alternative for retail pilots. For beyond line of sight operations, given the availability of cellular technologies, the UAV community has explored the possibility of using the cellular network instead, which could bring benefits such as an additional channel for control and telemetry, extension of range, and allowing the UAV to interact with cloud services while it flies, via a data connection. With the current prevalence of data supporting communication over 3G and 4G networks, the following representative technologies have been used for long-distance control—short message service (SMS), transmission control protocol (TCP), message queue telemetry transport (MQTT), and the so-called “protocol-independent” service PubNub. While the safety of drone flights is highly prioritized by regulators, the issue becomes even more highlighted when control commands are transmitted via cellular network channels (e.g., 4G long-term evolution, SMS) which can introduce time delays in communication chains and degrade pilot's ability to properly control UAVs. This article reviews common UAV communication protocols over cellular links and presents a technique for measuring and modeling delays over such channels. The quality-of-fit for the proposed models is measured for different communication protocols, short versus long-range communication, and different UAV operation modes. Finally, details are presented for a system that manipulates a drone via the cellular network and latency is measured for such system.

La tendencia actual es interconectar cualquier dispositivo para ser monitoreado y controlado de manera remota por medio de tecnologías propias del concepto de IoT. Uno de los problemas es conectar los dispositivos a una red mediante tecnologías con suficiente cobertura y capacidad, por lo que en el presente artículo se muestra el desarrollo de un gateway móvil para aplicaciones IoT bajo la plataforma Android, evaluado en redes móviles de 4G. El gateway móvil IoT envía los datos recolectados de sensores mediante la selección de los protocolos MQTT y HTTP, hacia plataformas IoT en Internet. La arquitectura se compone de sensores de temperatura, luminosidad y presión que se integran en un nodo sensor, cuya función es la obtención de los datos, procesamiento y luego, mediante Bluetooth, se envía a un smartphone Android, donde se ejecuta una aplicación que hace la función gateway móvil. Aquí se realiza el entramado de datos que son enviados mediante la red 4G LTE hacia las plataformas IoT de Ubidots y Watson IoT. Posteriormente se realizaron pruebas con varias métricas como latencia, demanda de corriente y costos de conexión. Se concluye que el gateway móvil IoT tiene un mejor rendimiento bajo el protocolo MQTT, en comparación con HTTP.

In IoT-based smart healthcare services, the heterogeneity of connected wearable sensing devices open up a wide opportunity to develop various healthcare services. However, it also poses an interoperability challenge since each sensing device and application may have different communication mechanisms. Considering that challenge, web platform can be seen as a promising candidate for providing an interoperability layer as we can abstract various devices as single representation i.e. web resource. In this paper, we propose the design of middleware for enabling efficient web of things access over healthcare wearable devices. The proposed middleware consists of three components: gateway-to-cloud device, messaging service and data access interface. The gateway-to-cloud device has a role to perform low level sensor data collection from various wearable sensing device through bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication protocol. Collected data are then relayed to the cloud IoT platform using a lightweight MQTT messaging protocol. In order to provide device abstraction along with access to the stored data, the system offers two kind of interfaces: the Restful HTTP identified by unique universal resource locator (URL) for batch access and MQTT websocket interface identified by unique topic to accommodate access on sensing data in near real time stream manner.

Background/Objectives: The major problems in WSN are the short-range of RF signals and the short life of batteries of each node. We develop a platform that uses the MAC protocols to avoid collisions between packets and decrease the data collection time. To overcome the energy challenges, the sleep modes, idle consumption, and others solutions provided to extend the node’s life period Methods/Statistical analysis: Based on the IoT applications, we configured different hardware (HW) to collect data from temperature,relative humidity (RH), and carbon dioxide (CO2), and access to this data, and these devices remotely through the internet. For this, the nodes, transceivers, batteries, and the gateway (GW) are analyzed. Additionally, it is configured with the frequency band or the radio frequency (RF) sensitivity to improve the performance of the system developed. Findings: Sensors, repeaters, and the GW were configured to work with each other and be accessed through the internet. The energy consumed on the experiment carried out has been reduced by more than 80% choosing LP modes and enable sleep algorithms over the Node’s OS where the time was also reduced around 80% in comparison with the available options. By set MQTT and SSH services, this application is scalable to be integrated with cloud services and be accessed by remote computers. Novelty/Applications: Finally, the lifelong period of nodes augmented drastically, more range between nodes is achieved and highly reliable data collected with low power consumption. Keywords: WSN; sensors; IoT; CO 2; temperature; relative humidity (RH)

This project aims towards the usage of MQTT (Message queueing telemetry transport) protocol in IoT (Internet of things) along with adopting a feasible means of encrypting the message transfers in applications. The lightweight nature of MQTT protocol makes possible the transfer of information speedily and hence, has now being used in applications related to IoT, WSN (Wireless sensor networks), and M2M (Machine to machine) communications. Here, MQTT is deployed between ESP-8266 Wi-Fi SoCs namely- NodeMCU ESP-8266 12E and ESP-01 8266 Wi-Fi modules. Both communicate using the MQTT protocol using the internet via Wi-Fi. The ESP-8266 Wi-Fi SoCs have completely revolutionized approach towards IoT because of numerous advantages. This project also includes the usage of 2 sensors namely- PIR (Passive InfraRed) motion detector sensors and an MQ-5 gas sensor which sense human presence and some gases respectively. These sensors read the environment around them for the required information, systems encrypt that information and subsequently, transmit the data over the internet to the MQTT broker stationed at the cloud. This encrypted data is then sent to a central node- NodeMCU ESP-8266 12E which decrypts it and then alerts the user about any mishappening, through the Blynk app.

This paper discusses the comparison of service quality between HTTP protocol and MQTT protocol implemented using internet of things to research on soil moisture around plants, quality of service compared to delay, jitter, throughput and packet loss. In this study the results showed that the HTTP and MQTT protocols have an average delay value below 150 or 63 ms. HTTP has an average jitter value between 0 - 62 ms, while MQTT has a jitter range value of between 0 - 16 ms. Whereas the HTTP throughput value is 88 ms and the MQTT protocol is 68 ms. Then for packet loss parameters both have the same quality as it generates a packet loss value of 0%. In this study it can be concluded that the use of http protocols is the superior protocol of MQTT in terms of quality of service.

Fog Computing is a new concept made by Cisco to provide same functionalities of Cloud Computing but near to Things to enhance performance such as reduce delay and response time. Packet loss may occur on single Fog server over a huge number of messages from Things because of several factors like limited bandwidth and capacity of queues in server. In this paper, Internet of Things based Fog-to-Cloud architecture is proposed to solve the problem of packet loss on Fog server using Load Balancing and virtualization. The architecture consists of 5 layers, namely: Things, gateway, Fog, Cloud, and application. Fog layer is virtualized to specified number of Fog servers using Graphical Network Simulator-3 and VirtualBox on local physical server. Server Load Balancing router is configured to distribute the huge traffic in Weighted Round Robin technique using Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol. Then, maximum message from Fog layer are selected and sent to Cloud layer and the rest of messages are deleted within 1 hour using our proposed Data-in-Motion technique for storage, processing, and monitoring of messages. Thus, improving the performance of the Fog layer for storage and processing of messages, as well as reducing the packet loss to half and increasing throughput to 4 times than using single Fog server.

The future of Internet of Things (IoT) foresees a world of interconnected people with every physical object in a seamless manner. The security related aspects for the IoT world are still an open field of discussion and research. The Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application layer protocol is widely used in IoT networks. Since, MQTT standard has no mandatory requirements regarding the security services, therefore, manipulating the security related issues is different in MQTT platforms. This paper proposes a novel security protocol. It is the Protected Message Queue Telemetry Transport (PMQTT) protocol which is based on MQTT with added cryptographic primitives to offer security services for IoT systems. Moreover, a formal verification for a PMQTT protocol is conducted using the ProVerif cryptographic automated verifier tool to prove that the PMQTT protocol satisfies the intended security properties.

Wide-spread use of low power lossy networks (LLNs) in internet of things (IoT) raises numerous challenges to video transmission over those networks. Deployment of proper application layer protocols can overcome some of those challenges and be influential on video transmission over LLNs. Although there are many good researches on application layer protocols in IoT, none of them provide a review for these protocols in video transmission scenarios. In this paper a comparison among some of these protocols including AMQP, CoAP, DDS, MQTT, MQTT-SN, Websocket, XMPP, HTTP 1.1/2.0, RTP and its control protocols such as RTCP is performed. The comparison shows that the nature of LLNs make video transmission an impossible task for some of these protocols and a proper protocol such as CoAP should be adapted to be used in these low power and lossy environments.

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents the binder of two worlds, specifically the real one and the digital one: tangible objects become recognizable in the virtual world, having digital matches, thus creating a network that enables the connection in-between the components. With the contemporary evolution of this domain, interconnectivity has become a primary fraction of new research and development directions. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a concept that covers the more industrial level of the physical and digital connection and stays behind the Industry 4.0 concept. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) applications are important in the industry, their core being very present as complex products of big companies, at high prices. The Node-RED environment quickly evolved as one of the most important perspectives in IIoT, able to replace, up to a certain level, classic SCADA applications, bringing benefits to the industry. In this paper, the main focus is to evidence this aspect and to develop an application that will demonstrate the functionality of the concept, making use of protocols such as Modbus TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for interacting with industrial devices and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to interact with higher-levels, which provides a publish-subscribe structuring and a low band-width usage. The application uses logging and archiving modules based on InfluxDB database and is conceived to achieve the visual supervisory structure as close as possible to well-known SCADA solutions. The presented work results prove the efficiency of the solution.

A great number of Internet of things (IoT) applications rely on real-time communication (RTC) mechanisms for transmission of media. Essentially, applications analyze and process media to make decisions that typically affect actuation and control of embedded devices. IoT networks, however, are subjected to constrains that limit the computational and resource complexity of all entities involved. This is particularly critical when considering the traditional RTC protocols like real-time protocol (RTP) that was not designed to perform well in the context of low-power lossy networks (LLNs). This paper focuses on alternatives to media transport in IoT networks. Specially, constrained application protocol (CoAP) and the message queuing telemetry transport sensor network protocol (MQTT-SN) are presented as valid technologies for media propagation in LLNs. The paper models and compares CoAP, RTP, and MQTT-SN to determine the most efficient scenario for audio, speech, and video transmission.

Günümüzde, bulut teknolojileri endüstriyel alanlarda kullanılan cihaz ve makinelerden toplanan verilerin gerçek zamanlı olarak takip edilmesinde önemli çözümler sunmaktadırlar. Sahada elde edilen verilerin bulut platformlarına aktarılabilmesi için farklı türden ağ geçitlerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada endüstriyel alanlarda kullanılabilecek düşük güç tüketimine sahip, düşük maliyetli nesnelerin interneti (Internet of Things, IoT) temelli bir ağ geçidi prototipi tasarımı sunulmaktadır. Bulut platforma aktarılacak verilerin sahadan ağ geçidi üzerine alınması için endüstriyel veri iletişiminde sıklıkla kullanılan Modbus protokolü kullanılmıştır. Ağ geçidinde toplanan verilerin bulut platformuna kablosuz ortamda aktarımını sağlamak için IoT uygulamalarında sıkça kullanılan Mesaj Kuyruk Telemetri Ulaştırma Protokolü (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, MQTT) protokolü kullanılmıştır. Tasarlanan ağ geçidi, veriler üzerinde farklılığı algılayabilecek bir algoritma ile programlanmıştır. Verilerin hızlı bir şekilde görselleştirilmesi ve depolanması için IBM Watson IoT Platformu tercih edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada tasarlanan ağ geçidinin performans analizi için MQTT sunucusu olarak Mosquitto kullanılmıştır. Deneysel test çalışmalarında, farklı boyutlarda yüklere sahip veri mesajlarının farklı seviyelerde servis kalitesinde (Quality of Service, QoS) uçtan uca gecikme süreleri ve istatistiksel sonuçları verilmiştir.