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In order to minimize the energy consumption in the discovery of the routing path, this paper introduces a novel concept of effective transmission (ET) that ensures each forwarding node is not only farther from the source node, but also nearer to the destination node with respect to its sender. An energy-aware routing protocol based on ET is proposed. It enables the energy consumption for each hop to be the least for the transmission. The simulation results show the routing protocol is effective in the performance of energy consumption comparing with some other routing protocols.

Two multipath schemes have been put forward: primary/backup mode and replication mode. Both schemes have not efficiently combined load balancing and energy awareness in sensor networks. This paper proposes an energy-aware load-balancing delivery scheme. The packets can be transmitted along multiple paths according to decisive energy ratio (DER). It needs not calculate DER periodically and brings fewer overheads. DER with Overload Avoidance (DEROA) is also proposed to avoid heavy traffic on some critical nodes. The simulations demonstrate how well DER will achieve multipath delivery.

Energy distribution is an important issue in sensor networks. Most solutions have not efficiently combined load balancing and energy awareness. This paper firstly proves that the maximum energy consumption will happen around the sink node on the basis of the critical analysis. An efficient energy-aware load-balancing delivery scheme is proposed. It lets the sink node take the responsibility to manage a core set in which the nodes are one hop to the sink. The nodes in the core set will transmit the traffic according to decisive energy ratio (DER) with an efficient energy distribution way. The simulations show the proposed scheme is very efficient and simple to be implemented.