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With the advent of the information age, the rapid development of computer software and hardware and related high-tech equipment has made today's interior design expression and display forms increasingly diversified, providing designers with a broad performance platform. On the basis of clarifying the ideas of the combined application of hand-drawn and computer graphics, we analyze the methods and approach of their combined application and expound on the actual application. It is hoped that the research can provide design ideas and references for the interior design industry and teaching activities. The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program consists of three phases, the first of which is a feasibility study for the innovation. If the innovation is feasible, enter the second stage to finalize the innovative product, and after private and public sector investment, the third phase, commodity promotion and commercialization. The influence of intelligent equipment such as computers and hand-painted boards on the design industry is obvious. With the development of the social economy and the era of technological innovation, a social culture and a value system will be formed. Therefore, the arrival of media technology will also generate perceptions, ways of thinking, and value orientations and will affect our social interaction space, people's main living places, and indoor space. The software module in the computer provides designers with the opportunity to use computer design software to quickly present the designer's ideas on an electronic display screen. Its increasingly convenient design conditions promote the diversity and richness of design software. Combining intelligent multimedia images, with the help of compressed image noise reduction programming, SBIR technology, etc., it has created the development of an interior design. The number of students studying interior design has increased by nearly 60% every year, and the popularity of smart multimedia technology has also reached 78.9%. In the media age, people and interior designers are constantly changing their aesthetic tastes, narrative methods, expression methods, life function needs, and aspirations for a spiritual destination. Good interior design methods do not necessarily produce excellent interior design works, but good interior design works must be guaranteed by a set of practical design techniques and procedures. The article attempts to tap the multiple values of multimedia in indoor space to build a more humanized, humane, and media-inspired indoor space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy problems arise with the popular usage of personal devices with display screen, e.g., laptop, smart phone or pad, in public areas, one of which is the screen peeping. This paper proposes a smart privacy-preserving screen system that can detect someone else see the consumer's screen and then protect the screen automatically and adaptively. It depends on multiple sensors, i.e., video camera module, ultrasonic distance module, light sensor module, to detect screen peeping, user distance and environmental lightness, and decide whether to adjust the screen's lightness. With limited lightness or contrast, the screen can only be seen by the consumer, while others cannot watch the screen clearly. Especially, the screen peeping detection scheme is composed of several algorithms, i.e., eye detection, eye pair decision and person counting. Based on the video frames captured by the video camera module, the scheme will detect eyes in the video frame, decide the number of persons peeping at the private screen, and inform the smart screen to protect the screen by adjusting the light or contrast. With the smart phone as an example, various experiments are done and comparative results show that the proposed scheme obtains better performance than existing works and is a good solution for automatic screen privacy protection1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color accurate monitors are high resolution, luminance-controlled displays with very large color gamut. They have internal controls to match specific color standards (e.g., sRGB, Adobe-RGB, REC-709) and well-defined gamma functions (mostly γ = 2.2, but others such as Equal Probability of Detection, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine). Usually, they come with external tools for automatic calibration (like Chroma 5 or Spider) and for communicating with the host computer through USB port, and with software to control the calibration process. Most of them allow a calibration to a specific customer selected color gamut, besides the precalibrated standards, but limit the gray levels calibration to a gamma type function (typically γ=2.2). Their unique properties, challenges, and applications will be discussed. A comparison between the properties of four monitors and optical test results of their parameters is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In experimental visual neuroscience brief presentations of visual stimuli are often required. Accurate knowledge of the durations of visual stimuli and their signal shapes is important in psychophysical experiments with humans and in neuronal recordings with animals. In this study we measure and analyze the changes in luminance of visual stimuli on standard computer monitors. Signal properties of the two most frequently used monitor technologies, cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors, are compared, and the effects of the signal shapes on the stated durations of visual stimuli are analyzed. The fundamental differences between CRT and LCD signals require different methods for the specification of durations, especially for brief stimulus presentations. In addition, stimulus durations on LCD monitors vary over different monitor models and are not even homogeneous with respect to different luminance levels on a single monitor. The use of LCD technology for brief stimulus presentation requires extensive display measurements prior to the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper considers the problem of shape-from-shading using nearby extended light sources. The paper reviews a number of methods that employ nearby illuminants, and describes a new technique that assumes a rectangular planar nearby distributed uniform isotropic illuminant. It is shown that such a light source illuminating a small Lambertian surface patch is equivalent to a single isotropic point light source at infinity, in the absence of shadowing. A closed-form solution is given for the equivalent point light source direction in terms of the illuminant corner locations. Equivalent point light sources can be obtained for distinct illuminant patterns allowing standard photometric stereo algorithms to be used. An extension is given to the case of a rectangular planar illuminant with arbitrary radiance distribution. Experimental results are shown demonstrating the application of the theory to photometric stereo using illumination from a LCD computer monitor. Details on the photometric calibration of the illumination source and image acquisition device are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a monitor positioning algorithm to determine the optimal number of power quality monitors and to decide the locations for a given distribution system. From graph theory, the system topology is formulated into a coverage matrix. The weighting factors of each component are newly defined from the guidelines of monitor positioning suggested. Weighting factors represent the degree of importance in the system topology. Ambiguity indices are suggested to evaluate the monitor locations in terms of topological ambiguity. The optimal number and locations are determined from the optimization routine utilizing the weighting factor and the ambiguity indices. The proposed approach can realize the expert's knowledge on monitor positioning into a sophisticated automatic computing algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Determine the effects of display viewing distance on both the visual and musculoskeletal systems while the text height is held constant across viewing distances.Background: The distance from the eyes to a computer display may affect visual and neck comfort. If the angular size of the characters remains the same, it is recommended that the display be placed at a farther viewing distance (e.g., 70-100 cm). However, in common usage, the character sizes are not adjusted based on viewing distance.Method: Participants under the age of 35 years (N = 24) performed visually demanding tasks using a computer display for 2 hr each at three viewing distances (mean: 52.4, 73.0, and 85.3 cm) while torso and head posture were tracked. At the end of each task, eye accommodation was measured and symptoms were recorded.Results: The near distance was associated with significantly less blurred vision, less dry or irritated eyes, less headache, and improved convergence recovery when compared with the middle and far distances. Participants moved their torsos and heads closer to the monitor at the far distance.Conclusion: If the computer screen character sizes are close to the limits of visual acuity, it is recommended that the computer monitor be positioned between the near (52 cm) and middle (73 cm) distance from the eyes.Application: The location of a computer display should take into account the size of the characters on the screen and the visual acuity of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies evaluated linear and hierarchy+elision small-screen display formats for clinical reasoning tasks. A controlled, quantitative study with 28 medically naive participants using a task abstracted from clinical use of laboratory results found that both display formats supported rapid and accurate decision making. Distribution of the search targets significantly affected speed, with decisions in linear format made 13% faster (4.7 sec) when all targets could be viewed on a single screen than when targets required scrolling between several screens and in hierarchical format 15% faster (5.1 sec) when all the targets were confined within one category. Performance was equivalent regardless of the relative order of the target results and data in the laboratory report. In a qualitative study, 7 physicians used the displays to perform a realistic diagnosis. Physicians were comfortable with both display formats, but preference varied with clinical experience. The 5 less experienced clinicians favored hierarchy+elision, whereas the 2 highly experienced clinicians tended to prefer the linear display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attractiveness of computer-based tests (CBTs) is due largely to their capability to expand the ways we conduct testing. A relatively unexplored application, however, is actively using the computer to reduce construct-irrelevant variance while a test is being administered. This investigation introduces the effort-monitoring CBT, in which the computer monitors examinee effort (based on item response time) in a low-stakes test and displays warning messages to those exhibiting rapid-guessing behavior. The results of an experimental study are presented, which showed that an effort-monitoring CBT increased examinee effort and yielded more valid test scores than a conventional CBT. Thus, unlike previous research that has focused on identifying rapid-guessing behavior after it has occurred, the effort-monitoring CBT proactively attempts to suppress rapid-guessing behavior. This innovative testing procedure extends the capabilities of measurement practitioners to manage the psychometric challenges posed by unmotivated examinees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues related to the large-display user experience. There are two basic approaches to providing a large-display experience. Wall-sized displays typically offer seamless display surfaces that are created using multiple tiled projectors. These systems commonly use touch or pen input. Large desktop displays are configurations with seams between the monitors caused by the monitor bezels. These systems commonly use keyboard and mouse for input. Each window on a computer desktop provides a view into some information. Although users can now manipulate multiple windows, being able to spatially arrange smaller window regions might help them perform certain tasks more efficiently. This is particularly important on large displays, where the target windows might be far apart. WinCuts is a novel interaction technique that lets users replicate arbitrary regions of existing windows into independent windows. WinCut is a live view of a source window region that users can interact with. INSET: Related Work in Large-Display Usability..

When engaging in brainstorming, strategic planning, and decision making, many people still use traditional media such as felt pens on whiteboards. Apparently, interacting with real physical objects feels easier than operating and interacting with computer monitors in these situations. Unfortunately, the information generated during such meetings cannot be captured immediately for digital postprocessing and can easily be lost altogether. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Integrated Publication and Information Systems Institute in Darmstadt seek to design environments that combine the affordances of real objects with computer-based support's potential in the virtual world. This combination generates hybrid worlds that have significant consequences for the design of human-computer interaction.

RGB display devices with a white channel have recently been developed to produce a high brightness with low power consumption and enhance the image contrast. However, the addition of a white channel can change the perception of the color represented on the display device because visual adaptations in human are affected by this addition. Although the measured chromaticity coordinates of a color represented with and without a white channel remain the same, the perceived hue is changed. Therefore, this article presents an analysis of the hue shift phenomenon and proposes a hue correction method to provide perceptual color matching between a DLP projector with and without a white channeL To quantify the hue shift phenomenon, color patches are generated at equally spaced hue angles and then individually displayed by a projector and on a CRT monitor. The patches on the CRT monitor are reproduced through device characterization to have an equal colorimetric value with the same patches displayed by the DLP projector with no white channel, so that the patches appearing on the CRT monitor can be used as reference images. Next, the hue for each patch displayed by the DLP projector with a white channel is adjusted by observers until each patch appears the same as its reference image. These adjusted hues are then fitted into three sets of piecewise polynomial functions, which represent the amounts of hue shift required for perceptual color matching. After analyzing the hue shift phenomenon, the RGB for each pixel in the input image of the projector is converted to CIELCh color space to obtain the corresponding hue. This hue is then shifted by the proposed polynomial functions which model the hue shift by adding a white channeL Finally, the corrected hue is inversely converted to RGB in the output image. © 2013 Society for Imaging Science and Technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most natural, elegant, and efficient mechanisms for synchronization and communication, especially for systems with shared memory, is the monitor. Over the past twenty years many kinds of monitors have been proposed and implemented, and many modern programming languages provide some form of monitor for concurrency control. This paper presents a taxonomy of monitors that encompasses all the extant monitors and suggests others not found in the literature or in existing programming languages. It discusses the semantics and performance of the various kinds of monitors suggested by the taxonomy, and it discusses programming techniques suitable to each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explored text production differences in an expository text production task between writers who looked mainly at the keyboard and writers who looked mainly at the monitor. Eye-tracking technology and keystroke-logging were combined to systematically describe and define these two groups in respect of the complex interplay between text production and the reading of one’s own emerging text. Findings showed that monitor gazers typed significantly faster and were more productive writers. They also read their own text more, and they frequently read in parallel with writing. Analysis of fixation durations suggests that more cognitive processing is in use during reading in parallel with writing than during reading in pauses. Keyboard gazers used the left and right cursor keys significantly more. We suggest that this is because they revised their texts in a much more serial mode than monitor gazers. Finally, analysis of the characteristics of the final texts showed no differences between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common mechanism for ensuring that software behaves securely is to monitor programs at run time and check that they dynamically adhere to constraints specified by a security policy. Whenever a program monitor detects that untrusted software is attempting to execute a dangerous action, it takes remedial steps to ensure that only safe code actually gets executed. This article improves our understanding of the space of policies enforceable by monitoring the run-time behaviors of programs. We begin by building a formal framework for analyzing policy enforcement: we precisely define policies, monitors, and enforcement. This framework allows us to prove that monitors enforce an interesting set of policies that we call the infinite renewal properties. We show how to construct a program monitor that provably enforces any reasonable infinite renewal property. We also show that the set of infinite renewal properties includes some nonsafety policies, that is, that monitors can enforce some nonsafety (including some purely liveness) policies. Finally, we demonstrate concrete examples of nonsafety policies enforceable by practical run-time monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present day haptic displays have one or a few contact areas, the information being similar over the whole area. The aim of this investigation was to study the relative importance of increasing the number of contact areas and providing spatially distributed information at each contact area. Technical development was “simulated” in experiments with real objects where the information was constrained in ways similar to those in haptic displays. The results suggest clearly that the largest improvement can be expected if spatially distributed information is made available within each contact area. If that is made, an improvement of performance can be expected also with an increased number of contact areas. Increasing only the number of contact areas will not give the same result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large wall-sized displays are becoming prevalent. Although researchers have articulated qualitative benefits of group work on large displays, little work has been done to quantify the benefits for individual users. In this article we present four experiments comparing the performance of users working on a large projected wall display to that of users working on a standard desktop monitor. In these experiments, we held the visual angle constant by adjusting the viewing distance to each of the displays. Results from the first two experiments suggest that physically large displays, even when viewed at identical visual angles as smaller ones, help users perform better on mental rotation tasks. We show through the experiments how these results may be attributed, at least in part, to large displays immersing users within the problem space and biasing them into using more efficient cognitive strategies. In the latter two experiments, we extend these results, showing the presence of these effects with more complex tasks, such as 3D navigation and mental map formation and memory. Results further show that the effects of physical display size are independent of other factors that may induce immersion, such as interactivity and mental aids within the virtual environments. We conclude with a general discussion of the findings and possibilities for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Facilitates designing color codes for electronic visual displays that comply with established human factors usability principles. • Calculates colorimetric figures of merit for a user-specified color set and flags colors and color combinations that may be problematic. • Draws figures that help users visualize important characteristics of the color set and find ways to improve it. • Can be used by itself or in conjunction with software that uses aesthetic considerations such as color harmony to create color sets. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a standard set of colors for coding information on air traffic control (ATC) displays. A significant complication was that the air traffic controller population includes people who have color-vision deficiencies (CVDs). We wrote a software tool to assist the FAA in selecting a preliminary color set. It accepts a set of luminances and chromaticity coordinates as input and: (1) Draws graphics and calculates color-related figures of merit to predict whether the set will be acceptable for color-normal and CVD users; (2) Flags colors and pairings that violate human factors criteria; and (3) Allows designers to adjust the colors and see the resulting changes immediately. The tool has been used to perform a pilot study for the FAA's color-set development project and should be useful for designing other color-coding sets, also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information regarding the use of two monitors while on the computer. A study conducted by the University of Utah found that the use of multiple monitors increased productivity, speed in doing tasks and improved accuracy. Practical applications of dual monitors include having one window open showing the e-mail, making numerical calculations from data found in different spreadsheets, and copying paragraphs from various sources. The process of setting up the two monitors is discussed.

The paper describes a new performance monitoring tool, called Tmon, that has been developed to help application programmers understand the run-time behavior of a parallel system and tune the performance of their programs. Tmon measures resource utilization and traces process activities transparently during execution. A global interrupt technique used by Tmon allows measurement tasks to be executed simultaneously on different processors and an accurate global clock to be maintained with minimal overhead. Experimental results indicate that both the accuracy and the overhead of the monitor are well within an acceptable range. We introduce a performance model from which it is possible to derive several different parallel programming metrics. A weighted critical path analysis tool is also presented that focusses the user's attention on those paris of the program whose modification would most improve performance. An example in which the tool is used successfully to improve the performance of a parallel application is also presented. Tmon is currently implemented on top of the Trollius Operating System and runs on a 74-node transputer-based multicomputer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]