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Nowadays, companies have to achieve a high logistics performance combined with low costs and high quality. Conventional, resource-oriented production planning and control (PPC) is unable to meet these demands. Both research publications and industrial projects show that logistics controlling based on logistics principles is an effective instrument for improving PPC. A newly developed controlling concept that increases the quality of production planning and control in a significant way is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bionic modeling technology of bone defect repair plays a key role in the process of repairing defective bone based on tissue engineering. In this paper, via studying the structure of bone defect repair, new concept of bionic scaffold is put forward and a new method of integrating medical image processing, 3D reconstruction and CAD technology to construct the bionic scaffold of repairing bone defect is presented. Using the system implemented by this method, the bionic scaffold of repairing a skull is constructed. The evaluation of porosity of scaffold is also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantage of XML in Enterprise Application Integration(EAI) had been investigated, putting stress on the exchange of non-structural data between PDM and Enterprise Content Management System(ECMS), giving the integration prototype system model based on XML and introducing the algorithm of transforming the structure tree and the method of serializing XML document object to realize the core block—parser. The results show that the technologies solve the information “isolated island” among enterprise application systems, which has the meaning at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the rotor and cylinder of the steam turbine as examples, the key technologies of design for mass customization (DFMC) have been researched. Out of this research, an applied system of design for mass customisation has been assembled. This system consists of several modules, including the system integrated Smart Team PDM, with a coding module and tabular layouts of article characteristics module (both developed by the research team), and Solid Edge CAD software. The system provides facilities for designing customisation products that satisfy individual customers’ needs, and has been applied in the design of the steam turbine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new type of transmission is a kind of swaying mechanism specially developed for certain aircraft, having low rotational speed and great torque. Utilizing criterions of mass equivalent and bending stiffness equivalent, this paper firstly applies simplification to the transmission, getting a piece of continuous beam with varying circular sections. According to the mounting condition of transmission, then establishes the finite element dynamic analyzing model, using I-DEAS software, selecting method of synchronous vector iteration, finishes normal modal analyzing. Next, carries Hertzian contact resonance analyses to ball straight-rotary pair, ball spline pair and ball unload pair, calculates contact resonance frequencies. Considering the resistance torque being moving still concludes formulae of quantity of contact resonance frequencies. Lastly, based on load spectra, makes a conclusion that antiresonance behavior of the transmission is well, showing that the design plan is feasible. Experimentation of prototype indicates that the above theoretical analyses are correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will give an overview on the key elements of the innovation technology of WOIS that can be used for generating a sustainable decision basis for future development directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass customization can make customized products with the mass products efficiency, which will become mainstream manufacturing mode in the 21 century. The design for mass customization is the most important factor in the mass customization, on the base of extracting the excellences of the modulization design and the variant design, the article brings forward an idea of module-based variant design. Combining with the technologies of module coding, database, case-based design and CAD, The idea has been used in the customized design of the equipment of pushing and measuring automobile chair track, some equipments have been designed and manufactured successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the application and development of the automatic welding filter, it is necessary to study its response characteristics. On the basis of the analysis and research about luminous transmittance and the scale number of the filter, this article proposes a solution to the specific definition of the response and holding time. By comparing different calculation methods in different standards, a felicitous way is chosen to describe the response characteristics accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Armored Face Conveyer is typical product for customization. To achieve Mass customization, a top-down approach to product family design is introduced. The steps and tools of the approach are discussed when it is used to design AFC family. The key of the approach includes three aspects: the object product is classified in series according to the main parameters of the product; each series build a platform as the design frame; a database is build to deploy variants. After the platforms are built, software is developed to implement the process of variant deployment. With the help of the software, the design and manufacture periods are much shortened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product platform is a good way to achieve Mass Customization. The ability of deriving variants of a product platform depends on its configuration, which ultimately is determined by voices of customer. The nature of product platform building is to identify the common parts from the object product family. According to the similarity of a set of products the product platform divided into two cases: similar function with close parameters and same function with different parameters. Based on E-QFD a process model of product platform building for the last case is put forward that start from analyzing customers’ demands. And the steps according to the process model are discussed. As an illustration the model is applied to build the product platform for armed face conveyer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to mass customization in traditional industry, managing variability of software family products is also the key technology in software product line. In this paper, variability model and variability lifecycle are discussed. Typical approaches of modeling variability are investigated and compared in terms of the process of identifying, managing variability, model expression. The development trend of mass customization in software produce is talked about. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the science and technology, products are more and more complex, e.g. more functions integrated into one product, abilities of products are stronger and stronger, degrees of automatization and intelligentizing are higher and higher. In order to develop products successful, we must analyze product technical risk systematically and comprehensively. All products’ behaviors that don’t satisfy their functions are function failures, i.e. product technical risk. The sources of causing risk are the products’ structures. We anticipate the behaviors of the target product, seek the potential function failures, and analyze the causes, and then set up BBN model. With this methodology, we have analyzed the product technical risk of a microelectronic equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the primary step of the “digital city” that construct tridimensional digital map[1]. We consider that construct it by computer vision base on the characteristic of the image microminiature aircraft collected[2]. But the quantity of the pairs of the characteristic point cannot meet the request to construct Digital Elevation Model. This paper provide a latest correlate matching method base on Epipolar Constrain after introduce the characteristic point extract and matching. the paper adopt a precise Fundamental Matrix estimate algorithm to calculated epipolar equation and increase the matching point’s quantity effectively. It has met the real time’s request by experimental verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises the idea that the traditional way to manage engineering testing documents by hands is not competent for Business Process Reengineering after the author has analyzed the status quo of the engineering testing process management in the auto production industries. The author raises Engineering Testing Process Management (ETPM) system software based on ASP.NET technology to solve the practical problems. Additionally, the architecture of the software and the realization of the system are discussed subsequently. The basic model of the ETPM system software and the prime modules which have been developed are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing enterprises needs the wider external resources during the product design phrase. A typical web resource service approach is presented in this paper. It realizes Web-based manufacturing resource discovery, process and application in product design. This pattern addresses on the differences of service ways considering different types of resources. The relevant enabling technologies are put forward. Manufacturing resource information is achieved through Web search engine and processed with semantic Web. Meanwhile, the Web resource repositories such as Web parts library and distributed knowledge bases are set up preliminarily. Finally, the two application cases of Internet-based collaborative product design are introduced briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents to make use of visualization technique to study the process of extrusion and extrusion assembly, the visual phenomena indicate that material transportation underlying the extrusion course is a combination of two transportations, one is positive displacement pumping transportation in the intermeshing region, and the other is partially filled transportation in the translation region. Virtual assembly technique is used to design the extrusion assembly, and interference is checked, and animations are created to demonstrate assembly sequence and path. This product has been designed successfully by computer in virtual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) systems offer multi-user support, in which many users share a virtual world and work collaboratively, and in which multiple-server architectures are widely used and multiple servers deployed, with each one handling a part of the virtual world. One of the key issues in the design of scalable CVE systems based on multiple-server architecture is the partitioning problem. In this paper, a new quality function of partitioning is used to evaluate the partitioning method and a region growing (RG) algorithm is proposed for solving the partitioning problem in CVE systems. The RG algorithm regards the partitioning problem as a dynamic assignment of cells to the servers. Some cells are chosen as growing points, and their neighbor cells are merged into the same region. Users in the same region are connected with the same server until the server is overloaded. Through the experiment, we discover that our method can provide better partitioning solutions with shorter execution time than the methods proposed in the previous literature of large-scale CVE systems. Therefore, the proposed implementation of RG algorithm improves scalability and efficiency of CVE systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to support operation recombination of enterprise, based on analyzing some important problems, including flow start-up, flow navigation, resource subsequent control, activity performance and task management, a workflow system support dynamic alliance was designed. A resource conflict resolution strategy based on queue and request in the process of workflow was introduced. Strategies of occupancy and release resource in inaction were introduced. The main module and structure of database of the workflow management system were designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative business system is perfect combination of the best business practices with information technology. Collaborative business system is an innovation and enabled changes to traditional rules for doing business. The aim of this paper is: firstly to provide an overview of collaborative business by outlining the essence and the framework; secondly, to put forward to the architecture of collaborative layer, the most important part of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall motivation for Manufacturing Grid is to realize resource sharing and collaboration in the field of Manufacturing. In order to protect the shared resources and services, the access control guarantees in the MG is necessary and important. Due to inherent heterogeneity, multi-domain characteristic and highly dynamic nature of Manufacturing Grid, we propose a new Manufacturing Grid Access Control Model to support the dynamic restricted rights management based on the current Role-based Access Control Model. We employ a distributed access control mechanism to realize the authorization from the local service nodes according to the global and local authorization policy. The implementation within the project of the Shanghai High Institutions Grid proves the authorization architecture and model are workable and our work is valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize the on-line product semantic reconstruction in the virtual organization, the uniform knowledge representation method is put forward including the product data in STEP and the product document data in SGML at first. Second a Semantic Base Cell model of Fractal Hierarchy -Linear Hyperlink is presented. At last according to this model, build the semantic association by the two description layers: the XML template for syntax layer and the OWL template for semantic layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A framework of collaborative process planning (CPP) platform is introduced. For this purpose, manufacturing resource management system should be constructed. The main modular of them are discussed, which include equipment information management, fixture information management, cutting tool information management, process parameter and NC code information management. In the end, the application of how to work on the process planning in virtual enterprise with manufacturing resource based on the CPP is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fit economical constraints, enterprises are more and more involved in collaborative strategies and require agile organization. To support such agile organizations, an efficient and agile IT system should be set. This can be partially achieved thanks to Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) that are able to implement opened and agile information system. The collaborative model we built on this approach is based first on the services exposed by each potential partner and then on a convenient assembly process used to build a cooperation process, designed as a services composition. This architecture impacts the enterprise own organization, leading to a service oriented enterprise (SOE). After describing the context we present the SOE framework and its components. Then the assembly process is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First, a multi-objective immune genetic algorithm integrating immune algorithm and genetic algorithm for flexible job shop scheduling is designed. Second, Markov chain is used to analyze quantitatively its convergence. Third, a simulation experiment of the flexible job shop scheduling is carried out. Running results show that the proposed algorithm can converge to the Pareto frontier quickly and distribute evenly along the Pareto frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize resource sharing and collaboration effectively among the heterogeneous and geographical distributed manufacturing resources, a Concept Model of resource management, a WSRF (Web Service Resource Framework)-based Resource Management System Model in Manufacturing Grid (MG) and the resource encapsulation method were presented in this paper. By the two models, the description, encapsulation and publication of manufacturing resources are implemented conveniently, and the manufacturing resource can be encapsulated to a WS (Web Service)-Resource structural MG-Resource. The encapsulation process shields complexity and diversity of manufacturing resources and implements manufacturing resource sharing and collaboration in MG effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant goal of Manufacturing Grid (MG) is to realize resource sharing and collaboration working among the heterogeneous and geographical distributed manufacturing resources. A TQPS (Time, Quality, Price, Service) -based resource discovery and scheduling algorithm is proposed in the paper. By the four processes of resource discovery, resource scheduling, dynamic negotiation and resource reservation, the optimal resource can be discovered and matched to the task/subtask. Under the precondition of assuring the Quality of Service (QoS), the searching and scheduling algorithm facilitates the realization for the resource discovery and scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traverse speed is very important parameters of cutting process, But the cutting process of the AS J (abrasive suspension jet) is a complex system with many interactions and influences among process parameters. It is hard to value The paper presents a fuzzy expert system to get appropriate value of traverse speed. A CAPP system based on the fuzzy expert system for ASJ is also proposed in the paper. At last the application of the fuzzy expert system presents evidence of the usefulness of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the potential of applying the analytic network process (ANP) to evaluate and select MES software. Different from AHP, ANP allows feedback and interdependence between factors. In our decision model, we consider MES’ unique attribute as an information hub related to nearly all of the other information systems. In addition, the relationships among functionalities which MES software performs are also taken into consideration. Finally, we validate the decision model through a test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Job-Shop Scheduling Problem is simplified from the shop production though it is NP-hard, and the actual Scheduling is more complicated than it. The complex flexible manufacturing cell dynamic scheduling (FMCDS) which takes much disturb into account is researched in. The machine may suddenly turn into malfunction during production, and the jobs may go into or be canceled from scheduling for some reason. Each kind of part can be disintegrated into a lot of batch which includes some parts, and batch operation can choice one from some machines. Furthermore, several objects are optimized, which include time, cost and machine use rate. The FMCDS model is set up, and a dynamic evaluation based immune algorithm and rolling-disturb hybrid rescheduling policy are initially brought forward to solve FMCDS. The proposed algorithm, policy and method are applied to Xi’an Aviation Manufacture Corporation, and can fulfill its FMCDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an application of Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) to control a powder deposition process, which is used for depositing coatings on the surface of products. Four input variables: work piece rotation speed, gun to work piece distance, powder volume pressure and gun current and one output variable, the first-pass transfer efficiency was chosen. Fuzzy rules have been introduced in this study. Results showed that FLS can be easily implemented in a company; and has the capability to increase first-pass transfer efficiency, minimize waste, reduce the time involved in selecting the best combination of application variables for coating jobs and improves savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single machine scheduling problems with release time are the prototypes for other complicated scheduling systems. Genetic local search algorithms are proposed to minimize total weighted completion time. Numerical experiments to evaluate the three embedding local search techniques are done. The results indicate that the 2ri+ti rule proposed by Liu and MacCathy (1991) outperform ERT and WSPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a workpiece agent is proposed for the configuration of an autonomous decentralized manufacturing system which flexibly responds to high-mix, very-low volume production. When a blank workpiece is put on to the production line, the workpiece agent is dynamically generated with the product model. According to the state of each machine tool on the shop floor, the agent plans the machining processes by itself. Then the workpiece agent determines the selection of the machine tools for each machining step and obtains a schedule in real time through the negotiation among two or more workpiece agents aiming to increase efficiency of the whole manufacturing system. Trial implementation of a workpiece agent has been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective scheduling has a significant influence on efficiency of resources and manufacturing systems. In this paper, we propose a model of resource scheduling based on matching mechanism and apply Ant Colony Optimization to solve this problem. During the process of seeking, ants can change the size of colony adaptively and incline to select the resources which cost less. Finally, we examine the performance of optimization in a test case scenario in container terminals and obtain satisfactory results that suggest that ACO is well suited for application in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacture resource classification model is described by using UML class graph in the manufacture grid system of automobile parts industry. Manufacture grid service system structure and resource agent structure is put forward. Manufacture resource attribute is defined using XML standard and the unification standard is provided for manufacture resources description using manufacture resources semantics dictionary. Referencing the manufacture resources semantics dictionary interface naming standard, manufacture resource service interface is described by using WSDL standard. A manufacture resource grid service prototype system is developed on the basis of GT3 development toolkit on the Windows platform, at last the product development process is described in the manufacture grid system by regarding automobile steering product as instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain insight into increasingly intricate business, and deal with highly complex problem situations, an enterprise needs a more generic, standardized, pervasive and scalable infrastructure to fully leverage the information from different data sources, applications, and environments at both system and semantic level. In this context, we first discuss the state of the art of current approaches and solutions of EII (Enterprise Information Integration). Then, we outline the grand challenges of EII from technical perspective based on the analysis of framework, range, scale and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method based on immune algorithm to solve the thermal unit commitment problem(UCP) is proposed. Through analysis of mathematical model of UCP, application method of immune algorithm was discussed in detail. In the algorithm, the objective function was deemed antigen and the solutions were deemed antibodies. If an antibody fits the antigen best, this antibody was deemed the optimum solution. Encoding the continuous operating time shortened the code length and the searching speed of algorithm was improved greatly. The proposed method was applied in a ten-unit system for a 24 hours period. The calculation results showed immune algorithm had well global searching performance and it was efficient to use this algorithm to solve UCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to apply Manufacturing Grid technology to manufacturing field and provide resource-sharing and collaborating for the distributed manufacturing companies on a common platform, Manufacturing Grid system should resolve the problem brought by non-technical factors in manufacturing. Extending the requirement of product quality and regarding it as a kind of provided service which is required in the process of manufacturing. Then importing the idea of QoS (Quality of Service) to Manufacturing Grid and merging it into the manufacturing’s characteristics. Based on it, making QoS management as the key research contents of Manufacturing Grid and create Manufacturing Grid-QoS (MG-QoS) system. Furthermore, proposing a kind of preliminary solution based on QoS management to Manufacturing Grid’s practical application. It provides quality guarantee for the application of Manufacturing Grid and resolves the issue of prerequisite for Manufacturing Grid’s practice from theoretical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Support Vector Regression (SVR) has been a popular tool in financial time series forecasting. This study deals with the application of Support Vector Regression in stock composite index forecasting. A preprocessing method for accelerating support vector regression training is presented in this paper. Then we propose a method of support vector regression by modifying the regularized risk function. A data set from Shanghai Stock Exchange is used for the experiments to test the validity of our methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate accurately the comprehensive performance of assembly packaging ammunition using small samples, a new test and evaluate method is presented. Firstly carry out the consistency test on the performance parameters of electronic parts of ammunition before and after the experiment, which are liable to the influence of various environmental factors, if the result of test is consistent, then firing test is carried out in order to check the reliability of whole ammunition. In the course of the consistency test, according to the difference of electric parameters rank sum test and T-test is used, and the Bayes method is applied in the whole ammunition’s reliability evaluation, and an example is demonstrated in order to verify the validity of this test and evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk evaluation is a very important step of decision process of venture capital. This article constructs forewarning risk index systems of venture capital, and applies Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to forecast the latent risk level of venture capital. Empirical analysis indicates that this model could predict the latent risk of venture capital very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing Grid (MG) emerges as a new manufacturing model to provide a general platform for networked-manufacturing. The reliability is a significant and complex issue in MG system as resources in it are geographically distributed, heterogeneous and information dynamic in nature, owned by different enterprises or organizations with their own policies. In order to make MG work efficiently, the reliability for MG had been analyzed; a hierarchical evaluation model was proposed. In the end, the use of the model was also presented in system recovery policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude oil in the pipeline evaporation is one of hidden safety trouble for directly-fired kiln, which maybe be caused by severe flame deflecting. According to redundancy between technology parameters of furnace, redundancy select majority strategy was proposed, and used as the inference rule of fuzzy observer, the output of the fuzzy observer was tendency of furnace working condition, then it compared with deviation of other local input parameters to diagnose effectively fire deflect and sensors fault. Thus safety and fault-tolerant capacity of furnace are improved, and stronger robustness is also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the mechanical properties of the parts fabricated by Laser Direct Metal Shaping (LDMS), it is of great significance to understand the distribution regularities of transient temperature field during LDMS process. Based on the “element birth and death” technique of finite element method, a three-dimensional multi-track and multi-layer model for the transient temperature field analysis of LDMS is developed by ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) for the first time. In the fabricated model, X-direction parallel reciprocating scanning paths is introduced. Using the same process parameters, the results of simulation show good agreement with the microstructure features of samples which fabricated by LDMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a hybrid intelligent approach to model and optimize a seed cleaning/separating process, which separates seeds varying with different types, varieties and lots in a seed cleaner system (5XZW-1.5). In this controlling scheme, the nonlinear system is modeled by Artificial Neural Network, and optimized by Genetic Algorithms. The uniform design is used to sample datasets. Control results suggest that the intelligent approach is useful for the optimization of such a complex process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tensile test was carried out for continuous SiC fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites (SiC/Al), which have different specimen width and length. A Monte Carlo simulation using finite element method was also performed with changing the width and length of composite model. The size effect of strength reliability was examined and discussed. The results showed that composite strength does not appear to have a large change but its reliability is improved with increasing in width of the composite specimen. Also, the composite strength decreases, but Weibull shape parameter has an increase tendency with increasing the gauge length. Effect of specimen width and length on composite strength and its reliability is dependent on the both factors, that is, the incidence of accumulating fracture process, the mean fiber strength and the strength scatter of weaker fibers. The accumulation of the fracture process is related to the fiber stress distribution in the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the experiment for thick test piece with laser coating under multi-impact loads. We discover that the margin of stress force with the form of Total covering is lower than that with the form of partial covering. However, the life of the former is longer than the latter when they are under the same multi-impact stress force action. There will be an intensely deformative hardening and material floating phenomena on the lower part of the edge of covered coating on the basal body of the latter. And the same time, flaw is more easily to come into being and spread at this place, then cause abscission of coat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a genetic algorithm GA adopted for recognizing the material parameters with the nonlinear relation in the sheet metal forming. Firstly the nonlinear regression model is established for the parameters estimation. Then based on the material tensile test the parameters estimation is finished by GA and the least square method LS. At last GA is applied for recognizing the material model parameters and the numerical simulation is finished in the V-shape sheet metal forming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, PMAC(Programmable Multi-Axis Controller) is used as machine tool CNC system to control linear motor’s micro-movement and to achieve online measurement of part circularity error. The part circularity is calculated through least square method by measured circularity error. The part circularity error can be decreased by PID control of PMAC, so precision cylindrical grinding can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the application strategies of high speed milling (HSM) technology in dies manufacturing for plate heat exchangers (PHE) according to the features of dies for plate heat exchangers (DPHE). It mainly analyzes the safety strategy, the using strategy of cutting tools, the technics, the virtual reality and simulation and so on under HSM situation, which is very significance for promoting deep application of HSM technology in industrial enterprises and improving aggregate level of our manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary stents are metallic tubes inserted in coronary arteries to treat cardiovascular diseases. The Palmaz-Schatz® Stent is the most representative member of the family of slot stents. In this paper, the impact of the geometry of the stent on its expansion behaviours was investigated using the ANSYS 9.0 finite element analysis (FEA) software. Several design cases, with the presence of a certain stenosed coronary artery, were selected for our research investigation. Results of the analysis, including expansion and radial displacement, radial recoil percentage, foreshortening percentage and von Mises stress distribution of various stents have been compared and discussed. This revealed significant potential relationships between the geometry of the stent and its expansion behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]