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One of the main application scenario that the upcoming 5G systems are expected to support is Internet of Things (IoT) traffic backhauling. With the exponential increase of devices, it follows the critical challenge of handling the huge data volume that they produce. Terrestrial Networks may not be sufficient for that, or not always available. Satellites then come into play, and they can provide the ubiquitous coverage targeted by 5G. On the other side, aggregation can be an efficient strategy to reduce the amount of traffic, and use network resources in an efficient manner. Building on that, in this work we consider an hybrid IoT-satellite network architecture for collecting MQTT traffic. We design an advanced filter namely MQTT-MFA that performs MQTT topics aggregation in close proximity of MQTT Publishers before data is sent over the satellite link. The developed MQTT-MFA implementation leverages on MQTT bridge, and it is compliant with Mosquitto, an open source MQTT broker. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated that MQTT-MFA requires only 10% of the TCP/IP overhead generated in a baseline architecture (where the bridge is not set up) and 1/4 number of bytes to transmit the same amount of information, when compression of the data payload is also enabled.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become ubiquitous and greatly affected peoples‘ daily lives. With the increasing development of IoT devices, the corresponding security issues are becoming more and more challenging. Such a severe security situation raises the following questions that need urgent attention: What are the primary security threats that IoT devices face currently‘ How do vendors and users deal with these threats‘ In this paper, we aim to answer these critical questions through a large-scale systematic study. Specifically, we perform a ten-month-long empirical study on the vulnerability of 1,362,906 IoT devices varying from six types. The results show sufficient evidence that N-days vulnerability is seriously endangering the IoT devices: 385,060 (28.25%) devices suffer from at least one N-days vulnerability. Moreover, 2,669 of these vulnerable devices may have been compromised by botnets. We further reveal the massive differences among five popular IoT search engines: Shodan, Censys, Zoomeye, Fofa and NTI. Besides, we measure the security of MQTT servers and identify that 12,740 (88%) MQTT servers have no password protection. Our analysis can serve as an important guideline for investigating the security of IoT devices, as well as advancing the development of a more secure environment for IoT systems.

An open-source P2P energy trading platform facilitates energy trading amongst the peers. The proposed system provides real time data acquisition, monitoring and control of self-generated energy at a remote location. The trading activities are done on a web interface that uses a private Ethereum blockchain. A smart contract is deployed on the Ethereum blockchain and the trading activities performed on the web interface are recorded on a tamper-proof blockchain network. An internet of things platform is used to monitor and control the self-generated energy. Energy data is collected and processed by means of ESP32-S2 microcontrollers using field instrumentation devices which are connected to the voltage source and load. An open-source decentralized Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading system, designed on the blockchain and internet of things (IoT) architecture is proposed. The hardware setup includes a relay, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a Wi-Fi router and ESP32-S2 microcontroller. For data transfer the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used over a local network. ESP32-S2 is set up as MQTT client and Node-Red IoT server is used as MQTT broker. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http) request method is implemented to connect the Node-Red server with the web interface developed using React.JS library. The system design, implementation, testing, and results are presented in this paper.

This paper presents implementation of smart system for irrigation. There will be discussed about components of system, their implementation, as well as the process of collecting, processing and sending data to the platform.

Things or device under the Internet of Things, when connected to the internet, becomes a product, offers various applications and services for end-users. Existing methodologies offer sensor-based IoT based health-care services, to the end-users populated with lots of sensed values all at a time, making the health-care system with least robustness and inefficient due to unsystematic preview of patient’s health record. In order to address this issue, a novel semantic-based service framework is proposed in this paper which allows the end-user to subscribe for a specific physiological parameter, among all the available sensed data, making the health-care system more efficient. In the SeSem framework, Semantification rules and semantification relationship table are applied to the sensed JavaScript object Notation format (JSON) data, in order to semantically separate the JSON data, into a meaningful format. To list the sensed data according to the significance of health issues, a priority is assigned to the sensors in the semantification relationship table. Hence, semantically separated data can be done along with assigned priority. Sensor-based Sematic (SS) ontology is then applied to the semantically separated data, to transform the sensed data more relevant in terms of particular disease and sensor associated with it. The semantically separated sensed data are then published to the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) interface. Using MQTT subscribe, the end-user along with date and time, requests for a particular service, using a Semantic Similarity mapping algorithm, which compares the entire sensed data to that of requested data and responds with a particular physiological parameter request. To make the health care system deploy services in an intelligent way, deep learning algorithm Feedforward Recurrent Neural Networks are applied, which makes the prediction of sensed data based on the latest update when the end-user subscribes for a certain sensed data without specifying date and time. The proposed methodology is evaluated against IoT performance metrics which had shoed showing better results in terms of service-oriented IoT.

Most of the IoT applications require real time and secure exchange of information among connected devices and hence, currently, security of communication protocols is becoming key topic of research. MQTT, a lightweight communication protocol, is used for real time communication between networks. Authors have reviewed numerous published researches on secure MQTT protocol for IoT networks and have discovered security loop holes of MQTT communication protocol that are needed to be addressed. This article proposes a secure and real time MQTT protocol by incorporating SSL certificate to MQTT broker for IoT applications without data loss. The research has been implemented in Raspberry Pi 3B system using Python 3.4.10 development platform along with Numpy 1.11.1 and scipy 0.18.0 (for mathematical analysis), paho-mqtt 1.5.0 (for MQTT publication/subscription), and Chromium (for displaying research outcome). The outcome of this research shows that the proposed MQTT protocol has tighten security during exchanging information over IoT networks without any loss of data. IIUC Studies Vol.17, December 2020: 27-42

The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work considers Smart Personal Protective Equipment as “Intelligent Protection For The Future”. It mainly consists of electronic components that collect data about their use, the workers who wear them, and the working environment. This paper proposes a distributed solution of Smart Personal Protective Equipment for the safety monitoring of Lone Workers by adopting low-cost electronic devices. In addition to the same hazards as anyone else, Lone Workers need additional and specific systems due to the higher risk they run on a work site. To this end, the Edge-Computing paradigm can be adopted to deploy an architecture embedding wearable devices, which alerts safety managers when workers do not wear the prescribed Personal Protective Equipment and supports a fast rescue when a worker seeks help or an accidental fall is automatically detected. The proposed system is a work-in-progress which provides an architecture design to accommodate different requirements, namely the deployment difficulties at temporary and large working sites, the maintenance and connectivity recurring cost issues, the respect for the workers’ privacy, and the simplicity of use for workers and their supervisors.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is a predominant research domain for smart cities, smart villages, society, and industry 4.0. The introduction of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in an ultra-low latency network with fog, dews, and edge computing gives the researcher ample scope to establish a decentralized architecture for ultra-high-speed message exchange between IoT devices. This work mainly focused on Social Internet of Things ecosystem and its design to efficiently handle large group social gatherings, events, and emergency service management. We propose a layered message transfer framework for the social IoT scenario. We also establish network connection through flying ad hoc network architecture. The standard IoT message transfer protocol is redesigned by amalgamating with an opportunistic routing mechanism and deployed within 6G software-defined network (SDN) slice. We use seven distinguished network slices for different services and corresponding access. The study reveals nearly 99% of message delivery rate with a latency upper bound of 2300 ms by opportunistic message transfer scheme in a dense network scenario for QoS 2. It also shows 95% of the bandwidth utilization per slice and 97% of network coverage under SDN in quality of service level 2. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

With the advent of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), it is considered to be one of the latest innovations that offer interesting opportunities for different vertical industries. One of the most relevant IoT technology areas is smart construction. IoT operates in several sectors on a daily basis; implementation includes smart building, smart grids, smart cities, smart houses, physical defense, e-health, asset, and transportation management, but it is not restricted to this. Support from smart IoT buildings is an IoT-level, connected, and cost-effective system. Commercial space has major requirements in terms of comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management. Such requirements can be served organically by IoT-based systems. As the supply of energy has been exhausted and energy demand has risen, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and the maintenance of buildings. With the use of evolving IoT technology, we present a secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture. Every device is known by its unique address, and one of the key web transfer protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It is an application layer protocol that does not use protected channels for data transfer. Automatic key management, confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity are all features of the Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS). To achieve energy efficiency, we propose a smart construction architecture that, through IoT, manages the performance of all technological systems. The results of the simulation show that the energy consumption is lowered by about 30.86% with the use of the CoAP in the smart building, which is less than the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport case (MQTT). This paper also aims to observe how to integrate the DTLS protocol with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using optimizations from the Certificate Authority (CA) to improve security.

In the present era, the internet of things (IoT) plays an important role in diverse domains, including weather prediction. Accurate weather forecasting is very crucial for the huge production of crops. Different methods such as mathematical and statistical models have been developed to predict the weather condition of Bangladesh. In this paper, we have proposed an IoT-based low-cost smart weather prediction system using an artificial neural network. The proposed system uses an IoT platform for monitoring the weather parameters like temperature, humidity, air pressure, rainfall, soil moisture, etc. The method consists of different sensors with a Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) dashboard. It uses the data obtained from these sensors and shows satisfactory accuracy along with smart irrigation compared to the existing state-of-the-art methods.

El material particulado en el aire es uno de los elementos con mayor repercusión negativa en la salud humana, con presencia en el Ecuador. Dicha situación constituye un problema latente, con poca atención para su control, debido a los elevados costos para adquirir equipos o la existencia de empresas privadas que realicen dichas mediciones. El objetivo de la investigación es diseñar un prototipo de Internet de las Cosas para el monitoreo de material particulado en espacios reducidos, usando ESP32 con servidor hospedado en la nube. La investigación tiene un diseño experimental, con alcance descriptivo y enfoque mixto. El prototipo diseñado para la adquisición de datos utiliza módulos de censado y la configuración del protocolo de comunicación MQTT integrando la plataforma ThingSpeak. Con la investigación se determinó la utilización de materiales electrónicos asequibles, software libre para su programación y el uso de herramientas para el tratamiento y visualización de datos de manera remota. El diseño del prototipo incluyó cuatro módulos de censado, un sensor Nova SDS011 y un microcontrolador ESP32 en cada módulo. Se utilizó el entorno de desarrollo integrado Arduino y Visual Code, ambos de código abierto para la programación de censado y una red mesh. La información obtenida es enviada mediante la red Wi-Fi a una tarjeta Raspberry Pi 4, configurada como servidor local. La información es publicada mediante el protocolo MQTT en un servidor hospedado en la nube en la plataforma ThingSpeak, que permite la visualización y tratamiento de los resultados de manera remota.

This paper describes the interaction between the Internet of Things (IoT) device and the IoT infrastructure in its two different implementations: Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. Both implementations support MQTT-based communication with IoT devices; however, the details of protocol implementation and the interfaces provided to the IoT device are somewhat different. The development of the IoT device firmware that enables communication with both infrastructures and allows the device to be portable between them needs to take these differences into consideration.

MQTT merupakan sebuah protokol yang diterapkan pada IOT. Protokol ini sangat mendukung untuk jaringan WAN, karena WAN mencakup area yang luas. Protokol MQTT mempunyai kelebihan yaitu dapat bekerja dengan energi dan media penyimpanan yang minimum. Jaringan pada sistem informasi parkir yang ada saat ini kebanyakan hanya bersifat LAN. Oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini sistem informasi parkir dikembangkan dengan menggunakan protokol MQTT yang diterapkan pada jaringan WAN. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi penelitian ini protokol MQTT dapat diterapkan pada teknologi WAN dengan average delay sebesar 0.028183014 second membuktikan bahwa protokol MQTT mempunyai kualitas yang baik berdasarkan parameter nilai delay. Selain itu packet loss dari publisher ke server pada protokol MQTT yaitu sebesar 0%, hal ini membuktikan bahwa akurasi pengiriman pada MQTT adalah 100%.

У статті розглядається платформа для віддаленого управління (моніторингу) IoT-пристроями, які в останній час дуже широко поширюються по всьому світу. Водночас постає проблема підвищення рівня ефективності проєктування інформаційних систем, що будуть надавати доступ до різноманітної інформації з будь-якого куточка світу, де є доступ до мережі «Інтернет». Тому важливим є уважний та ретельний підхід до вибору архітектури платформи.IoT-платформа – це набір компонентів, які забезпечують: взаємодію з додатками, віддалений збір даних з датчиків, безпечне підключення та управління пристроями. IoT-платформа забезпечує перевагу при створенні IoT-систем за рахунок надання інструментів розробки, що робить Інтернет речей простіше і дешевше для кінцевих користувачів.Було проаналізовано функціональні можливості платформи. Обґрунтовано основні підходи до її побудови. Запропоновано архітектуру платформи, яка дозволяє взаємодіяти користувальницьким додаткам з IoT-пристроями.У результаті було отримано діючий прототип IoT-системи, що демонструє принцип роботи цієї платформи. Основу системи становить сервер, який взаємодіє з клієнтами та IoT-пристроями. Однак взаємодія з пристроями сервером виконується за допомогою MQTT-брокера. Взаємодія клієнтів із сервером виконується за протоколом WebSocket. Програмне забезпечення для сервера створено за допомогою мови програмування Node.js, TypeScript і фреймворка LoopBack. Для створення клієнтського інтерфейсу було використано такий стек технологій: CSS, HTML, Javascript, React, Material-UI.Розроблена платформа є дуже гнучкою та дозволяє: підключати безліч різноманітних пристроїв; конфігурувати пристрої через браузер; створювати сценарії для керування системою в цілому (сценарії створюються за допомогою візуального програмування).

The increasing need for food is not in line with the clearing of agricultural land for food crops. So that the effort to increase the productivity of agricultural products is by applying precision agriculture. However, in reality, precision agriculture is difficult to apply to conventional processes, where farmers come to the farm, collect data, then carry out maintenance. This method will make production results not optimal because maintenance is not done accurately. This study introduces a monitoring system for environmental conditions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) for agricultural land, where trials are carried out in a greenhouse. The system that has been developed consists of several sensors designed to collect information related to agricultural environmental conditions, including DHT22 sensor (temperature and humidity), DS18B20 sensor (soil temperature), soil moisture sensor (moisture content in the soil), and BH1750 sensor (light intensity). Based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, the data is sent to a gateway (Raspberry Pi) and a local server via a wireless network to be stored in a database. By using the Node-RED Dashboard, the received sensor data is then displayed on the browser every time the sensor sends data. In addition, the local server also publishes sensor data to the public MQTT broker so that sensor data can be accessed through the MQTT Dashboard application on a smartphone. The results of testing for 25 days of the system running obtained an average success of the system in storing data of 99.64%., Kebutuhan pangan yang semakin meningkat tidak sejalan dengan pembukaan lahan pertanian untuk tanaman pangan. Sehingga upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas hasil pertanian yaitu dengan menerapkan pertanian presisi. Namun, pada kenyataannya pertanian presisi sulit diterapkan pada proses konvensional, dimana petani mendatangi lahan pertanian, mengambil data, lalu melakukan pemeliharaan. Cara tersebut akan membuat hasil produksi tidak maksimal karena pemeliharan tidak dilakukan secara akurat. Penelitian ini memperkenalkan sistem pemantau kondisi lingkungan berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) untuk lahan pertanian, dimana ujicoba dilakukan di dalam greenhouse. Sistem yang telah dikembangkan terdiri dari beberapa sensor yang didesain untuk mengumpulkan informasi terkait kondisi lingkungan pertanian, diantaranya sensor DHT22 (suhu dan kelembaban udara), sensor DS18B20 (suhu tanah), sensor soil moisture (kadar air pada tanah), dan sensor BH1750 (intensitas cahaya). Berbasis protokol Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), data tersebut dikirim ke gateway (Raspberry Pi) dan server lokal melalui jaringan nirkabel untuk disimpan di dalam database. Dengan menggunakan Node-RED Dashboard, data sensor yang diterima kemudian ditampilkan pada browser setiap sensor mengirimkan data. Selain itu, server lokal juga melakukan publish data sensor ke public MQTT broker agar data sensor dapat diakses melalui aplikasi MQTT Dashboard di smartphone. Hasil pengujian selama 25 hari sistem berjalan, diperoleh rata-rata keberhasilan sistem dalam menyimpan data sebesar 99.64%.

Workspace or home security systems required special attention, especially in the issue of locks for room security that must be unique, not easily opened by unauthorized people to enter the room. In this research, indoor security systems applied Internet of things (IoT), the use of MQTT Broker which functions as a getway for data transactions between publishers and subscribers, power supply and ESP8266. The method to building the smart doorlock was use prototype method, designed the system and design diagrams, used UML (Unified Manipulation Language), the analysing problem used the PIECES method. The use of the MQTT broker functions as a gateway to connect publishers, subscribers, power supplies and the ESP8266 wifi module which functions as a gateway between devices to the mobile. The result of this researched was prototype the smart door lock system using IoT.

With the development of the times, the concept of "interconnection of all things" has been deeply rooted in the hearts of people. As an early and developing Internet technology, the Internet of things(IoT) has shown its infinite potential in many fields of social life. In agriculture, the agricultural IoT is coverring a growing number of fields: greenhouse planting, climate factor collection, climate prediction and so on. Based on this idea, the design idea of "patchouli growth environment monitoring system" is put forward. In this paper, the medicinal plant "patchouli" is studied, and its medicinal value and growth factors are discussed. Meanwhile, based on zigbee technology, we design a set of feasible monitoring scheme including hardware and software. The hardware part used ZigBee wireless network design, mainly relies on the cc2530 chip and the esp8266 wifi chip to carry on the wireless distance transmission to the sensor data. It interacts between OneNET cloud server and mysql database through MQTT protocol, TCP/IP protocol and HTTP protocol.

The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) led to the construction of many IoT middleware, a software that plays a key role since it supports the communication among devices, users, and applications. Although various solutions and studies were proposed, they rarely address crucial privacy and security considerations, especially regarding the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol. Moreover, in the majority of the solutions, integrating new devices is a time-consuming task performed manually that cannot be accomplished in a scenario with thousands, maybe millions of devices. In this sense, this article proposes a new IoT middleware, called In.IoT, a scalable, secure, and innovative middleware solution that addresses the middleware concerns identified in this article. In.IoT architectural recommendations and requirements are detailed and can be replicated by new and available solutions. It supports MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP as application-layer protocols. Its performance is evaluated in comparison with the most promising solutions available in the literature and the results obtained by the proposed solution are extremely promising. In.IoT is evaluated, demonstrated, validated, and it is ready and available for use.

Providing safety, security, operational convenience and energy savings are some of the vital goals of a home automation system. A single unified point of interaction for the user is also an importa...

Internet of Things (IoT) paved the way for devices and machine communication using TCP/IP protocol. Lightweight and stateless communication is imperative especially in a situation requiring conserv...

This work aims to monitor air quality in places where humans spend most of their time, such as workplaces and homes. Radon gas is a naturally occurring, colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that accumulates in enclosed spaces. It is a radioactive element produced by the decay of its natural parent elements, uranium and thorium, which is harmful to our respiratory system when inhaled. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the key to the problems of contemporary life, we are witnessing an emerging connected world, and these architectures have the potential by using sensors to take data from the physical world, transfer it over the network and store it for further decision making or action. The proposal of this work is based on a radon sensor connected to an IoT device, the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT), the Node-RED for managing data flows and a database management system on a web server. The information collected by the sensor is sent by the IoT device to be processed by Node-RED. The obtained data is stored in a database to be represented on a web server. Therefore, this work includes a case study where the technologies involved in the indoor radon gas monitoring system are presented. It is a way to perform radon gas measurements automatically. The final application would allow: displaying radon concentrations on a map with placemarks and updating the information in real-time. The database could record data from other radon sensors that any user wants to associate with this website.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming ubiquitous, and may be arranged to form formal or ad hoc Command and Control (C2) networks. Such networks typically do not have a mechanism to facilitate the sharing of either data or control inputs. This paper examines this problem in the context of IoT devices operating within C2 systems which do not have a trusted relationship with each other. We propose a solution which we call syndication, to provide a controlled mechanism to share data between C2 systems of devices without a fully trusted relationship. This paper builds upon previous work which established a lightweight protocol for secure C2 operations within the IoT. Using the proposed approach enables not only sharing of data but also permits the external controller to submit moderated requests for actions to be performed. The paper concludes by examining how this approach could also be adopted to provide secure guest access to connected systems in a domestic or commercial context.

In this paper, we design and implement an MQTT load test tools for evaluating the performance of an MQTT appliance system which is capable of handling large amounts of MQTT traffic. The implemented system consists of a master that can centrally control the performance evaluation process and a set of clients that creates virtual MQTT devices and generates MQTT traffic. The MQTT Load Test system was developed using the Java language and the Jpcap library. We developed a GUI version load test and also developed a console mode system that can be executed in an environment where GUI is not available. Using the MQTT Load Test system implemented in this paper, we were able to effectively evaluate the performance of a high-performance MQTT Appliance, another important research topic. Since MQTT Load Test Master and Slave have developed not only the GUI version but also the Console version, it is possible to test the performance even in a remote connection situation where GUI is not supported. The experiment could be conducted in various scenarios, and the number of virtual clients that had to be created per a computer could be confirmed so that the computers participating in the experiment could generate or receive MQTT message traffic of a predetermined level. Applications: The MQTT Load Test system implemented in this paper can be used as a tool for performance evaluation of high-performance MQTT Appliances.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices and technology are increasingly being integrated into smart grids. These devices come with a lot of security vulnerabilities. To combat this, IoT protocols have been extended with security mechanisms. However, these mechanisms introduce extra processing that can lead to additional delay. This additional delay can affect the reliable operation of a smart power system which depends on prompt communication. This paper investigates the real time properties of IoT communication security protocols. We determine the impact of IoT protocols on the real time requirements of smart grid functions (protection, control, and monitoring). We measure how much communication traffic size and delay are added and how it scales. We determine the requirements that must be met by the optimized security protocols. Three IoT communication protocols were considered: CoAP/DTLS, MQTT/TLS, and XMPP/TLS. Results show both latency and overhead increased by a minimum of 3 × for each protocol. The increase in delay was below the recommended maximum standard for microgrid monitoring but exceeded the recommended standard for control operations.

PDAM merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam distribusi air bersih bagi masyarakat. Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia telah menjadi pelanggan air PDAM guna memenuhi kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas sehari-hari. Kualitas air menjadi persoalan penting karena berhubungan erat dengan kesehatan. Pada makalah ini dilakukan perancangan sistem monitoring kualitas air PDAM Banyumas berbasis IoT dengan meninjau parameter konduktivitas (EC) dan padatan terlarut (TDS). Hasil data pengukuran dapat diakses melalui aplikasi Andorid pada smartphone. Aplikasi dirancang menggunakan protokol HTTP dan MQTT. Protokol HTTP digunakan pada user interface untuk mengambil data terakhir pengukuran, sedangkan protokol MQTT digunakan untuk update data pengukuran sehingga proses transmisi data lebih cepat. Sistem akan mengirim pemberitahuan melalui Telegram apabila kualitas air berada di bawah baku mutu. Pengujian akurasi pengukuran dilakukan dengan membandingkan perangkat monitoring yang dibuat dengan alat ukur bersertifikat pada sampel air minum kemasan dan air PDAM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kinerja perangkat monitoring kualitas air PDAM yang dirancang sebesar 97,31% serta kualitas air PDAM Banyumas yang didistribusikan sangat stabil dan aman dikonsumsi.

In this paper, we present a smart connected parking lots solution to automatically count and notify drivers about empty parking spots in major cities. As its name implies, the proposed smart IoT system has two operating phases: (i) continuous counting of empty spots in the monitored far-apart parking lots, and (ii) instantaneous driver notification through a lightweight MQTT mechanism. This notification system relies only on information collected from the pre-installed multimedia devices (no other apparatus installation or maintenance such as ground sensors is required). To validate the proper operation of our solution, we have implemented a small-scale version of it and assessed its performance while considering different classical and lightweight deep learning techniques (MobileNetV2, ResNet-50, YOLOv3, SSD-MobileNetV2, Tiny-YOLO, SqueezeDet, and SqueezeDet pruned with $$\ell _1$$ -norm). The experiments have confirmed the proper operation, efficiency, ease of deployment, and ease of extension of our system. They also confirmed that lightweight deep learning solutions are more adequate for small-sized resource-constrained embedded systems. They are more efficient in terms of inference time, size, resource consumption, and yield an accuracy that is close to that of classical solutions.

Today's age of information and communications technologies (ICTs) in urban areas revolves around the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) and application of IoT in smart city constructs. IoT has enabled cheap but reliable ubiquitous computing for modern day ICT needs. As a result, the military community is actively looking into application of IoT for its operational needs. Federation and interoperability become complex for IoT implementation in the huge jungle of protocols and technologies available for IoT. This problem becomes critical in humanitarian assistance and disaster recovery operations where multiple agencies need to collaborate to bring quick and effective relief to disaster struck areas. Message Query Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is such an IoT-based protocol that is widely adopted in the industry for lightweight but reliable messaging. This article tries to provide insight into federation based on MQTT with a prototype implementation between military and civilian ICT systems. This federation concept would enable lightweight, vendor-agnostic, and interoperable message exchange while using existing information sources and preventing stove-piped systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are well-connected; they generate and consume data which involves transmission of data back and forth among various devices. Ensuring security of the data is a critical challenge as far as IoT is concerned. Since IoT devices are inherently low-power and do not require a lot of compute power, a Network Intrusion Detection System is typically employed to detect and remove malicious packets from entering the network. In the same context, we propose feature clusters in terms of Flow, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) by using features in UNSW-NB15 data-set. We eliminate problems like over-fitting, curse of dimensionality and imbalance in the data-set. We apply supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Networks on the clusters. Using RF, we, respectively, achieve 98.67% and 97.37% of accuracy in binary and multi-class classification. In clusters based techniques, we achieved 96.96%, 91.4% and 97.54% of classification accuracy by using RF on Flow & MQTT features, TCP features and top features from both clusters. Moreover, we show that the proposed feature clusters provide higher accuracy and requires lesser training time as compared to other state-of-the-art supervised ML-based approaches.

In recent years, the rapid development of computer and network technology has produced various positive and negative effects on the mental health of college students. This also brings challenges to mental health education in colleges. In order to strengthen the research on the mental health education model under the network environment, this paper proposes the architecture of the college student mental health education system based on the privacy and security of the Internet of Things. First of all, this article combines the 3DES-RC4 hybrid security encryption algorithm based on the Internet of Things. This article uses the C/S architecture, MQTT protocol and SIP protocol based on the Internet of Things structure to design and implement instant messaging IoT security for mental health education Architecture. The extreme learning machine method combined with the differential privacy method is used in this article. By adding noise to the query results and adding an appropriate amount of noise to the analysis results, the protection of private data can be achieved. Finally, the data set experiment proves that compared with the existing algorithms, the algorithm and model proposed in this paper can better balance the level of privacy protection and classification accuracy.

The pervasive advancement in the field of an autonomous system is significantly influenced by the concept of integrating a large number of devices. The use Internet of Things (IoT) has increased day by day for making connected devices over the internet. Besides, mobile sensing devices operated by IoT including smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, sensors, etc. are providing access to a large variety of data and services based on human interaction. In this paper, the implementation and analysis of an IoT-based home automation framework using NodeMCU through the MQTT protocol are described. This helps the users to monitor and control home appliances from remote places by using a mobile application over the internet.

Water is one of the mineral resources which is a source of basic human needs and has many uses including drinking, bathing, washing and so on. In urban areas, clean water services are generally provided by the government through the PDAM (Regional Water Company). In the use of water, sometimes the user is not able to control the use of water which causes an enlarged water bill as in one of the houses in Pancor, East Lombok Regency. In this area, monitoring is still carried out conventionally by checking the water meter used. Monitoring systems are now widely used as an alternative way to monitor one of them in monitoring water use. In this study, a system (Smart Meter System) that can be used to control and monitor water usage in the household for more efficient water use is designed. By using WeMos as a microcontroller, Water Flow Sensor and MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol as data communication, remote control and monitoring of water use in households can be done in real-time.

Feeding fish is the most important thing in raising fish, with regular feeding to fish the fish will be able to continue to breed, In general, the process of feeding still requires human resources that are still manual, so that it will be difficult and disrupt human activity itself, if the process carried out must spread the food in the aquarium when someone is not in place, Therefore, currently IOT (Internet of Thing) technology has been developed which can facilitate human activities with remote control systems. The process of feeding with a remote control system is done using android, so as to simplify and save someone's time in the process of feeding without having to be in place. The control system used is Arduino ESP8266 as a single board micro controller platform, so that the control device can function to connect the WI-FI network. The process of connecting an Arduino ESP8266 device with a smartphone is done using the broker as hosting, the broker used was MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), MQTT is a protocol that runs on the TCP / IP stack and is designed specifically for machine to machine that does not have a specific address. MQTT broker's working system is to implement publish as data sender, subcribe as data recipient, and topic as hosting data broker.

At present, the problem of creating methodological security of cyberphysical systems, in particular, the design and implementation of information security subsystems is acute. At the same time, the landscape of threats and vulnerabilities typical for a wide range of hardware and software technologies used in cyberphysical systems is extremely wide and complex. In this context, the security of application layer protocols is of paramount importance, as these protocols are the basis for interaction between applications and services running on different devices, as well as in cloud infrastructures. With the constant interaction of the systems under study with the real physical infrastructure, the challenge is to determine effective measures to ensure the integrity of the transferred control commands, as disruption of the performed critical processes can affect human life and health. The paper provides an analytical review of the main methods of data integrity assurance in management protocol of cyberphysical systems, as well as an overview of application layer protocols vulnerabilities widely used in cyberphysical systems of different types. Classical methods of data integrity assurance, new methods, in particular, blockchain, as well as the main directions of increasing the efficiency of data integrity protocols in cyberphysical systems are considered. Analysis of application layer vulnerabilities is carried out on the example of the most popular MQTT, CoAP, AMQP, DDS, XMPP specifications and their implementations. It is established that despite the presence of basic security mechanisms in all these protocols, researchers continue to regularly identify vulnerabilities in popular implementations, that often endangers critical infrastructure services. In the course of preparing the review of the existing methods of data integrity assurance for the examined class of systems, the key problems of these methods integration and ways of their solution were defined.

La tendencia actual es interconectar cualquier dispositivo para ser monitoreado y controlado de manera remota por medio de tecnologías propias del concepto de IoT. Uno de los problemas es conectar los dispositivos a una red mediante tecnologías con suficiente cobertura y capacidad, por lo que en el presente artículo se muestra el desarrollo de un gateway móvil para aplicaciones IoT bajo la plataforma Android, evaluado en redes móviles de 4G. El gateway móvil IoT envía los datos recolectados de sensores mediante la selección de los protocolos MQTT y HTTP, hacia plataformas IoT en Internet. La arquitectura se compone de sensores de temperatura, luminosidad y presión que se integran en un nodo sensor, cuya función es la obtención de los datos, procesamiento y luego, mediante Bluetooth, se envía a un smartphone Android, donde se ejecuta una aplicación que hace la función gateway móvil. Aquí se realiza el entramado de datos que son enviados mediante la red 4G LTE hacia las plataformas IoT de Ubidots y Watson IoT. Posteriormente se realizaron pruebas con varias métricas como latencia, demanda de corriente y costos de conexión. Se concluye que el gateway móvil IoT tiene un mejor rendimiento bajo el protocolo MQTT, en comparación con HTTP.

Sustained Internet of Things (IoT) deployment and functioning are heavily reliant on the use of effective data communication protocols. In the IoT landscape, the publish/subscribe-based Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is popular. Cyber security threats against the MQTT protocol are anticipated to increase at par with its increasing use by IoT manufacturers. In particular, IoT is vulnerable to protocol-based Application layer Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, which have been known to cause widespread service disruption in legacy systems. In this paper, we propose an Application layer DoS attack detection framework for the MQTT protocol and test the scheme on legitimate and protocol compliant DoS attack scenarios. To protect the MQTT message brokers from such attacks, we propose a machine learning-based detection framework developed for the MQTT protocol. Through experiments, we demonstrate the impact of such attacks on various MQTT brokers and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework to detect these malicious attacks. The results obtained indicate that the attackers can overwhelm the server resources even when legitimate access was denied to MQTT brokers and resources have been restricted. In addition, the MQTT features we have identified showed high attack detection accuracy. The field size and length-based features drastically reduced the false-positive rates and are suitable in detecting IoT based attacks.

In IoT-based smart healthcare services, the heterogeneity of connected wearable sensing devices open up a wide opportunity to develop various healthcare services. However, it also poses an interoperability challenge since each sensing device and application may have different communication mechanisms. Considering that challenge, web platform can be seen as a promising candidate for providing an interoperability layer as we can abstract various devices as single representation i.e. web resource. In this paper, we propose the design of middleware for enabling efficient web of things access over healthcare wearable devices. The proposed middleware consists of three components: gateway-to-cloud device, messaging service and data access interface. The gateway-to-cloud device has a role to perform low level sensor data collection from various wearable sensing device through bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication protocol. Collected data are then relayed to the cloud IoT platform using a lightweight MQTT messaging protocol. In order to provide device abstraction along with access to the stored data, the system offers two kind of interfaces: the Restful HTTP identified by unique universal resource locator (URL) for batch access and MQTT websocket interface identified by unique topic to accommodate access on sensing data in near real time stream manner.

Security vulnerabilities make the Internet of Things (IoT) systems open to online attacks that threaten both their operation and user privacy. Among the many protocols governing IoT operation, MQTT has seen wide adoption, but comes with rudimentary security support. Specifically, while the MQTT standard strongly recommends that servers (brokers) offer Transport Layer Security (TLS), it is mainly concerned with the message transmission protocol, leaving to implementers the responsibility for providing appropriate security features. However, well-known solutions for Web Security (OAuth2) exist, which may benefit MQTT. This paper presents systematic implementation efforts and practical experimentation to evaluate the feasibility of one such approach, namely the MQTT-TLS profile for the Authentication and Authorization in Constrained Environments (ACE), recently specified by the IETF. Our implementation includes the functionality for (1) the Authorization Server (AS), to handle client registration, authorization policies, and Access Tokens; (2) the MQTT broker, to enforce authentication in both MQTT versions 3.1.1 and 5. Together, these enable ACE-MQTT clients to use (3) OAuth2-based authentication and authorization via Proof of Possession tokens. We make the source-code of our ACE-MQTT implementation publicly available, and evaluate it against plain MQTT systems in realistic settings with different computation constraints. To assess the cost of security, we measure the CPU, memory, network usage, and energy consumption. The results obtained confirm that the ACE requirements match the capabilities of moderately constrained devices, hence providing an affordable mechanism to secure MQTT systems.

A switch is a device for disconnecting or connecting electricity, usually used on lights. The Informatics Engineering Study Program (PSTI) of the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Mataram (UNRAM) has several classrooms with light switches controlled by manual switches. Problems occur when classroom users do not turn off class lights after use or when the room has sufficient lighting from outside. The solution is by implementing an automatic control system based on Internet of Things (IoT) that uses several sensors as a trigger switch. The monitoring system created can display light intensity data, motion status, and lamp status in real time obtained from the electronic circuit of the system via the MQTT protocol. Based on the test scheme carried out, the system created can perform lamp management based on the conditions received. MOS testing produces value 4.58 from scale 5 shows that the system is feasible to use.

This paper discusses the comparison of service quality between HTTP protocol and MQTT protocol implemented using internet of things to research on soil moisture around plants, quality of service compared to delay, jitter, throughput and packet loss. In this study the results showed that the HTTP and MQTT protocols have an average delay value below 150 or 63 ms. HTTP has an average jitter value between 0 - 62 ms, while MQTT has a jitter range value of between 0 - 16 ms. Whereas the HTTP throughput value is 88 ms and the MQTT protocol is 68 ms. Then for packet loss parameters both have the same quality as it generates a packet loss value of 0%. In this study it can be concluded that the use of http protocols is the superior protocol of MQTT in terms of quality of service.

Fog Computing is a new concept made by Cisco to provide same functionalities of Cloud Computing but near to Things to enhance performance such as reduce delay and response time. Packet loss may occur on single Fog server over a huge number of messages from Things because of several factors like limited bandwidth and capacity of queues in server. In this paper, Internet of Things based Fog-to-Cloud architecture is proposed to solve the problem of packet loss on Fog server using Load Balancing and virtualization. The architecture consists of 5 layers, namely: Things, gateway, Fog, Cloud, and application. Fog layer is virtualized to specified number of Fog servers using Graphical Network Simulator-3 and VirtualBox on local physical server. Server Load Balancing router is configured to distribute the huge traffic in Weighted Round Robin technique using Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol. Then, maximum message from Fog layer are selected and sent to Cloud layer and the rest of messages are deleted within 1 hour using our proposed Data-in-Motion technique for storage, processing, and monitoring of messages. Thus, improving the performance of the Fog layer for storage and processing of messages, as well as reducing the packet loss to half and increasing throughput to 4 times than using single Fog server.

Perangkat IoT yang diimplementasi pada banyak tempat dapat mengalami perubahan berupa update firmware. Update firmware pada perangkat IoT biasanya dilakukan dengan mengambil perangkat IoT, lalu menghubungkan ke komputer menggunakan komunikasi serial melalui kabel USB to micro USB, selanjutnya melakukan update firmware pada perangkat IoT dan mengembalikan perangkat IoT ke tempat. Jika sistem pada perangkat IoT sudah dapat berkomunikasi melalui antar muka jaringan, tidak perlu lagi menggunakan kabel USB to micro USB, karena bisa dimanfaatkan over the air update firmware menggunakan antar muka jaringan pada perangkat IoT. Over the air update firmware adalah memuat firmware hasil build dari Arduino IDE pada perangkat IoT menggunakan antar muka jaringan Wi-Fi, pada penelitian ini perangkat IoT menggunakan mikrokontroler ESP8266-12E. Untuk melakukan update firmware perangkat IoT digunakan protokol MQTT untuk menjembatani antara aplikasi berbasis website sebagai interface pengguna untuk publish file firmware ke perangkat IoT. Hasil dari implementasi aplikasi berbasis website untuk over the air update firmware pada perangkat IoT dengan protokol MQTT, dalam 10 kali pengujian pengiriman file firmware perangkat IoT menggunakan masing-masing QoS 0, QoS 1, dan QoS 2, didapatkan hasil QoS 2 lebih direkomendasikan untuk digunakan mengirim file firmware dengan keberhasilan update firmware QoS 0 = 50 %, QoS 1 = 70% dan QoS 2 = 80% dari 10 kali percobaan pengiriman file firmware pada perangkat IoT.

Nowadays, applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) have been introduced in different fields of medicine to provide more efficient medical services to the patients. A systematic mapping study was conducted to answer ten research questions with the purposes of identifying and classifying the present medical IoT technological features as well as recognizing the opportunities for future developments. We reviewed how cloud, wearable technologies, wireless communication technologies, messaging protocols, security methods, development boards, microcontrollers, mobile/IoT operating systems, and programming languages have been engaged in medical IoT. Based on specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, 89 papers, published between 2000 and 2018, were screened and selected. It was found that IoT studies, with a publication rise between 2015 and 2018, predominantly dealt with the following IoT features: (a) wearable sensor types of chiefly accelerometer and ECG placed on 16 different body parts, especially the wrist (33%) and the chest (21%) or implanted on the bone; (b) wireless communication technologies of Bluetooth, cellular networks, and Wi-Fi; (c) messaging protocols of mostly MQTT; (d) utilizing cloud for both storing and analyzing data; (e) the security methods of encryption, authentication, watermark, and error control; (f) the microcontrollers belonging to Atmel ATmega and ARM Cortex-M3 families; (g) Android as the commonly used mobile operating system and TinyOS and ContikiOS as the commonly used IoT operating systems; (h) Arduino and Raspberry Pi development boards; and finally (i) MATLAB as the most frequently employed programming language in validation research. The identified gaps/opportunities for future exploration are, namely, employment of fog/edge computing in storage and processing big data, the overlooked efficient features of CoAP messaging protocol, the unnoticed advantages of AVR Xmega and Cortex-M microcontroller families, employment of the programming languages of Python for its significant capabilities in evaluation and validation research, development of the applications being supported by the mobile/IoT operating systems in order to provide connection possibility among all IoT devices in medicine, exploiting wireless communication technologies such as BLE, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, NFC, and 5G to reduce power consumption and costs, and finally uncovering the security methods, usually used in IoT applications, in order to make other applications more trustworthy.

En la actualidad, las técnicas empíricas en la producción agrícola ecuatoriana para la identificación y clasificación de productos no son suficientes para alcanzar estándares de calidad con normas de inocuidad alimentaria y así lograr cubrir la demanda de un mercado internacional. Este trabajo presenta un sistema capaz de supervisar, identificar y clasificar la calidad de productos del sector agrícola, mediante la aplicación de técnicas de soft computing y algoritmos de machine learning que contribuyen a la identificación de imágenes en tiempo real. La investigación permitió implementar algoritmos de clasificación de K vecinos más cercanos para etiquetar los productos según su calidad y enviar los reportes en tiempo real a una aplicación web mediante el protocolo MQTT. Los productos utilizados para este estudio fueron bananas, naranjas, plátano verde y manzanas. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron determinar el mínimo número de imágenes requeridos para el entrenamiento de los modelos de identificación y las tasas de error de identificación durante la etapa de validación.

In recent years, the development of Cloud and Internet of Things (IoT) integrated applications are becoming more and more popular among developers, and this combined system is described as Cloud of Things (CoT). Cloud of Things can be utilized for finding optimal solutions for various problems. CoT is one of the essential methods for the construction and development of smart cities. With the installation of CoT based technologies, people can be able to check, control environmental parameters through intelligent embedded devices. In this paper, we present a CoTarchitecture based on proxy using Peer to Peer (P2P) connectivity for interworking IoT devices and Cloud. Proposed Cloud of Things architecture supports IoT devices’ contextual data transformation to the Cloud-based on P2P connectivity using Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) IoTivity and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. The proposed system provides a collection of huge sensing information via Internet of Things devices and upload gathered data to Cloud for further analyzation. The proxy can acquire sensor data from the Internet of Things networks and then publish the data as messages to the subject in Internet of Things global Cloud. Moreover, this Cloud of Things architecture supports the peer to peer internetworking for communication of client devices and embedded devices. Finally, we also compared the IoT service of global Cloud platforms in CoT experiments.

With the rise of intelligent hardware and the rapid development of the Internet of Things, its security issues are also facing severe challenges. Internet of things devices are often limited devices with limited computing power and limited resource space. Therefore, a lightweight security solution needs to be designed specifically for this purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the method of IoT device access and network communication based on MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Based on the MQTT protocol and the theoretical foundation of Wi-Fi technology, this paper proposes a Wi-Fi distribution network optimization scheme and terminal communication method, and sets up a system test platform. The experiment proves that the communication method of the IoT terminal equipment based on MQTT proposed in this paper can reliably and flexibly implement the communication function of the equipment and meet the communication needs of the IoT system. According to the performance of the Wi-Fi access configuration method, this paper tests the performance of transmitting information with lengths of 10 bytes, 30 bytes, 50 bytes, and 70 bytes, respectively, the average time of the distribution network is 0.6692s, 1.3546s, 2.8600s, 4.7319s, all rates are 100%. It can be seen that the system has a higher efficiency in network distribution.