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In the issue of cyber security, block-chain, which is best known for crypto currencies, is providing an interesting answer. Block-chain has excellent safeguards against information manipulation. It supports securing access to Internet of Things (IOT) devices. Furthermore, it enables hacked IOT network instruments to be closed and unplugged. Block-chain serves as a distributed ledger system. It is used in conjunction with IOT to enable machine-to-machine interactions. It makes use of a database that contains a collection of transactions. These transactions are double-checked and recorded in a central ledger. On each node, these ledgers have been deployed. The idea of block chain is discussed in conjunction with the Internet of Things in this research study. Several studies in the fields of block-chain and IOT are considered in this paper. The necessity for block-chain and its development have been discussed in terms of its applicability difficulties. In addition, the significance of block chain in IOT-based research for online transaction security is examined.

Distributed ledgers (DLs) provide many advantages over centralized solutions in Internet of Things projects, including but not limited to improved security, transparency, and fault tolerance. To leverage DLs at scale, their well-known limitation (i.e., performance) should be adequately analyzed and addressed. Directed acyclic graph-based DLs have been proposed to tackle the performance and scalability issues by design. The first among them, IOTA, has shown promising signs in addressing the preceding issues. IOTA is an open source DL designed for the Internet of Things. It uses a directed acyclic graph to store transactions on its ledger, to achieve a potentially higher scalability over blockchain-based DLs. However, due to the uncertainty and centralization of the deployed consensus, the current IOTA implementation exposes some performance issues, making it less performant than the initial design. In this article, we first extend an existing simulator to support realistic IOTA simulations and investigate the impact of different design parameters on IOTA’s performance. Then, we propose a layered model to help the users of IOTA determine the optimal waiting time to resend the previously submitted but not yet confirmed transaction. Our findings reveal the impact of the transaction arrival rate, tip selection algorithms, weighted tip selection algorithm randomness, and network delay on the throughput. Using the proposed layered model, we shed some light on the distribution of the confirmed transactions. The distribution is leveraged to calculate the optimal time for resending an unconfirmed transaction to the DL. The performance analysis results can be used by both system designers and users to support their decision making.

Due to a steeply growing number of energy assets, the increasingly decentralized and segmented energy sector fuels the potential for new digital use cases. In this paper, we focus our attention on the application field of asset logging, which addresses the collection, documentation, and usage of relevant asset data for direct or later verification. We identified a number of promising use cases that so far have not been implemented; supposedly due to the lack of a suitable technical infrastructure. Besides the high degree of complexity associated with various stakeholders and the diversity of assets involved, the main challenge we found in asset logging use cases is to guarantee the tamper-resistance and integrity of the stored data while meeting scalability, addressing cost requirements, and protecting sensitive data. Against this backdrop, we present a blockchain-based platform and argue that it can meet all identified requirements. Our proposed technical solution hierarchically aggregates data in Merkle trees and leverages Merkle proofs for the efficient and privacy-preserving verification of data integrity, thereby ensuring scalability even for highly frequent data logging. By connecting all stakeholders and assets involved on the platform through bilateral and authenticated communication channels and adding a blockchain as a shared foundation of trust, we implement a wide range of asset logging use cases and provide the basis for leveraging platform effects in future use cases that build on verifiable data. Along with the technical aspects of our solution, we discuss the challenges of its practical implementation in the energy sector and the next steps for testing in a regulatory sandbox approach.

Block chain is a distributed ledger that offers secure and immutable storage. E–governance allows exchange of information between government and citizens or organizations through latest information and communication technologies. The E governance services facilitate efficient and fast access of services; on the other hand it raises potential risks of breaching into privacy and Security. Blockchain based e-governance system offers secure and transparent services without intermediary. This paper investigates the scope and challenges of adopting blockchain technology as a platform for E-Governance.

There are two primary purposes of property registers. First, they make public the proprietary interests that exist in a piece of property (disclosure). Second, they provide confidence to the holder...

Blockchain, which is usually regarded as a public, decentralized and distributed ledger, has attracted significant attention recently. In the environment of blockchain, all historical transaction data are recorded and stored. However, because blockchain is open and transparent, a malicious user may illegally access private transaction data, including transaction amount, account address, and account balance. As a cryptographic technique, zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) can be used to verify whether the prover has enough transaction amount in the environment of blockchain without leaking any private transaction data. This article provides a comprehensive survey on ZKP in the environment of blockchain with the aim of highlighting security problems and challenges. It first discusses the framework, models and applications of ZKP. Next, it provides an introduction of blockchain, and proposes a framework of ZKP in the environment of blockchain. Then, it highlights the current state of ZKP in the environment of blockchain. Finally, it identifies some potential problems and future research directions.

Mobile devices with embedded sensors for data collection and environmental sensing create a basis for a cost-effective approach for data trading. For example, these data can be related to pollution and gas emissions, which can be used to check the compliance with national and international regulations. The current approach for IoT data trading relies on a centralized third-party entity to negotiate between data consumers and data providers, which is inefficient and insecure on a large scale. In comparison, a decentralized approach based on distributed ledger technologies (DLT) enables data trading while ensuring trust, security, and privacy. However, due to the lack of understanding of the communication efficiency between sellers and buyers, there is still a significant gap in benchmarking the data trading protocols in IoT environments. Motivated by this knowledge gap, we introduce a model for DLT-based IoT data trading over the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) system, intended to support massive environmental sensing. We characterize the communication efficiency of three basic DLT-based IoT data trading protocols via NB-IoT connectivity in terms of latency and energy consumption. The model and analyses of these protocols provide a benchmark for IoT data trading applications., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, Accepted at IEEE Internet of Things Journal

This paper explores the applicability of universal cryptocurrency exchange by analyzing crypto exchanges of Binance, Latoken, Kucoin and Qash, which also have their own cryptocurrencies in the crypto market. Results of the recursive Johansen cointegration test proved that even though all of the cryptocurrencies have cointegration among each other, Binance positively disassociated itself from the others after it moved to Malta on 23 March 2018. Based on the daily prices of cryptocurrencies over the period from 6 November 2017 to 10 November 2019, taken from coinmarketcap, we conclude that Binance can be considered as a survival of the fittest among all of the crypto exchanges in this natural experiment.

During the last decade, distributed ledger solutions such as blockchain have gained significant attention due to their decentralized, immutable, and verifiable features. However, the public availability of data stored on the blockchain and its link to users may raise privacy and security issues. In some cases, addressing these issues requires blockchain data to be secured with mechanisms that allow on-demand (as opposed to full) disclosure. In this paper, we give a comprehensive overview of blockchain privacy and security requirements, and detail how existing mechanisms answer them. We provide a taxonomy of current attacks together with related countermeasures. We present a thorough comparative analysis based on various parameters of state-of the-art privacy and security mechanisms, we provide recommendations to design secure and privacy-aware blockchain, and we suggest guidelines for future research.

It had been predicted that by 2020, nearly 26 billion devices would be connected to the Internet, with a big percentage being vehicles. The Internet of Vehicles (IoVa) is a concept that refers to the connection and cooperation of smart vehicles and devices in a network through the generation, transmission, and processing of data that aims at improving traffic congestion, travel time, and comfort, all the while reducing pollution and accidents. However, this transmission of sensitive data (e.g., location) needs to occur with defined security properties to safeguard vehicles and their drivers since attackers could use this data. Blockchain is a fairly recent technology that guarantees trust between nodes through cryptography mechanisms and consensus protocols in distributed, untrustful environments, like IoV networks. Much research has been done in implementing the former in the latter to impressive results, as Blockchain can cover and offer solutions to many IoV problems. However, these implementations have to deal with the challenge of IoV node’s resource constraints since they do not suffice for the computational and energy requirements of traditional Blockchain systems, which is one of the biggest limitations of Blockchain implementations in IoV. Finally, these two technologies can be used to build the foundations for smart cities, enabling new application models and better results for end-users.

Blockchain is an immutable type of distributed ledger that is capable of storing data without relying on a third party. Blockchain technology has attracted significant interest in research areas, including its application in the smart grid for cybersecurity. Although significant efforts have been devoted to utilizing blockchain in the smart grid for cybersecurity, there is a lack of comprehensive survey on blockchain in the smart grid for cybersecurity in both application and technological perspectives. To fill this gap, we conducted a comprehensive survey on blockchain for smart gird cybersecurity. This conducted survey presents the latest insights of ideas, architectures, and techniques of implementation that are relevant to blockchain's application in the smart grid for cybersecurity. This article aims at providing helpful guidance and reference for future research efforts specific to blockchain for cybersecurity in the smart grid.

Today, one of the most discussed topics in the field of information technology is distributed registry systems. They attract investors and developers with their functionality. Distributed ledger systems are being introduced into business processes in many areas of human activity, which makes their contribution to development irreplaceable. One of the most vulnerable parts of such systems is the process of managing cryptographic keys, an attack on which can destroy the entire security of the distributed registry system. The aim of the research is to identify possible threats to the process of managing cryptographic keys, on the basis of which recommendations and standards for managing cryptographic keys in distributed ledger systems will be developed. Research methods: to achieve this goal, the structure of the life cycle of cryptographic keys was considered, an analysis of possible vulnerabilities in the process of managing cryptographic keys at each stage of the life cycle of a cryptographic key was carried out. In addition, the distributed ledger system was analyzed in the context of the identified vulnerabilities of the key management process using the example of the IBM blockchain and the possibility of outsourcing cryptographic key management systems was considered. Result: a set of possible threats to the process of managing cryptographic keys was proposed, the necessity of assessing the security of the key management system before deciding on the introduction of these systems into distributed registries was proposed, conclusions were drawn about the need to develop recommendations and standards for the process of managing cryptographic keys for such systems, as well as the possibility applicability of the recommendations for assessing the security of the implementation of outsourcing of cryptographic key management systems in distributed ledgers.

Use of distributed ledger technologies like blockchain is becoming more common in transportation/mobility ecosystems. However, cyber-security failures may occur at places where the blockchain system connects with the real world. In this paper, we propose a novel risk assessment framework for blockchain applications in smart mobility. We aim at systematically quantifying the risk by presenting ordinal values because although vulnerabilities exist in a system, it’s the probability that they can be exploited and the impact of this exploitation that determine if in fact, the vulnerability corresponds to a significant risk. As a case study, we carry out an analysis in terms of quantifying the risk associated to a multi-layered Blockchain framework for Smart Mobility Data-markets (BSMD). We first construct an actor-based analysis to determine the impact of the attacks. Then, a scenario-based analysis determines the probability of occurrence of each threat. Finally, a combined analysis is developed to determine which attack outcomes have the highest risk. In the case study of the public permissioned BSMD, the outcomes of the risk analysis highlight the highest risk factors according to their impact on the victims in terms of monetary, privacy, integrity and trust. The analysis uncovers specific blockchain technology security vulnerabilities in the transportation ecosystem by exposing new attack vectors.

Blockchain technology, a version of distributed ledger technology, has been grabbing a huge amount of attention in fields beyond its roots in crypto-currencies: blockchain and finance, blockchain and logistics, blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain and cybersecurity, and the list goes on. Blockchain (there are actually many blockchains, and it’s not limited to the technology that powers bitcoin), has been mentioned by virtually every research study firm as a rapidly accelerating evolution, and it’s not just about financial services companies, the domain in which we first discussed blockchain outside of its cryptographic roots (i.e., FinTech or financial technologies). The converging of blockchain and the Internet of Things is actually on the table for many companies and there are existing deployments, solutions and initiatives in several areas outside of IoT and financial services as well. Combine blockchain and IoT, and you have two bigger-than-Internet businesses that need each other for many reasons that we explain in this IoT blockchain overview.

Electronic Media Management With the Use of Blockchain Technology in Scholarly Communication Blockchain is a revolutionary technology, which has the potential to fundamentally change many areas of activities, including scientific research and scholarly communication, together with the publishing industry. This paper focuses on the blockchain’s potential to transform scholarly communication and research in general. It highlights, how blockchain can touch many critical aspects of scholarly communication, including transparency, trust, reproducibility and credit. Moreover, blockchain could change the future role of every stakeholder, and it could have an important role in all research processes, not only scholarly communication. The paper shows that blockchain technology has the potential to solve some of the most prominent issues the scholarly communication is currently facing, such as issues around costs, trust and credibility, openness, and universal accessibility to scholarly information. The research presents basic information about blockchain technology. Based on the literature, an attempt was made to create a model, how to use this technology as a disruptive innovation in scholarly communication.

Distributed ledgers stimulate innovative services and enabled new applications in several domains, creating new concepts for trust and regulation. However, this backbone that is enabling novelties and abridging businesses comes with drawbacks and security flaws. In this paper, we evaluate several Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) features depicting the Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum, Hyperledger, Algorand and IOTA networks. We focus on their security challenges and expose numerous threats and vulnerabilities. For instance, we have simulated a few of their possible attacks proving them non-immune. In the other hand, we show a few of their malicious use cases. Meticulously presenting DLTs menaces and flaws, we are not involved in preferring any specific DLT network.

The Internet of Things (IoTs) enables coupling of digital and physical objects using worthy communication technologies and introduces a future vision where computing systems, users and objects cooperate for convenience and economic benefits. Such a vision requires seamless security, data privacy, authentication and robustness against attacks. These attributes can be introduced by blockchain, a distributed ledger that maintains an immutable log of network transactions. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on how to remodel blockchain to the specific IoT needs in order to develop Blockchain based IoT (BIoT) applications and aim to shape a coherent picture of the current state-of-the-art efforts in this direction. After describing the basic characteristics and requirements of IoT, evolution of blockchain is presented. In this regard, we start with the fundamental working principles of blockchain and how such systems achieve auditability, security and decentralization. Further, we describe the most relevant BIoT applications, its architecture design and security aspects. From there, we build our narrative on the centralized IoT challenges followed by recent advances towards solving them. Finally, some future directions are enumerated with the aim to guide future BIoT researchers on challenges that needs to be considered ahead of deploying the next generation of BIoT applications.

This article discusses the role of using distributed ledger technology in the cryptocurrency market. The concepts of «cryptocurrency» and «distributed registries» are analyzed. The mechanism of the operation of distributed registries on cryptocurrency markets is considered.

Adoption of blockchain technology has been widely construed as disruptive. Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology. It is secure by design because of its cryptography and distributed consensus mechanism, which also offers anonymity, persistence, auditability and resilience. The construction industry adopts a project-based approach and globally has been considered as a fragmented sector, predominantly in unorganised space. Given these characteristics, the technology adoption has been slow. This study looks at the challenges and adopts interpretive structural modelling technique to understand the linkages between these barriers. This study can provide managerial insights into designing strategies for overcoming the barriers for adoption of this disruptive technology.

While industry has adopted blockchain-based video-streaming platforms, other stakeholders could contribute more to grow the technology and support its implementation. This article reviews current blockchain-based video streaming applications and industrial advancements and identifies today's research activities and future opportunities for investigation.

Blockchain as a distributed ledger technology can be very effective in providing access control and big data management in health-care systems. Because implementing or migrating to a pure blockchain solution is an extremely challenging task, several design and implementation dynamics should be considered.

A management of surveillance of video process which is based on block chain technology has been proposed. The system which has been intended contains a network of block chain with internal nodes which are trusted. The distributed ledger of blockchain includes the metadata of the surveillance footage, thereby stopping the possibility of the data forgery. The architecture of proposed system saves and encrypts the footage, generates a license inside the block chain and exports the footage. Since the private database manages the decryption key for the footage in the block chain, it is not exposed by the internal nodes illegally. Also, the internal administrator can handle and export surveillance footage safely by decrypting the frames stored in the block chain and reconstructing the footage which can be later downloaded.

In this paper, we report the benchmarking results of Hyperledger, a Distributed Ledger , which is the derivation Blockchain Technology. Method to evaluate Hyperledger in a limited infrastructure is developed. The measured infrastructure consists of 8 nodes with a load of up to 20000 transactions/second.. The benchmarking of Hyperledger show s better than a database system in a high workload scenario. We found that the maximum size data volume in one transaction on the Hyperledger network is around ten (10) times of MySQL. Also, the time spent on processing a single transaction in the blockcha in network is 80 - 200 times faster than MySQL. This initial analysis can provide an overview for practitioners in making decisions about the adoption of blockchain technology in their IT systems .

Blockchain is the core technology of many cryptocurrencies. Blockchain as a distributed ledger technology has received extensive research attention. In addition to cryptography and P2P (peer-to-peer) technology, consensus protocols are also a fundamental part of the blockchain technology. A good consensus protocol can guarantee the fault tolerance and security of the blockchain systems. The consensus protocols currently used in most blockchain systems can be broadly divided into two categories: the probabilistic-finality consensus protocols and the absolute-finality consensus protocols. This paper introduces some of the main consensus protocols of these two categories, and analyzes their strengths and weaknesses as well as the applicable blockchain types.

Since decentralized organizations such as blockchain are not recognized as legal persons, questions arise regarding the ability to detect anti-competitive practices and their perpetrators. Under certain circumstances, if a competitor is unreasonably refused in access to technology, it may well be interpreted as creating an obstacle to his/her entry into the market, which may constitute a violation of the legislation of a country on the protection of economic competition. The exchange of information between players of the same market can present antitrust risks if it helps to fix prices for their products/services or to establish other forms of coordination between such players. The purpose of this study is to provide a description of current EU anticompetitive practices in the field of blockchain-technologies application, as well as to identify challenges in the EU antitrust law related to the emergence of blockchain. This article highlights the challenges blockchain poses for analyzing unilateral anti-competitive practices. This study suggests that EU competition law has a lack of operational and measurement tools to map competitive interactions taking place outside the relevant market, which could lead to rather short-sighted competition law enforcement focusing only on horizontal competition restrictions on relevant markets. The relevance of the topic is associated with the fact that the increased popularity of the use of blockchain technology requires an answer to the question of its legal nature and inclusion in the legal field in order to balance the interests of all parties to economic and legal relations.

Despite various countries getting hands-on technology such as blockchain for banking, transaction, and multiple benefits, a developing country such as India must use these technologies because of the advantages it provides in order to keep pace. In the age of digital currencies and new emerging technologies, central banking is a fast-growing topic in the monetary economy. Cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and distributed Ledger technologies appear to be feasible rivals to Fiat Currency central bank. Blockchain technology's influence behind Cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies have the ability to boost payments and operations by central banks and serve as a forum from which central banks could Perhaps launch their own digital currencies. RBI Indian central bank is no less important when it comes to technology that would pave the way for the new economy, enriched with technology-centric growth momentum, by increasing support from India's reserve bank and the Indian government for innovation and integrating technologies through regulatory sandboxes and various other systems. This article illustrates distributed ledger technology in the Indian context. The secondary data were obtained from various scholarly journals and websites. We have analysed distributed ledger technology, India’s move towards learning new technologies, different central banks distributed ledger project and examined blockchain technology in the Indian market using the SWOC framework as a research case study.

In the Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET), the collection and dissemination of life-threatening traffic event information by vehicles are of utmost importance. However, the traditional VANETs face several security issues. We propose a new type of blockchain to resolve critical message dissemination issues in the VANET. We create a local blockchain for real-world event message exchange among vehicles within the boundary of a country, which is a new type of blockchain suitable for the VANET. We present a public blockchain that stores the node trustworthiness and message trustworthiness in a distributed ledger that is appropriate for secure message dissemination.

The properties of a blockchain such as immutability, provenance, and peer-executed smart contracts could bring a new level of security, trust, and transparency to e-learning. In this paper, we intr...

Every year, the technology of using smart contracts is attracting more and more attention from users due to the unique advantages that it possesses: automatic execution of transactions in a traceable and unchanging way without third party authorization. At the same time, a smart contract is one of the most vulnerable elements in distributed ledger systems, which can be susceptible to attack by intruders. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology that allows analyzing a smart contract for information security vulnerabilities and determining the security level of a smart contract before placing it in distributed ledger systems. Research methods: to achieve this goal, methods of static and dynamic analysis were studied, the most relevant information security vulnerabilities were identified, and parameters for calculating the criticality factor of vulnerability and the security level of a smart contract were determined. Result: a promising static-dynamic method for analyzing the vulnerabilities of a smart contract is proposed, which makes it possible to unambiguously determine the security level of a smart contract before its placement in the distributed ledger system. Its main parameters are set, and the reference security factors of a smart contract are determined. The complete algorithm of the static-dynamic method of analyzing a smart contract is described, and an example of a generated documentary security report based on the results of analyzing a smart contract is given.

This article introduces the key concepts of blockchain and smart contracts and proposes a design to ensure the traceability of media assets in a potentially untrustworthy environment. In this particular use case, the distributed ledger keeps track of each operation of an asset that takes place from its capture through to publication, including editing. This information can be checked against the ledger to validate the intermediate steps required to produce the resulting asset. This design ensures the integrity of media assets, including reliable chronological dating, and the validation of sources while preserving anonymity. At each stage of the workflow, manual or automated verifications are recorded, which creates chains of trust without a central authority.

Data are becoming the cornerstone of many businesses and entire systems infrastructure. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are no different. The ability of intelligent vehicles and devices to acquire and share environmental measurements in the form of data is leading to the creation of smart services for the benefit of individuals. In this paper, we present a system architecture to promote the development of ITS using distributed ledgers and related technologies. Thanks to these, it becomes possible to create, store and share data generated by users through the sensors on their devices or vehicles, while on the move. We propose an architecture based on Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) to offer features such as immutability, traceability and verifiability of data. IOTA, a promising DLT for IoT, is used together with Decentralized File Storages (DFSes) to store and certify data (and their related metadata) coming from vehicles or by the users' devices themselves (smartphones). Ethereum is then exploited as the smart contract platform that coordinates the data sharing through access control mechanisms. Privacy guarantees are provided by the usage of distributed key management systems and Zero Knowledge Proof. We provide experimental results of a testbed based on real traces, in order to understand if DLT and DFS technologies are ready to support complex services, such as those that pertain to ITS. Results clearly show that, while the viability of the proposal cannot be rejected, further work is needed on the responsiveness of DLT infrastructures.

Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) enables data storage in a decentralized manner among collaborating parties. The software architecture of such solutions encompasses models placed in the relevant architectural views. A lot of research is devoted to smart contracts and consensus algorithms, which are realized by distributed applications and can be positioned within the Logical view. However, we see the need to provide modeling support for the Deployment view of distributed ledger solutions. Especially since the chosen DLT framework has a significant impact on implementation and deployment. Besides, consistency between models and configuration deployment scripts should be ensured. So, we have applied Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) that allows on the transformation of models into more detailed models, source code, or tests. We have proposed Unified Modeling Language (UML) stereotypes and tagged values for distributed ledger deployment modeling and placed them in the UML Profile for Distributed Ledger Deployment. We have also designed the UML2Deployment model-to-code transformation for the R3 Corda DLT framework. A UML Deployment model is the source whereas a Gradle Groovy deployment script is the target of the transformation. We have provided the complete solution by incorporating the transformation into the Visual Paradigm modeling tool. Furthermore, we have designed a dedicated plug-in to validate generated deployment scripts. In the paper, we have shown how to design transformation for generating deployment scripts for the R3 Corda DLT framework with the ability to switch to another one.

Consensus mechanisms are at the core of any Distributed Ledger Technology. They define how transactions are validated and verified, how the network resolves conflicts and protects against malicious intent, and how multiple devices on a distributed network with no central authority arrive at the same global view of the ledger. Experience with the consensus mechanisms employed in popular blockchain platforms have warranted years of research into more scalable and energy-efficient consensus mechanisms for a green society using constrained devices. Most of the “high-security” consensus mechanisms require the use of computational resources which are simply not available to devices with a constrained nature. Hence, the presence and activity of these devices do not contribute to the security of the ledger, irrespective of how numerous they are on the network. In this paper, we propose a novel consensus scheme, fully dependent on WiFi technology, suitable for constrained devices. Whilst in traditional Blockchain consensus mechanisms, constrained devices do not add to the security of the ledger, the security of our consensus mechanism increases with the number of connected devices.

Federated learning is a branch of machine learning where a shared model is created in a decentralized and privacy-preserving fashion, but existing approaches using blockchain are limited by tailored models. We consider the possibility to extend a set of supported models by introducing the oracle service and exploring the usability of blockchain-based architecture. The investigated architecture combines an oracle service with a Hyperledger Fabric chaincode. We compared two logistic regression implementations in Go language&mdash, a pure chaincode and an oracle service&mdash, at various data (2&ndash, 32 k instances) and network (3&ndash, 13 peers) sizes. Experiments were run to assess the performance of blockchain-based model inference using 2D synthetic and EEG eye state datasets for a supervised machine learning detection task. The benchmarking results showed that the impact on performance is acceptable with the median overhead of oracle service reaching 2&ndash, 4%, depending on the dimensionality of the dataset. The overhead tends to diminish at large dataset sizes with the runtime depending on the network size linearly, where additional peers increased the runtime by 6.3 and 6.6 s for 2D and EEG datasets, respectively. Demonstrated negligible difference between implementations justifies the flexible choice of model in the blockchain-based federated learning and other machine learning applications.

Internet of Things (IoT) is one relatively new technology, which aims to make our lives easier by automating our daily processes. This article would aim to deliver an idea how to prevent the IoT technology, delivering maliciously and bad things and how to scale. The intention of this research is to explain how a specific implementation of a Blockchain network, enterprise-grade permissioned distributed ledger framework called Hyperledger Fabric, can be used to resolve the security and scalability issues in an IoT network.

This chapter first introduces the fundamental principles of blockchain and the integration of blockchain and mobile edge computing (MEC). Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology with a few desirable security characteristics. The integration of blockchain and MEC can improve the security of current MEC systems and provide greater performance benefits in terms of better decentralization, security, privacy, and service efficiency. Then, the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and MEC is presented. A federated learning–empowered MEC architecture is introduced. To improve the performance of the proposed scheme, asynchronous federated learning is proposed. The integration of blockchain and federated learning is also presented to enhance the security and privacy of the federated learning–empowered MEC scheme. Finally, more MEC enabled applications are discussed.

We present FAWAC, a distributed ledger architecture and consensus strategy that is decentralized, attack-resistant and provides real-world impact through completion of useful work. A multi-enclave architecture separates fast transaction consensus from computational hard tasks used for validator selection. FAWAC uses an Inter-Planetary File System (IPFS) back-end to provide seamless connection between the enclaves and a modified Byzantine Agreement consensus, which actively checks for faulty behavior, to secure the network. This work provides an architectural level overview of the proposed system design.

This poster describes the design of Mnemosyne, a distributed logger running over Named Data Networking. Mnemosyne utilizes proof of authenticity instead of proof of work. It assures immutability of logged events by interlocking all event records in a DAG mesh. By using a distributed design, Mnemosyne provides both a high logging throughput and system resiliency in face of network component failures.

Since Bitcoin was launched, the blockchain technology and the cryptocurrencies have been in the spotlight. Ethereum, the second-generation blockchain introduced smart contracts, and many DApps have emerged due to them. Those DApps showed the feasibility of blockchain in various industries. However, even though the growth of blockchain technology, still many DApps are based on Ethereum, and supper its performance issue. Since the performance evaluation in Ethereum mainnet is almost impossible, and there are no formalized performance evaluation frameworks, it is hard to perform appropriate performance evaluation of Ethereum. Detail performance evaluations on Ethereum networks are essential for developing and operating DApps. In this paper, we use Hyperledger Caliper, an automated performance evaluation framework to evaluate an Ethereum private network, and the Ropsten testnet to overcome above problems. We evaluate the performance with a specific smart contract and analyze the results. Our evaluation results show that the Ethereum private network performs better than the Ropsten testnet, and the Ropsten testnet is unstable for performance evaluation. In addition, our results show that the performance of the transactions can differ following their content.

We implemented the automation of a real-world Bilateral Derivatives Over-The-Counter Post Trade Confirmation financial transaction model adopting the Corda permissioned blockchain technology; this kind of transaction is currently performed manually by specialized clerks in most private banking organizations. The proposed solution design is an innovative certified sequence of the workflow states of the transaction, based on the asynchronized interaction among two parties through a smart contract coordinated and validated by the notary node. We show the business logic model of the application and the flow diagrams compatible with the current Corda R3 distribution.

Cloud-based precision health care services will soon be integrated with existing health care systems. Since health care data is sensitive, it is crucial to maintain the integrity of audit logs that allow organizations to track system usage, protect patient privacy, and provide forensic evidence. In this paper, we develop a secure logging framework for precision healthcare services. We implement the framework using blockchain and show that our logging system is tamper-resistant and can ensure integrity., 2021 IEEE International Conference on Digital Health (ICDH), September 5-10, 2021, Chicago, IL, USA

The recent developments in fog computing architecture and cloud of things (CoT) technology includes data mining management and artificial intelligence operations. However, one of the major challenges of this model is vulnerability to security threats and cyber-attacks against the fog computing layers. In such a scenario, each of the layers are susceptible to different intimidations, including the sensed data (edge layer), computing and processing of data (fog (layer), and storage and management for public users (cloud). The conventional data storage and security mechanisms that are currently in use appear to not be suitable for such a huge amount of generated data in the fog computing architecture. Thus, the major focus of this research is to provide security countermeasures against medical data mining threats, which are generated from the sensing layer (a human wearable device) and storage of data in the cloud database of internet of things (IoT). Therefore, we propose a public-permissioned blockchain security mechanism using elliptic curve crypto (ECC) digital signature that that supports a distributed ledger database (server) to provide an immutable security solution, transaction transparency and prevent the patient records tampering at the IoTs fog layer. The blockchain technology approach also helps to mitigate these issues of latency, centralization, and scalability in the fog model.

Currently, the certificate ownership system in Indonesia is still done manually. The system has weaknesses and loopholes that can be exploited by irresponsible parties. Some examples of problems that may arise are the loss of physical certificates. To overcome this, a land and building certificate ownership recording system is built using blockchain technology. The development of this system aims to reduce the problems that arose in the manual system. The use of blockchain technology is intended to maintain data integrity. The system utilizes one of the main properties of blockchain technology, the anti-tamper properties that maintain data integrity from parties who try to tamper with stored data. The system is decentralized by involving several peers who run the blockchain network. The technology used to build the blockchain network is Hyperledger Fabric. This is a permissioned blockchain, using a consensus method that does not require large computing resources. The developed system facilitates basic processes in the form of certificate ownership transfer transactions through the functional requirements. The system also improves data transparency by providing various information retrieval features. The developed system is tested with various tests to ensure that the functional and non-functional requirements are met. The system built can be used as a system for recording ownership of land and building certificates, as it is able to record ownership of certificates without problems and facilitates checking and the failsafe methods and can reduce problems in the previous system, for example loss of certificates.

Hyperledger Fabric is a popular permissioned Blockchain framework for a consortium of organizations to develop Blockchain based applications and transact within the consortium. Hyperledger Fabric introduces a fine-grained access control mechanism called the private data collection (PDC), which allows private data to be shared by only a subset of participants. In this paper, we analyze PDC and show three classes of use cases in which misuse of Hyperledger Fabric features may endanger implemented Hyperledger Fabric systems. We present two groups of potential attacks including fake PDC results injection and PDC leakage against the misuse of the policy based consensus protocol. We use prototype systems to validate the discovered attacks. We also collected 6392 Hyprledger Fabric projects on GitHub and built a tool to statically analyse them. We find that 86.51% of the PDC related projects are potentially vulnerable to the fake PDC results injection attacks, and 91.67% have PDC leakage issues. We design new features for the Hyper-ledger Fabric framework to mitigate the attacks and show that the new features have minor impact on the system performance.