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PET/CT and radioisotope therapy are diagnostic and therapeutic arms of Nuclear Medicine, respectively. With the emergence of better technology, PET/CT has become an accessible modality. Diagnostic tracers exploring diseasespecific targets has led the clinicians to look beyond FDG PET. Moreover, with the emergence of theranostic pairs of radiopharmaceuticals, radioisotope therapy is gradually making it's way into treatment algorithm of common cancers in India. We therefore would like to discuss in detail the updates in PET/CT imaging and radionuclide therapy and generate a consensus-driven evidence based document which would guide the practitioners of Oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare subtype of angiosarcoma, with metastases occurring in more than 50% of cases and the lung is the most organ which is involved. Whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has demonstrated its clinical utility in the early detection of metastases in angiosarcoma. It is helpful to differentiate between benign lesions with low FDG uptake as compared to malignancies with high FDG avidity. Here, we present a rare case of a young man with epithelioid angiosarcoma, in which FDG PET/CT has demonstrated metastatic sites (especially lung metastases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective is to evaluate incidental detection of COVID-19 lung involvement in asymptomatic individuals who undergo fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET/CT) scans for oncologic indications. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care oncology hospital and included patients who were asymptomatic for COVID-19 infection and underwent FDG PET/CT scans for standard oncologic indications between April 15, 2020, and September 30, 2020. Patients who showed CO-RADS category 4/5 changes (high level of suspicion) on the CT chest component of the PET/CT study were considered for analysis. CT severity score, presence of FDG uptake, and maximum standardized uptake value of FDG avid lung involvement were noted and correlated with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Results: 1982 PET/CT scans were performed, 78 (3.9%) patients showed lung changes with high degree of suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia (CO-RADS 4/5). Hematolymphoid and head-neck cancer were the most common tumor types (23%), and restaging/response evaluation was the most common PET/CT indication. Of the patients who underwent RT-PCR testing, 70% showed a positive result. The mean CT severity score was 6 (standard deviation 5.9) with no significant difference seen between the RT-PCR positive and negative groups. FDG avidity in lung lesions was noted in 41 out 57 (72%) patients. A significant correlation was seen between the RT-PCR positivity and FDG uptake in lung lesions. Conclusion: A small but significant proportion of patients undergoing routine oncologic PET/CT scans showed incidental COVID-19 lung involvement. Lung involvement in these asymptomatic patients showed a low CT severity score in all patients and FDG avidity in majority. Timely detection of such incidental cases can initiate further confirmatory RT-PCR testing and isolation measures that not only influence patient's cancer treatment protocols but also have a larger community impact of limiting the spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone and soft-tissue tumors display a wide range of metabolic activity on flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (FDG PET/CT) imaging due to their varying histopathological features. Several benign tumors show high FDG uptake similar to that seen in malignant lesions and their metabolic characteristics can overlap. Certain benign tumors can potentially undergo malignant transformation and FDG PET/CT can play an important role in detecting malignant change. The intensity of metabolic activity on FDG PET/CT correlates with histological grade of malignant tumors and also acts as a valuable prognostic factor. FDG PET/CT plays an important role in the staging work up of bone and soft-tissue malignancies. It has been found to be superior to conventional imaging techniques primarily for detecting distant metastatic disease. Because of its ability to detect metabolic changes, FDG PET/CT is a very useful in assessing response to treatment. Metabolic response seen on FDG PET is a powerful surrogate marker of histopathological response to chemotherapy. The purpose of this article is to study the variable patterns of FDG uptake in tumors of the musculoskeletal system, describe the clinical utility of FDG PET/CT in predicting malignant change in benign tumors and discuss its role in staging, response assessment, and prognostication of malignant lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the diagnostic role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in initial staging and restaging of anorectal melanoma. This was a single-institution, retrospective observational study; patients for initial staging and with clinical or radiological suspicion of disease recurrence referred for PET/CT between January 2006 and December 2015 were included in the study. Diagnostic performance of PET/CT was evaluated for baseline staging and disease recurrence. A total of 61 patients who were referred for initial staging were included. PET/CT correctly detected primary lesion in 57 (93.44%) cases, regional nodes in 46 (75.4%) cases, nonregional nodes in 22 (36%) cases, and distant metastases in 25 (41%) cases. The sensitivity (SN); specificity (SP); positive predictive value (PPV); negative predictive value (NPV); and accuracy for primary lesion, regional nodes, nonregional nodes, and distant metastases were 96.6%, 100%, 100%, 50%, and 96.7%; 97.9%, 100%, 100%, 93.3%, and 98.4%; 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%; and 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. A total of 24 patients were included for suspected recurrence/restaging. All the patients were treated previously by surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. PET/CT detected disease recurrence in 20 (83.3%) patients. Ten patients had recurrence at the primary site, 8 of whom also had distant metastases and 2 had only locoregional metastatic nodes. In the remaining 10 patients, there was no primary site recurrence; however, 2 patients had locoregional nodal and distant metastases and 8 patients had only distant metastases. PET/CT was false negative in 1 patient, which missed liver metastasis. SN, SP, PPV, and NPV of PET/CT was found to be 95%, 100%, 100%, and 75%, respectively, with accuracy of 96%. PET/CT demonstrates overall high diagnostic accuracy in the initial staging and detection of recurrent disease in cases of anorectal melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pictorial essay depicts normal appearances, complications and residual or recurrent disease on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) studies in the postsurgical and postprocedural setting, other than head and neck malignancy. Reading and reporting FDG PET/CT in this scenario is daunting due to the multiple confounding false positives seen during this period. This article which is the second part in this series will familiarize the readers with the normal appearance and pitfalls seen in FDG PET/CT studies in thoracic and abdominopelvic malignancies during the postoperative and postprocedural period so as to avoid misinterpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pictorial essay depicts normal appearances, complications, and findings of residual and/or recurrent disease on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18FFDG PET/CT) studies in the postsurgical setting. Reading and reporting 18F-FDG PET/CT in the postoperative scenario is demanding due to the multiple false positives seen during this period. This article which contains two parts will familiarize the readers with the normal appearance and pitfalls seen in 18F-FDG PET/CT studies during the postoperative period so as to avoid misinterpretations. This pictorial will discuss 18F-FDG PET/CT in the postoperative scenario in head and neck cancers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are benign bone lesions which are treated with curettage and bone grafting. Infrequently, GCTs show local site recurrences which are then treated with either surgical excision or radiation therapy. Radiation-induced sarcoma is rarely seen as a late complication of radiation therapy which needs to be differentiated from recurrent GCT. We report one such rare case of radiation-induced sarcoma detected on Flourine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography in a 40-year-old male who was treated with radiation therapy for recurrent GCT 9 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium-68 labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (Ga-68 PSMA) ligand (HBED-CC) is a novel tracer used for prostate cancer imaging. The aim of the study was to investigate the performance of Ga-68 PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after definitive treatment. Scans of 96 consecutive patients were analyzed. Sixty-two patients received external beam radiotherapy, 34 underwent radical prostatectomy (RP), and 20 patients were on androgen deprivation therapy. Patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≥>0.2 ng/mL following RP and PSA rise by 2 ng/mL or more above the nadir PSA following RT (Phoenix criteria) was considered as BCR, respectively. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced PET/CT after injection of 67–111 MBq Ga-68 PSMA ligand. Detection rates were correlated with serum PSA level. Detection rate for nodal metastases was compared with CT. Results of the scan were validated by using either biopsy or follow-up imaging or clinical follow-up. Seventy-four (77%) patients showed abnormal finding in Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT. The median serum PSA level of the population was 5.5 ng/ml (range 0.2–123 ng/ml). The median PSA of the positive scans was higher than that of the negative scans (6 vs. 1.7 ng/ml) and was statistically significant (P = 0.001 by Mann–Whitney U-test). In post-RP group, the detection rates were 23%, 50%, and 82% for PSA <1, 1–2, and >2 ng/ml, respectively. For post-RT, the detection was 86%, 85%, and 95% for PSA 2–5, 5.1–10, and >10 ng/ml, respectively. PSMA PET/CT revealed nodal metastases in 52 (54%) patients while CT showed pathological nodes only in 27 (28%) patients. Overall PSMA PET/CT revealed more number of nodes than CT (111 vs. 48 nodal station). PSMA PET/CT showed relapse in prostate/prostatic bed in 26 (27%) patients, nodal metastases in 50 (52%), skeletal metastases in 20 (21%), and other sites in 4 (4%) patients. Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT has high detection rate for localizing the site of recurrence in patients with biochemical failure and is superior to CT scan in the detection of nodal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In early operable stages of cervical an endometrial malignancies, surgical staging of lymph nodes is advocated as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) has limited sensitivity and accuracy. Although fluorine-18 (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)/positron emission tomography (PET)-CT has potential to identify subcentimeter-sized nodal metastases, higher prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease in developing countries could result in lower accuracy. The present study was undertaken to assess the incremental value of PET scan over CECT for nodal staging before radical surgery. Methods: Forty-four patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IA2-IIb carcinoma cervix and 28 patients of FIGO Stage I-II carcinoma endometrium underwent F-18 FDG-PET-CECT scan. A SUVmax value >2.5 g/ml based on body weight was considered as positive. An enhancing node with >1 cm size in the shortest dimension, with loss of fatty hilum was considered positive on CT images. The histological findings were considered the gold standard against which the two modalities were compared. Results: All 1226 pelvic nodes were dissected, of which 65 were found to be metastatic (i.e., 5.3%). Of the 72 patients, 15 (20.83%) had pelvic nodal metastases. The overall accuracy of PET and CECT for assessment of pelvic nodal metastases was comparable (i.e., 86% vs. 85%). Conclusion: PET and CECT scans have similar accuracy in pelvic nodal staging of operable uterine malignancies. Granulomatous inflammation may not be a major cause of false-positive results. The sensitivity and negative predictive values are not high enough to obviate need of surgical nodal staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a patient with disseminated streptococcal infection who was diagnosed using F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Topics discussed include the patient's medical history, symptoms presented by the patient, and the response of the patient to oral antibiotic therapy.

To evaluate the accuracy of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in staging and restaging of patients with mucosal melanomas (MM) of head and neck. Patients who underwent PET/CT at our institution, with a biopsy proven diagnosis of MM of the head and neck between March 2006 and December 2013 were included in the study. Nineteen patients with MM of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and oral cavity were included, of which 12 were for staging and seven for restaging. PET/CT had 100% sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for detection of the primary. SN of 91.7%, SP of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 87.5% were seen for nodal metastases. For distant metastases, SN of 85.7%, SP of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 92.3% were noted. The disease was upstaged from loco-regional to metastatic in 32% leading to treatment change in 25% in the staging group and 43% in the restaging group. PET/CT demonstrates good overall accuracy in evaluation of patients with MM of the head and neck. The main strength of PET/CT lies in detection of distant metastatic disease due to extended whole-body field of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perineural spread in HNSCC is associated with dismal prognosis and decreased overall survival. Clinical diagnosis of this relatively asymptomatic entity is usually delayed and made incidentally on imaging. MRI is gold standard imaging for early diagnosing of this condition owing to its excellent anatomic resolution. With the ever increasing use of PET/CT in commonly encountered cancer such as HNSCC for staging and re-staging, observing perineural spread on PET/CT is not infrequent. Through this pictorial essay we demonstrate the common patterns of perineural spread in HNSCC on PET/CT with the aim of improving reporting accuracy across readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this pictorial review, cases where benign diseases caused a diagnostic dilemma on bone scan are illustrated. This review highlights the value of correlative imaging - single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT), CT, and magnetic resonance imaging in solving the diagnostic problem by exact localization and characterization of the lesions. All these eventually lead to increased diagnostic confidence, better and more accurate reporting and avoidance of delay in initiation of treatment due to equivocal results. The imaging features of these benign pathologies - which are "mimics of metastatic disease," are elaborated so that the reader can incorporate them while reporting so as to avoid mis-interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) has been in use for a few decades but with its fusion with computed tomography (CT) in 2001, the new PET/CT integrated system has become very popular and is now a key influential modality for patient management in oncology. However, along with its growing popularity, a growing concern of radiation safety among the radiation professionals has become evident. We have judiciously developed a PET/CT facility with optimal shielding, along with an efficient workflow to perform high volume procedures and minimize the radiation exposure to the staff and the general public by reducing unnecessary patient proximity to the staff and general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer is one of the important causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with significantly low median survival in metastatic gastric cancer. Thus, when planning treatment for gastric cancer, it becomes important to determine whether or not there is metastasis. Bone marrow is a rare region for metastasis in cases of gastric carcinoma, as suggested by the literature. We are herewith presenting the case of a 56-year-old patient of recurrent gastric carcinoma who showed a rare site of metastasis involving marrow on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of fungal pulmonary infections can produce radiologic findings that mimic malignancy. Distinguishing these infectious lesions from malignancy remains challenging for physicians. We describe one such case where fungal lung nodule mimicked metastasis on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare cancer in adults, comprising about 1% of all forms of adult cancer. Common sites of metastases are lungs, skeletal system, lymph nodes, and brain. Metastases of RMS to pancreas are infrequent. We report a case of adult orbital alveolar RMS with pancreatic metastases detected in F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Targeted therapeutic agents are indicated in metastatic lung cancers. These being receptor specific · · M I Ä B M * * ! therapies, manifestation of response can be best assessed by estimating the metabolic activity of tumor, rather than the size. This retrospective analysis studied metabolic and morphological response on Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT), respectively to these agents. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one patients (23 males, 8 females with an age range of 42-77 years) with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) positive metastatic lung cancer on Gefitinib, who underwent PET/CT, at baseline and at 4 -6 weeks, were assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors [RECIST] 1.1 and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria. Results: Concordance between RECIST 1.1 and EORTC was seen in 26 (83.7%) patients. Discordance was seen in 5 (16.3%) patients. In patients with discordance, the results were confirmed by follow-up imaging. Metabolic EORTC criteria changed the disease status from stable disease to partial response (3 out of 5) and progressive disease (2 out of 5) in these five patients. Conclusions: Metabolic criteria using PET/CT could accurately predict response as well as disease progression early in the course of targeted therapy, compared to morphologic criteria. In addition, early metabolic response assessment can predict refractoriness of therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Professional radiation exposure cannot be avoided in nuclear medicine practices. It can only be minimized up to some extent by implementing good work practices. Aim and Objectives: The aim of our study was to audit the professional radiation exposure and exposure rate of radiation worker working in and around Department of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, Tata Memorial Hospital. Materials and Methods: We calculated the total number of nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) procedures performed in our department and the radiation exposure to the radiation professionals from year 2009 to 2012. Results: We performed an average of 6478 PET/CT scans and 3856 nuclear medicine scans/year from January 2009 to December 2012. The average annual whole body radiation exposure to nuclear medicine physician, technologist and nursing staff are 1.74 mSv, 2.93 mSv and 4.03 mSv respectively. Conclusion: Effi cient management and deployment of personnel is of utmost importance to optimize radiation exposure in a high volume nuclear medicine setup in order to work without anxiety of high radiation exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majority of patients with head and neck cancer are treated with combined treatment regimes such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The loss of structural symmetry and imaging landmarks as a result of therapy makes post-treatment imaging a daunting task on conventional modalities like computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as on 18 Fluorine-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (18F FDG PET/CT). Combined multimodality treatment approach causes various tissue changes that give rise to a spectrum of findings on FDG PET/CT imaging, which are depicted in this atlas along with a few commonly encountered imaging pitfalls. The incremental value of FDG PET/CT in detecting locoregional recurrences in the neck as well as distant failures has also been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metronomic chemotherapy (MC) is a novel therapeutic variation for resistant cancers, wherein chemotherapeutic drugs are administrated in low doses with no prolonged drug-free break. It lessens the level of toxicity, is better tolerated and enhances the quality of life. This retrospective analysis was undertaken to evaluate whether anatomical (computed tomography [CT]) or functional (positron emission tomography [PET]) imaging be used for response assessment in patients on MC. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 males and 27 females with age range of 12-83 years on MC who underwent PET/CT were assessed by new response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST 1.1) and PET response criteria in solid tumors (PERCIST 1.0). Results: Concordance between RECIST 1.1 and PERCIST was seen in 32 (75%) patients. There was discordance in 11 (25%) patients. In patients with discordance, the results were confirmed by follow-up imaging. PET upstaged the disease in 81% of patients (9/11) and down-staged the disease in 19% of patients (2/11). Conclusions: Metabolic response accurately identified the disease status as assessed by clinical or imaging follow-up. Alteration in morphology takes time to manifest, which is demonstrated by CT or magnetic resonance; whereas in MC which brings about tumor dormancy, assessing metabolic response by PET would be more appropriate. MC is usually given in palliative setting but in few cases complete metabolic response was demonstrated in our study. In such a scenario this form of treatment has the potential to become an adjunct mode of treatment in some tumors. This needs to be evaluated with larger, homogenous patient population in a prospective mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonspecific uptake of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) on PSMA positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) is normally encountered in benign conditions, which is detected on morphological changes on CT component. However, having a site of uptake without any CT finding is a rare occurrence. We herewith report one such rare case of a 66-year-old male with metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, who demonstrated an incidental finding of intense focal PSMA uptake in the lung parenchyma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma is an uncommon subtype of osteosarcoma, constituting about 25% of all osteosarcoma cases. It has shown high propensity for developing tumor thrombi and thromboembolism, with poor overall survival rate. Differentiation between tumor thrombus and bland thrombus is an important factor in making treatment decisions. 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography plays a very important role in detecting and differentiating bland thrombus from tumor thrombus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular metastases from solid tumors is a rare entity. We describe one such case where a patient on treatment for prostate cancer presented with a right scrotal swelling. For restaging, whole-body 68-gallium prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was performed. Fused PET/CT images demonstrated intense uptake in the testicular lesion. Unique anatomic and functional information provided by hybrid PET/CT helped in reliably establishing the testicular mass as the site of metastases from prostate cancer, which had a major impact on patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloid sarcoma is a rare extramedullary manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that often presents during remission or disease relapse. The most common site of relapse being, however, many rare sites has been reported in the existing literature. We are herewith presenting the case of a 27-year-old patient of AML who showed an unusual site of relapse on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Open Bone Measurement (OBM) and Bone Sounding (BS) are most reliable but invasive clinical methods for Alveolar Bone Level (ABL) assessment, causing discomfort to the patient. Routinely, IOPAs & OPGs are the commonest radiographic techniques used, which tend to underestimate bone loss and obscure buccal/lingual defects. Novel technique like dentascan (CBCT) eliminates this limitation by giving images in 3 planes – sagittal, coronal and axial. Aim: To compare & correlate non-invasive 3D radiographic technique of Dentascan with BS & OBM, and IOPA and OPG, in assessing the ABL. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional diagnostic study. Material and Methods: Two hundred and five sites were subjected to clinical and radiographic diagnostic techniques. Relative distance between the alveolar bone crest and reference wire was measured. All the measurements were compared and tested against the OBM. Statistical Analysis: Student’s t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There is statistically significant difference between dentascan and OBM, only BS showed agreement with OBM (p < 0.05). Dentascan weakly correlated with OBM & BS lingually.Rest all techniques showed statistically significant difference between them (p= 0.00). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, only BS seems to be comparable with OBM with no superior result of Dentascan over the conventional techniques, except for lingual measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tube arcing artifact is known to be caused by a temporary short circuit in the X‑ray tube causing momentary loss of X‑ray output. It is seen as near‑parallel and an equidistant streak pattern on transaxial computed tomography (CT) images and as a “horizontal” hypodense band on the coronal and sagittal CT images. This artifact can be a random occurrence and was caused in this particular case due to voltage fluctuations in the high‑voltage supply transformer supplying the rotor of the anode in the X‑ray tube. This problem was initially corrected by reducing the tube voltage to 120 kV from the original 140 kV and, subsequently, replacing the faulty transformer. This kind of artifact, which is a very rare situation, can affect the image quality, and could also be an early sign of equipment failure. To the authors' knowledge, such an artifact has not been reported till date in a clinical scenario. Hence, we would like to report a rare situation of tube arcing artifact along with a unique remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is a rare malignancy often involving bilateral adrenal glands. Diffuse large B-cell is the most common histological type. Unilateral presentation and T-cell/natural killer (T/NK) cell histological type is rarer. We report fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan findings in a case of unilateral T/NK cell PAL performed for staging and interim treatment response assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False-positive findings are commonly seen in positron emission tomography computed tomography imaging. One of the most common false positive finding is uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose in brown adipose tissue. Herein, we report two cases with incidentally detected hibernomas-a brown fat containing tumor with metabolic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Area of fat sparing in fatty liver is known to pose a diagnostic challenge in an oncological setting, especially in cancers with higher propensity for liver metastases. We report an unusual appearance of hepatic metastases in a fat spared area, on both computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET), in a combined 18 fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) PET/CT study done in metastatic adenocarcinoma of colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of thrombus is usually an incidental finding on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography studies. Nevertheless this is an important finding in terms of disease prognostication and in planning the treatment strategy. We herein report a case of a 50-years-old male, a diagnosed case of hepatocellular carcinoma with extensive hypermetabolic thrombus involving the entire portal venous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uptake in non-osseous, non-urologic tissues is occasionally found in the performance of bone scintigraphy. These uptakes reflect an atypical interaction between the radiopharmaceutical and the patient. Knowledge of the rare extraskeletal uptakes and their clinical relevance helps in better interpretation of bone scans. We report an unusual occurrence of extraosseous accumulation of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate in a phlebolith in bone scan, confirmed with the aid of photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography is valuable in the identification of tumor thrombus and differentiating it from bland thrombus which has implications in initiating anticoagulation. We present a rare case of tumor thrombosis in ovarian vein, in a recurrent case of uterine carcinosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artifacts present in computed tomography (CT) image often degrade the image quality and ultimately, the diagnostic outcome. Ring artifact in trans-axial image is caused by either miscalibrated or defective detector element of detector row, which is often categorized as scanner based artifact. A ring artifact detected on trans-axial CT image of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), was caused by contamination of CT tube aperture by droplet of injectable contrast medium. This artifact was corrected by removal of contrast droplet from CT tube aperture. The ring artifact is a very common artifact, commonly cited in the literature. Our case puts forward an uncommon cause of this artifact and its method of correction, which also, has no mention in the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction artifacts often affect the image quality. An unusual wavy imaging pattern was seen on computed tomography (CT) part of positron emission tomography/CT, on sagittal and coronal images. This pattern was corrected on realignment of CT tube. This artifact, popularly known as stair step artifact, is rarely cited in the literature and our case generates a practical scenario of how it affects the image quality and how it is corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor related to a case study of a 64-year-old gentleman was diagnose with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG) PET/CT for radiotherapy treated laryngeal cancer.

Sinister undesirable pathologies often accompany malignancies. Though the entire emphasis is on cancer management, these benign conditions are more life-threatening than the primary malignancy itself. We report an interesting imaging finding of broncho-esophageal fistula leading to lung abscess on 18F- fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) in large middle esophageal cancer, which due to early detection, was promptly managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 43-year-old male smoker. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) was performed which revealed the lung cancer in the patient. The cytological examination with the ultrasound of avid parotid nodules showed bilateral multifocal Warthin's tumor (WT). The article informs that the case with bilateral synchronous and multifocal WT found in this patient is rare.