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Background: There is a medial bulging of the lateral nasal wall in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Aims: Uncinate process (UP) angulation measurements in patients and controls to objectify this bulging. Materials and Methods: Thirty CF, 17 primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), 13 chronic rhinosinusitis with polyps (CRSwp), and 30 controls were included. Angles were measured bilaterally on computed tomography (CT) scans: A, B, C on coronal sections, D and E on axial sections. Angle A was between the UP and the orbit inner wall, whereas the others were between UP and midline. Results: There was no significant difference between controls, PCD, and CRSwp. However, CF had 3 statistically different angles with controls, 5 with CRSwp, and 4 with PCD. Angle A average value was 126° (±16°) in patients with CF, 138° (±19°) in controls (P = .007), 145° (±15°) in PCD (P = .001), and 138° (±14°) in CRSwp (P = .001). Angle E average value was 35° (±10°) in patients with CF, 20° (±6°) in controls (P < .001), 21° (±4°) in PCD (P < .001), and 22° (±6°) in CRSwp (P < .001). Conclusion: Uncinate process's anatomy is only modified in CF: Angle between UP and inner wall of orbit is closed, and angles between UP and midline are opened. Significance: These measures quantify the medial bulging of lateral nasal wall and support nasofibroscopic observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paranasal sinus fungus balls (PSFB) are a common form of surgically treatable, noninvasive mycosis. To date, no guidelines have standardized PSFB treatment or management of difficult cases (eg, immunocompromised or fragile patients). The clinical consensus statement presented herein aims to provide a comprehensive management guide to PSFB based on current evidence. Methods: A multidisciplinary, international panel of 19 specialists judged statements in 3 rounds of a modified Delphi method survey. Statements encompassed the following PSFB management issues: definition, diagnostic workup; treatment indications and modalities; and follow‐up. Otolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons, infectious disease specialists, and transplant physicians were considered the target audience. Results: Among the 23 statements, 7 reached strong consensus and 16 reached consensus. Consensus was reached on the definition, diagnosis, and treatment modalities for PSFB. Postoperative follow‐up modalities and scenarios with bacterial superinfection were the most debated issues. Conclusion: Until further data are available, these points provide a framework for the management of PSFB. Moreover, PSFB should be considered a noninvasive mycosis that is not necessarily symptomatic or related to odontogenic conditions. Although diagnosis may be incidental, endoscopy and single imaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, with distinctive features) are required for diagnosis, whereas contrast medium would allow for differential diagnosis. Although treatment of PSFB should be considered mandatory before sinus augmentation and is recommended for symptomatic patients, immunosuppressed patients, or patients with planned immunosuppression, watchful waiting could be considered for asymptomatic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who are provided with appropriate advice and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]