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Biodiesel production as a fuel in diesel engines has expanded dramatically in recent years and is likely to increase more in the near future. Increasing biodiesel consumption requires optimized production techniques that allow for significant production capacities, simplified operations, high yields, and the usage of more cost-effective feedstocks such as waste oils and fats. In this study, biodiesel was produced from waste vegetable oil (WVO) and Methanol (CH3OH) in the presence of a nanoCaONCC catalyst that was derived from industrial waste that mainly consists of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). The produced nanoparticle catalyst was characterized by using FTIR, SEM, and XRD. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum operating conditions for the highest biodiesel yield. After applying the RSM methods using the CCD experimental design, the optimum biodiesel production was found to be at a temperature of 55 °C, catalyst loading of 1.25 % w/v, Methanol to oil ratio of 1:5 w/w, and reaction time of 75 min with an average yield of 94.01 %. The FTIR showed the presence of the CaO and NCC functional groups. SEM image revealed that the produced catalyst is more porous, with a small particle size. The XRD pattern presented the presence of cellulose (NCC) and Calcium Oxide (CaO) nanoparticles in the synthesized catalyst. The R2 of 0.963 was found to be for the mathematical models to predict biodiesel production.

This work reports on the structural modification of cellulosic materials with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles through the co-precipitation method. Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers with chemical variability brought about by the presence of several hydroxyl groups, allowing its surface modifications through the insertion of several chemical groups to impact its cellulosic characteristics. Thus, the objective of this study was to synthesize magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) through co-precipitation, followed by in situ incorporation of MNPs onto chemically purified cellulose (CPC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). The composites were characterized for thermal properties using TGA, molecular structure using FTIR, surface morphology using SEM, elemental composition using electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), and crystallinity using XRD. The prepared composites presented improved crystal, thermal, and surface properties. CNC-MNPs and CPC-MNPs bore particle sizes of 26.94 and 37.72 nm, respectively, whereas MNPs’ particle size was 10.3 nm. EDS analysis indicated that Fe, C, and Cl were the main elements present in the composites. Surface modification of the cellulosic materials presented excellent sorption surface properties and can be used in several industrial processes, such as wastewater purification, air filtration, and various environmental remediation processes.