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The inherent defects of the layer‐by‐layer manufacturing process limit the mechanical performance of 3D‐printed composite parts. This paper explores a process optimization method for continuous fiber composites 3D printing to improve the mechanical performance of 3D‐printed CF/PA6 (Carbon Fiber/Nylon 6) parts. First, the effects of printing temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, and side step on the mechanical performance of 3D‐printed CF/PA6 were studied by conducting variable parameter printing experiments. All optimal printing parameters for CF/PA6 were obtained, and their impact mechanisms were analyzed. Second, the coupling effect of temperature and pressure of post‐processing reduced the internal voids of 3D‐printed CF/PA6 and improved its mechanical properties. The influence mechanism of the coupling effect of temperature and pressure was summarized, and the optimal post‐processing parameters applicable to CF/PA6 were obtained. Based on the above process optimization, the fiber volume content of the printed CF/PA6 reached 41.05%, and the bending strength and elastic modulus reached 651.54 MPa and 79.08 GPa, which were 209.05% and 179.53% higher than those before optimization. Moreover, the tensile strength and elastic modulus reached 730 MPa and 29.23GPa, which were 98.10% and 81.10% higher than those before optimization. The experimental results give a positive validation of the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed methodology. Highlights: The effects of printing temperature, printing speed, layer thickness, and side step on the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed CF/PA6 were investigated. The optimal printing parameters applicable to CF/PA6 were obtained and their influence mechanisms were analyzed.The effects of the heat press processing method on the internal voids and mechanical properties of 3D‐printed CF/PA6 were investigated, and the optimal post‐processing parameters applicable to CF/PA6 were obtained.The study resulted in optimal printing parameters and post‐processing parameters for 3D printing CF/PA6, which greatly enhanced its tensile and flexural strength and modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]