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Composites rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall and rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall have been reactively synthesized in xylene solution. The starting materials are recycled polypropylene (rPP), divinylbenzene (DVB), and PP-g-AA coupling agent, halloysite (Hall) and kenaf fiber (KF). By using ASTM D638, D6272 and D6110, the mechanical properties of composites which are measured: tensile strength (TS), flexural strength (FS) and impact toughness (IT), respectively. The result of the rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall (C1) composite test shows that the TS increased up to 52%, the FS to 10% and the IT to 7% compared to that of starting material rPP. In the mean time, the addition of 20% (w/w) of KF as a second reinforcement to form rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall composites (C3) is able to increase the TS by 18%, the FS by 28% and the IT by 27% compared to the composite without KF (C1).

Has successfully created an optimum composite of rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB based on the mechanical and fuel resistance properties. The starting material recycled PP (rPP), PP modified acrylic acid (AA) as coupling agent (PP-AA), crosslinker divinylbenzene (DVB), 20 phr of commercial bentonite (comBen) and 5 phr of zinc borate (ZB), was reactivelly processed in xylene. Composites analysis using XRD presented that the bentonite had been exfoliated inside of PP matrix. Test results showed that both of tensile strength (TS) and young's modulus (YM) of rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB composites following ASTM D638 was increased. The testing results of burning rate (BR) of composite rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB according to ASTM D635 decreased. The presence of bentonite as a natural fire retardant and ZB as fire retardant additive on composite rPP/DVB/PP-AA/comBen+ZB able to increase mechanical properties and also improving the flammability resistance.

Had been synthesized different composites from recycled polypropylene (rPP) using Pineapple leave Fiber (PaF), commercial Bentonite (comBen) and zinc borate (ZB). In the optimum formula with ratio rPP/PaF/comBen was 65/15/20 (w/w) and 5 % ZB of different composites are measured their flame retardancy, tensile strength (TS) and biodegradability. This new rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB composites materials have heat combustion (Hg), tensile strength (TS) and biodegradability better than the starting materials. The Hg of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB decreased to 28%. The TS of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB according to ASTM D 638 arised to 83%. The biodegradability of rPP/PaF/comBen/ZB in burial test arised to 15.7%.

Had been successfully synthesized rPP/DVB/PP-AA/rNR/KF//Hall+ZB smart composite in solution reactive processes with various recycled Natural Rubber (rNR) bio-compatibilizer concentration. The addition of rNR bio-compatibilizer improved the total capacity loading (Hall and KF) filler to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rNR is capable to increase capacity of total loading filler KF and Hall up to 46% as the optimum condition (KH4). At optimum conditions it can increase the Tensile Strength (TS) and Elongation (Elo) up to 16% and 17% respectively, and decrease the Young Modulus (YM) to 1% compared to that the composites without rNR (KH1). The rNR plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can increase the loading filler capacity and well interaction, finally, it can increase the TS properties. The increase of total loading filler KF and Hall to 46% (KH4) can also improve the inflammability of the composites. The Heat combustion (Hg) of KH1 without rNR was 42.3 kJ/g and at optimum condition the Hg of KH4 increases 4.8%, compared to that of KH1. The time to Ignition (TTI) increases by 6.9%, Burning Rate (BR) decreases by 3.7% and the Heat Release (HR) increases by 2.1% compared to that of the composites without rNR (KH1).

Composites rPP/DVB/AA/KF had been reactively synthesized in melt using starting material: recycled polypropylene (rPP), kenaf fiber (KF), multifunctional compound acrylic acid (AA), compatibilizer divinyl benzene (DVB). To improve the inflammability of composites, single flame retardant aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) and boric acid (BA) as an additive was added. The inflammability of the composites was tested according to ASTM D635. By using 20% ATH and 5% BA additive in the composites it is effectively inhibiting its time to ignition (TTI). Its burning rate (BR) can be reduced and its heat realease (%HR) decreases. The biodegradability of composites was quantified by its losing weight (LW) of composites after buried for 4 months in the media with rich cellulolytic bacteria. The result shows that the LW of composites in the presence 20% ATH and 5% BA is 6.3%.

Had been synthesized PP/rRG/MMt+ZB smart material composite in solution reactive processes with various rRG concentration. The addition of rRG plasticizers will improve the deflection properties and increase the filler capacity MMt loading to reach the optimum concentration. The addition of 3% rRG is capable of loading filler capacity MMt to 23% as the optimum condition. At the optimum conditions it can increase the deflection (Defl) and flexural strength (FS) up to 16% and 15% respectively compared to that of the composites without rRG. The rRG plasticizer serves as a bio-compatibilizer that can reduce surface tension of the mixture and leads to decrease the Defl., follow by the increase of loading filler capacity and well interaction finally can increase the FS properties. The increase of loading filler MMt up to 23% can also improve the inflammability of the composites. Time to Ignition (TTI) increase by 5% and Burning Rate (BR) decrease by 4.5% compared to that of the composites which is containing MMt 20% without rRG.

Silanizing of chitosan has been prepared using the solution-casting method. The silanizing agent is 3-glycydiloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS). The compounding of chitosan/GPTMS was conducted for 1 hour at 80°C by varying GPTMS compound (5-20 wt %) and the final product is referred as Cs/GPTMS. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation and young modulus were tested according to ASTM D882-02. The addition of 15 % of GPTMS was able to improve the tensile strength value up to 55.66%. However, the elongation decreased to 64.89 %. Moreover, the water adsorption and swelling area properties were studied in this research to evaluate the material ability. Both of water adsorption and swelling area properties decreased by the presence of GPTMS in chitosan. The Cs/GPTMS materials to be promising candidate materials for plastic engineering due to their properties meet the requirement.

Growing consciousness for an eco-friendly environment has revived the interest to develop composite fibers from biobased products. In this study, flammability, mechanical, water absorption and biodegradability properties of chitosan filled biocomposite waste polypropylene (wPP) reinforced with pseudo-stem banana fiber (PBF) and montmorillonite (MMt) biocomposites has been conducted investigate. It was successfully processed in solution method. Chitosan was chemically treated with glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to improve interfacial adhesion between chitosan and wPP. The chitosan treated with GPTMS content in the biocomposites were varied from 0 to 7% (dry wt. basis). Flammability, tensile strength and water absorption index of biocomposites were measured according to ASTM D635, ASTM D638, and ASTM D570 respectively. To study the nature of its biodegradability, the biocomposites were technically buried in garbage dump land. The results show that the addition of treated chitosan 3-GPTMS has improved thermal properties such as Time to Ignition (TTi), Burning Rate (BR), and Heat release (HR) of treated biocomposites compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposite with treated chitosan. The treated biocomposites exhibit higher tensile strength and Young's modulus, but lower elongation at break compared with neat PP and untreated biocomposites with treated chitosan. The biocomposites show a reduction in the rate of water uptake with higher loading of CH.

This research has successfully synthesized six hybrid laminate composites (HLC). These HLC consist of two layers skin composites and one layer of core PP/KF composites. There are sticked with epoxy adhesive by using cold press method. In this research 6 types of skin are used, namely the rPP (recycled polypropylene, HC1); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF (HC2); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall (HC3); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/Hall+ZB (HC4); rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall (HC5) and rPP/DVB/PP-g-AA/KF/Hall+ZB (HC6) composites. The mechanical properties assessment tensile strength (TS) of various HLC before and after cyclical thermal (CT) was done by ASTM D638. While testing the flame retardant: such as time to ignition (TTI) and burning rate (BR) was done by ASTM D635. Heat stability of HLC can be recognized by conducting the CT treatment. It is to determine the effect of fluctuating heat loads on mechanical properties of HLC materials. The TS result of five HLCs (HC2, HC3, HC4, HC5 and HC6) before CT treatment were higher than HC1 (blank HLC). Those five HLC are also able to increase the TTI and reduce the BR compared to HC1. The CT treatment conditions performed at 45 oC as much as 125 times. After CT treatment, the TS values only slightly decline compared to before CT treatment.