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In this work, five types of combed cotton spun yarn, selected from tex 7.38, 5.95, and 4.22, with a twist factor ∝ t = 4300 (tex system), were manufactured via alternative spinning methods (ring and compact). These yarns were processed from Egyptian extra-long staple cotton: G45, G93, G88, G92, and Pc (a) (a promising crossed type). In addition, yarn of tex 7.38 (compact) was produced from long staple cottons G86 and Pc (b) (another promising crossed type). The other two yarns from the five type of yarns selected from tex 15 and 20, ∝ t = 3600 , were spun combed and carded ring only via using Egyptian cotton (medium long staple), G80, G90, and Pc (a) (a promising crossed type). Each yarn tex was processed from any of the latest types of Egyptian cotton, using experimental methods of measurement, which are different from the usual methods used. Yarn diameter was calculated using the Pierce formula. Yarn circular cross-section area (CSA) was determined and consequently the yarn breaking strength in mega Pascal [Mpa] was counted. Also, the toughness of each yarn was estimated. All these calculated values, for the different yarns, made from upgraded Egyptian cotton, were tabulated, sampled, graphed, and analyzed. The range of the yarns’ breaking strength was found to be from 244 (G45) to 231 (Pc(a)), their breaking extension changes were from 5.41% (G45) to 4.68% (Pc(a)). Consequently, their toughness varied from 6.6 Mpa (G45) to 5.41 Mpa (Pc(a)). Textile materials are part of material science, which uses engineering units to address the global market. This improves market tolerance of new products suitable for the inherent properties expressed in engineering units. These engineering units help the global spread of these new products, where they are applicable and practically reliable. To make the Egyptian cotton industry more known globally, there are several methods; one of them is the use of engineering units to facilitate its use and application. Therefore, the present work will participate partially in spreading our textile industry to the global market.

Dual-core yarns, which are developed to have high elasticity and strength properties at the same time in the yarn structure, have been the focus of interest in yarn sector. Considering the purpose of developing dual-core yarns, it is obvious that the breaking strength and elongation performances expected from these yarns are very important. In this paper, the twist coefficient and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)/Elastane draft ratios of dual-core yarns were optimized by Taguchi Method for improved of breaking strength and elongation performance. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each output and optimum levels were determined over these ratios. As a result of the study, it was determined that PET draft was the most effective parameter for both outputs. Considering the individual optimum levels determined for each output, common factor-level combinations covering both outputs were determined. Consequently, optimal common combination for the multi-performances was found as 4.2 twist coefficient, 1.15 PET draft ratio and 3.8 elastane ratio.

In the manuscript, the liquid-phase deposition technique was used to successfully deposit an Al2O3 ceramic coating on the quartz fiber. The thickness of the coating was not uniform. The thickest pa...

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that increased consumption of synthetic polymers leads to an increase in environmental pollution due to the long decomposition time of plastic waste. As a result, it is necessary to develop polymer composites based on a biodegradable polymer matrix, and to improve the performance properties of finished plastic products, it is necessary to purposefully select cheap and affordable inorganic fillers. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the regularities in the generation of a spatially structured polymer matrix under UV irradiation of polylactide-based composites filled with aluminosilicate microspheres (ASM). The leading approach to the given problem is to melt polymer composites of various compositions and to determine the physical, mechanical, and thermophysical characteristics of the prototypes, including the supermolecular structure of the polymer matrix under the influence of ultraviolet irradiation. The study suggests that the filling of polylactide with ASM particles leads to an increase in the elastic modulus, a decrease in the strength at static rupture and resistance to dynamic destructive effects, as well as heat resistance. Small aluminosilicate microspheres, when added to polylactide, perform the function of nucleation and, even with a small content, increase the crystallinity degree by 3.7 percentage points. In the range of ASM content from 1 pph to 10 pph, the absolute value of the crystallinity degree practically does not depend on the filler concentration in the polymer composite. UV (ultraviolet) irradiation in the presence of air oxygen initiates the thermooxidative destruction of polylactide and leads to the establishment of a spatially structured polymer phase using the electrostatic intermolecular interaction of additionally formed oxygen-containing functional groups in macrochains, as well as partial intermolecular crosslinking during recombination of macroradicals. The establishment of spatial structures in the polymer matrix under UV irradiation determines an increase in the resistance of experimental samples to thermal effects. It is manifested in an increase in the bending temperature under load by 7-10 percentage points, a decrease in the crystallinity degree by 1.2-2.6 percentage points, a decrease in the fluidity of the meltage and also an increase in the glass transition and melting temperature. The materials of the study are of practical value for the development of biodegradable composites based on polylactide filled with inorganic components.

The effect of different types of elastane weft yarn with different levels of elastane content on the tensile properties of the stretch denim fabric has been studied. The wear comfort of stretch denim fabric depends on the tensile load developed at lower extension levels generated by the movement of the body, while the durability of the fabric can be assessed by its ultimate tensile properties. Three types of elastane yarn i.e. cotton staple core spun, polyester staple core spun and polyester multifilament air covered yarn with elastane as core are used as weft to produce the stretch denim fabric samples. These yarns were further produced having different levels of elastane content. It is observed that for the same level of elastane content, the type of yarn structure and composition has a significant effect on the tensile properties of the fabric. In general, the tensile load developed at lower extension level decreases as the elastane content increases thus improving the wear comfort of the stretch denim fabric. The fabric with polyester staple core spun and polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn as weft showed better wear comfort as compared to the fabric having cotton staple core-spun elastane yarn as weft. As the elastane content in the fabric is increased, it is found that the improvement in wear comfort is higher during the initial increase in elastane level. Generally, the breaking strength of the stretch denim fabrics decreases as the elastane content increases. There is no such drop in breaking strength of the fabric with polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn with an increasing level of elastane content. The breaking elongation of all the fabric samples with different types of elastane weft yarn increases as the elastane content increases. For the same level of elastane content, breaking strength and elongation of the fabric having polyester multifilament air covered elastane yarn was highest.

Ramie is of low cost, non-toxic, degradable but the use of ramie in garments manufacturing is limited due to a large amount of hairiness bringing scratchiness to skin. Herein, a facile and efficient surface micro-dissolution technology was used to eliminate the hairiness of ramie fabrics. SEM, Mirrorless Digital Camera, FTIR, XRD, and TG were used to investigate the morphology and structure of treated ramie fabrics. Softness, hydrophilicity, breaking strength, whiteness, moisture absorption, dye uptake, and air permeability were also studied. The results proved that surface micro-dissolution technology eliminate hairiness effectively while its physical properties were retained. In particular, the softness of the fabric was well maintained, which makes it suitable for clothing production. The surface micro-dissolution technology of ramie fabric based on copper ammonia solution system has the advantages of short treatment time and low process requirements, which provides a new idea for improving the wearability of ramie fabric.

Fishing gear consists of natural materials (natural fibres) and synthetic materials (synthetic fibres). The advantage of using synthetic materials is more durable. Polyamide is one of the examples of synthetic materials or also known as nylon. The effectiveness of the material makes fishermen not spend much money on the treatment of fishing gear. It is necessary to consider all aspects that affect the stability to achieve high elasticity, such as breaking strength and elongation. The method of this study was descriptive analysis which refers to the SNI ISO 1806:2010 method. Data were collected in dry conditions with nets as a sample and 3, 6, 9, 12 months of the length time of net usage, and one sample fishing gear that has not been used as a control variable. Each treatment was repeated 10 times, and then the value of breaking strength and elongation were tested by using an autograph machine. The result of this study is the value of breaking strength of multifilament polyamide (PA), net decreases alongside with length time of net usage. The value of elongation of multifilament polyamide (PA), net also decreases alongside with net usage time. There is a strong relationship between length time of net usage and the value of breaking strength and there is a strong relationship between length time of net usage and the value of elongation.

The existing historical silk, which has great historical and academic research value, is an indispensable and important carrier for the study of global ancient civilization. It is very important to scientifically evaluate the preservation status of such silk. In this paper, the corresponding relationship between the surface resistance and the retention rate of breaking strength was established by testing simulated samples of photoaged silk fabrics. The effectiveness of the surface resistance method was suggested by amino acid analysis and infrared spectroscopic analysis. The test results show that the surface resistance method is a simple and fast nondestructive test to establish improved rules of consideration for the aging degree of silk relics. According to the corresponding relationship between the surface resistance and the retention rate of breaking strength, the current breaking strength of the fibers of historical silk can be inferred, which provides a scientific basis for the aging evaluation and protection of historical silk.

In this work, the chemical and low temperature nitrogen plasma methods were adopted to treat the raw material, untreated poultry feather (UPF), to obtain thechemically treated poultry feather (CPF), plasma treated poultry feather (PPF) and chemically & plasma treated poultry feather (CPPF), respectively. Then the four kinds of feather fibers were used as reinforcement fibers to prepare feather/keratin composite films with the ratio from 1% to 12% (relative to the mass of keratin in the film), respectively. The effect of feather treatment method and the feather fiber content onthe mechanical properties of films were studied. The results show that UPF has poor enhancement performance in keratin films, and CPF and PPF have better reinforcing effect than UPF. The keratin films reinforced by CPPF have relatively strong breaking strength, indicating that the CPPF plays an active reinforcing role in the composite film and has the most potential as a reinforcement fiber. For all the samples, when the fiber content is around 7%, the composite film has the best mechanical properties.

This paper reports the fabrication and mechanical properties of macroscale graphene fibers (diameters of 10 to 100 μm with lengths upwards of 2 cm) prepared from a single sheet of single-layer graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The breaking strength of these graphene fibers increased with consecutive tensile test measurements on a single fiber, where fiber fragments produced from a prior test exhibited larger breaking strengths. Additionally, we observed an overall reduction of surface folds and wrinkles, and an increase in their alignment parallel to the tensile direction. We propose that a foundation of this property is the plastic deformations within the fiber that accumulate through sequential tensile testing. Through this cyclic method, our best fiber produced a strength of 2.67 GPa with a 1 mm gauge length.

The method to obtain the breaking strength and elongation distribution of fiber through numerous single fiber tests is tedious and time-consuming. In the present work, a method based on acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by fiber fracture during the fiber bundle test has been developed for estimating the distribution of single wool breaking strength and elongation. AE detection is performed simultaneously during the fiber extension. According to the AE signal, it is proved that every individual fiber break can be detected, and the failure probability distribution of wool elongation can be obtained. Based on this, the single wool breaking strength is estimated from the tensile response of the fiber bundle, and then its distribution can be deduced. Finally, the distributions of breaking strength and elongation determined by the bundle test are compared with that obtained from the single fiber samples. The results show that the method developed in this work can be used to estimate the breaking strength and elongation of the single fiber within the bundle. Their cumulative probability distributions are similar to the results of single fiber sample tests, especially the distribution of the breaking strength.

Pb1·0[Zr0·49Ti0·46(Li0·25Sb0.75)0.05]O3(PZT-5H) is easy to break under overload. To explore the electrical output characteristics of fractured PZTs when they are subjected to repeated impact, experiments were performed by using SHPB loading and testing system. The results show that the irregularity of internal defects for PZT has different breaking strengths. The breaking strength of PZT-5H in experiments varies from 30 MPa to 50 MPa. The electric displacement and stress can meet the classical piezoelectric equation without considering the influence of fracture on discharge, but the dynamic and quasi-static piezoelectric constants d33 are quite different. With the increase of stress rising rate, d33 increases gradually. Under different impact velocities, the relationship between electric displacement and stress peak is nonlinear; Whether it is electrical short-circuit or open-circuit, the influence of fracture on the electrical output is limited. The influence of crack caused by overload on discharge can be ignored when the electrode material does not be damaged.

Introduction Metallic survival blankets are multifunctional medical devices frequently used to provide thermal insulation in sport and leisure activities and in emergency care. To assess further properties of survival blankets, we investigated their breaking strength under laboratory conditions. Methods An experimental study was performed with 2 commercially available survival blankets used by emergency medical services. Breaking strength measured with a tensile testing machine was determined consecutively with 10 tests conducted per brand. Results Breaking strength (mean±SD) of the tested brands was 3.8±0.4 kN, (range: 2.8–4.1 kN) and 4.0±0.5 kN (range: 3.2–4.6 kN). When using the windlass of a commercially available tourniquet for the longitudinally folded survival blanket, the windlass bent at a force of 0.8 kN; when using a carabiner, the force exceeded 3.6 kN before failure occurred in both blanket brands. Conclusions Both brands of survival blankets show impressive tensile strength, indicating that they have the potential to serve as temporary pelvic binders or even as makeshift tourniquets when urgent bleeding control is needed.

In this paper, 3D warp-knitted camouflage fabrics were fabricated with two kinds of bottom structure. Polyester and coating treated PE flat wire were used as raw materials. The samples were manufactured by the RD6N warp-knitting machine. The properties of camouflage fabrics were tested and analyzed. Results show that the lowest reflection loss of 2 cm height of 3D warp-knitted camouflage fabrics with mesh was -38.49 dB at 15.45 GHz. And the 3D warp-knitted camouflage fabric has excellent absorption performance, tensile breaking strength and flame retardant property. The findings have theoretical and practical significance for the applications of 3D warp-knitted camouflage fabrics.

The effect of combined technology of ECAE-drawing on features of ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure formation in aluminum alloy А0 is considered. Deformation by the proposed and existing schemes is conducted at room temperature with the number of passes equal to four. It is shown that ECAE-drawing leads to more significant refinement of the structure of pure aluminum compared with traditional drawing. The grains obtained are equiaxed in shape, and their size lies in the range from 0.7 to 0.8 μm. It is also established that aluminum wire strength increases after four passes by almost a factor of three. Ultimate breaking strength and yield strength increase from 145 to 400 MPa (the absolute increase is 255 MPa) and from 100 to 224 MPa (the absolute increase is 114 MPa) respectively, relative elongation is reduced by 7%, and reduction of area is reduced by 5%. It is found that after deformation by the ECAE-drawing method wire has an increased reserve of ductility compared with the traditional drawing process that makes it possible to accomplish subsequent treatment without intermediate annealing.

The softening has enormous importance in the textile finishing process, and a great majority of the fabrics (white or colored) leave the textile mill by including softener agents. The macro and micro particle sized silicone softeners have been common usage within the softeners, recently. Though, generally the micro and macro silicone softeners use individually, their mixtures are sometimes suggested to use in some processes (such as wrinkle recovery). In view of that fact, in this study, it was investigated that how to effect of the mechanic and physical performances of the fabric samples when different ratios of the micro and macro silicone softeners are used. For this purpose, the application solutions including micro and macro silicone softeners at the different ratios were applied to the 50% cotton-50% polyester woven fabrics with padding method. After applications, the performance properties of the fabric samples were investigated through bending rigidity, stiffness, tearing strength, and breaking strength. Besides, the CIELab color values, as well as the whiteness values of the samples were also measured. The one-way variance analysis was carried out to the obtained results in order to research statistically the significance of the different ratios on the performance values.

This study involves the use of food-grade chemicals in the integrated pest management of dry-cured ham through the use of 100% polyester weft knitted mesh nets, an idea that was derived from a previously published study in the literature. Tubular mesh nets that are used to contain dry-ageing hams, commonly referred to as ham nets, were treated with a patent-pending food-grade chemical solution (40% Propylene Glycol + 1% Propylene Glycol Alginate + 1% Carrageenan) to control ham mites. Both treated and untreated ham nets were compared for mechanical performance characteristics based on the following standards: abrasion resistance (ASTM D4966), elastic recovery (BS EN 14704-1:2005), breaking strength (ASTM D5034-09), and bursting strength (ASTM D3786). The results indicate that the chemical treatment had minimal to no impact on the mechanical performance characteristics of ham nets. The obtained SEM images also showed no negative effect on the fiber morphology due to the applied chemical solution. The findings support the use of treated ham nets to increase the end-use functionality and provide ham producers an option for integrated pest management without compromising mechanical performance needs.

The study aimed to determine the breaking strength and elongation of polyamide monofilament 0.44 mm in dry condition after treating with open and close storage. This study was an experimental study that refers to SNI ISO 1805: 2010 method. Data collection was done in the dry condition with two yarn samples from different treatments and one sample as a control. Each treatment was done 10 times of repetition. The test material was collected in one mesh. Then the locking distance was adjusted with the mesh size. The breaking strength and elongation score were tested using an autograph. The study found the breaking strength on polyamide nets stored closely was higher than open storage samples. On the other, the elongation value on monofilament polyamide nets stored closely was lower than open storage samples. There was an effect on different storage methods against polyamide breaking strength (sig 0.00), which was lower than α (0.05). Different storage methods also affected the elongation score of polyamides (sig 0.00) < α (0.05). In conclusion, there was an effect on different storage methods, open or close storage, against breaking and elongation strength of polyamide monofilament 0.4 mm.

Agel ropes have lower mechanical properties (breaking strength and elongation) than synthetic fiber ropes. Chitosan coating is expected to improve the mechanical properties of agel ropes. The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of immersion in chitosan on the physical and mechanical properties of agel ropes, and to examine the breaking strength and elongation of coated agel ropes after being soaked in both freshwater and seawater. This experimental study was conducted at the Laboratory of Fishing Gear Technology, Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization IPB University, and Laboratory of Forest Product Engineering, Department of Forest Products IPB University. The experiment involved 3 mm in diameter of two agel ropes incorporating control rope and agel rope soaked in 1% chitosan for 24 hours. The control rope was light brown, stiff, and rough, while the treated rope was darker, less stiff, and smoother. The breaking strength of control and treated rope was significantly different (P

The production of clothing in recent years is mainly based on synthetic materials. Synthetics such as polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN) significantly reduce the costs of clothing production. PA...

Bu çalışmada, metal içerikli örme kumaşların eksenel gerilmeler karşısındaki mukavemet ve uzama davranışları araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında çelik, bakır ve gümüş teller eş karıştırma tekniği ile 2 adet poliamid 6.6 filament ile birleştirilerek metal içerikli iplikler üretilmiştir. Üretilen iplikler kullanılarak 1x1 Rib dokusunda örme kumaşlar üretilmiştir. Karşılaştırma amacıyla %100 poliamid örme kumaşlar da üretilmiştir. Üretilen kumaşların sıra ve çubuk doğrultusundaki kopma mukavemeti ve uzama özellikleri TS EN ISO 13934-1 standardına göre test edilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak metal içerikli kumaşlar ile kontrol kumaşının mukavemet değerleri arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktur. Kumaşların çubuk yönündeki uzamalarında ise anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir.&nbsp, In this study, breaking strength and elongation behavior of the knitted fabrics including metal wire under axial forces were investigated. For this aim, Stainless steel, copper and silver wires were commingled with two polyamide 6.6 filament yarns. Produced yarns were knitted to 1x1 Rib fabrics. 100% polyamide knitted fabrics were also produced for comparison. Breaking strength and elongation properties of samples were tested at course and wale directions according to TS EN ISO 13934-1 standard. Obtained results were examined statistically. According to the results, there is no significant difference between the strength values of fabrics containing metal wires and control samples. Significant differences were observed in the elongation of the fabrics in the course direction.&nbsp

Subsurface damages (SSD) induced by lapping strongly influence performances of optical components. However, to date, a wide variety of destructive and non-destructive techniques for measuring the SSD depth have been explored. In the present study, a novel destructive technique was proposed based on breaking strength of the lapped materials. The proposed technique relates the length of median cracks, formed through the Vickers indentation test, and the breaking strength of the indented samples. With this technique, subsurface damage depth can be practically evaluated via measuring breaking strength of lapped samples. The subsurface damage depth and surface roughness of ground and lapped BK7 glass were measured by the bonded interface sectioning technique and contacting profilometer, respectively. In order to validate the feasibility of the proposed technique, the values of SSD depth obtained by the calibration curve were compared with the values of SSD depth measured by the bonded interface sectioning technique. The obtained results are in concordance in the both used methods, which prove the efficiency of our technique to estimate the SSD depth of brittle materials.

Predicting properties of end product from known properties of raw material is an important part of quality control in manufacturing. Main concept in this research is to reach a specified property of end product from known properties of raw material by attaining response surface designs with feasible region. The Ne20–19.21 T/inch yarn breaking strength (response, desired value 450 cNs) is acquired from cotton fiber properties (variables). The relationship between response and variables are obtained in response surface drawings and contour plots. The area showing the desired value in contour plots are colored in lilac and are intersected to obtain the feasible regions. By reading backwards from the feasible region borders, the variable value ranges are reached which will give the desired value of the response is obtained. When this information to start the yarn production is ready, the cotton lots containing these fiber property value ranges will be bought or from raw material in hand we will be read which yarn breaking strength will occur at the end of production. It was concluded that response surface designs with feasible region are quick, practical, and effective tools, provide valuable results, contribute a lot to quality control, and are beneficial in textile quality control.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influences of composition of weft and warp yarns and structural properties of fabric such as weft density and weave type on air permeability, wicking, breaking strength, elongation at break of the worsted fabrics. For this purpose, 27 types worsted fabric samples with three different weft density, three different weave pattern and three different raw material composition were produced. The physical properties of worsted fabric samples were determined by relevant tests. The effect of fabric composition, weft density and weave pattern on performance properties of worsted fabrics were investigated and analyzed with variance analysis.

The article analyses the effects of paper moisture content on energy absorbed during its tensile testing in the range of moisture equilibrium obtained during paper air conditioning at a temperature of 23°C. To predict changes in breaking energy caused by changes in moisture content, two calculation methods were proposed. The methods were verified on the basis of laboratory tests and calculation results, and their practical usefulness was confirmed.

A type-C mold based on in-body tissue architecture was previously developed for preparing small-diameter biotube vascular grafts with a 2-mm diameter and approximately 1-mm wall thickness. In this study, the type-C mold was modified for preparing large-diameter biotubes with controlled wall thicknesses. Four types of molds were assembled by inserting silicone center rods (outer diameters 11, 13, 15, 17 mm) into stainless steel cages (inner diameter 19 mm) and surgically embedded in the abdominal subcutaneous pouches of Holstein cows. After 8-12 weeks, connective tissues occupied the rod-cage gap in the molds to form biotubes. The wall thickness of the biotubes obtained after removing the molds was approximately 1-3 mm, which corresponded to approximately 80% of each gap distance. The breaking strength almost linearly increased with the wall thickness of the biotubes. The strength of the biotubes with wall thickness over 1.5 mm was higher than that of beagle blood vessels. The thickest biotubes were as strong as bovine pericardium and can be used as an alternative trachea graft because of their adequate lumen-holding force.

Wear occurs between two rubbing surfaces. Severe wear due to seizure under high pressure leads to catastrophic failures of mechanical systems and raises wide concerns. In this paper, a kind of synthetic oil-soluble ultrathin MoS2 sheets is synthesized and investigated as lubricant additives between steel surfaces. It is found that, with the ultrathin MoS2 sheets, the wear can be controlled under the nominal pressure of about 1 GPa, whereas the bearable nominal pressure for traditional lubricants is only a few hundred megapascals. It is found that when wear is under control, the real pressure between the asperities agrees with the breaking strength of ultrathin MoS2. Therefore, it is believed that, because of the good oil solubility and ultrasmall thickness, the ultrathin MoS2 sheets can easily enter the contact area between the contacting asperities. Then, the localized seizure and further wear are prevented because there will be no metal-to-metal contact as long as the real pressure between the asperitie...

In this paper, highly aligned electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber bundles with excellent mechanical properties were successfully fabricated via a novel Venturi tube high-speed airflow drafting (VAD) method, which was proved to be an effective way for preparing well-aligned nanofibers. The drafting force imposed by the high-speed airflow had significant effects on the alignment and mechanical properties of PAN nanofibers. Specially, the vacuum attractive force driven by Venturi tube made the nanofibers easy to bundle which further improved their orientation and mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that with the increase of high-speed airflow, the degree of orientation and mechanical properties of the PAN nanofiber bundles increased initially and then decreased. Compared with other wind pressure conditions, when the high-speed airflow was 0.1 MPa, the PAN nanofiber bundles alignment degree was optimum, and its breaking strength reached 155.76 CN. The drafting and attractive force of Venturi tube provides a new strategy for preparing nanofiber bundles with high orientation and outstanding mechanical properties.

High performance cotton fabrics with color, luster and wrinkle resistance are manufactured by three steps. The coloration, wrinkle resistance and luster finishing consume a large number of resources, and generate a huge amount of colored wastewater. The present research reports a cleaner process for dyeing, wrinkle resistance and luster finishing of cotton fabrics. Cotton fabrics were dyed at 35 °C for 15 h with multifunctional reactive dye solutions of high concentrations. Scanning electron microscope images show the fiber cross sections became circular like the mercerized cotton fibers, and the fabrics exhibited nice luster and wrinkle resistant ability. For fabrics with light and middle color, a certain amount of 1,3,5-triacryloyhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine was added into the dye liquor to make the fiber cross section become circular and to make the wrinkle recovery angle reach more than 260° to obtain good wrinkle resistant ability. When the padded fabrics were steamed at 102 °C for 3 min instead of fixing at 35 °C for 15 h, the wrinkle recovery angle also reached 266°. The breaking strength of dyed fabrics decreased with increasing the dye and 1,3,5-triacryloyhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine concentrations. The enhancement of wrinkle resistance of dyed fabrics is due to the crosslink effect of the dye molecules with cellulose macromolecules. This one-step process will save a significant amount of energy and water, and reduce the effluent discharged.

Protein-based composites have always been desirable biomaterials as they can be fabricated into a wide range of biomaterials with tunable properties, including modulation of mechanical properties and control of cell responses. Both egg white protein (EW) and silk fibroin (SF) are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and naturally abundant biopolymers. In order to obtain biocompatible composite films with tunable performance, EW and SF were blended at various ratios. Raising the SF ratio in the composite films significantly increased breaking strength, but impaired flexibility. Conversely, increasing the EW ratio remarkably enhanced elasticity of the composite films. Furthermore, the biological assays based on endothelial cells showed that the incorporation of EW promoted cell viability. These make them potential materials with controllable mechanical property and enhanced bioactivity, providing useful options for the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds.

The plastic is the most used man-made material in the world through their specific characteristics such as easy manufacturing and shaping, cheaper cost and low density. It is very useful in in different areas such as medicine, architecture, construction and transport. Unfortunately after the use are thrown in nature. Their accumulation poses an environmental problem. Due to the non-biodegradable. The utilization of waste plastic in manufactory of another materiel is a partial solution environmental that will reduce the proportion of waste plastic incineration or landfill. This work focuses on the Possibility of Making a Composite Material from a sand dune (A natural source abounds) and recycled height density polythene (HDPEr) by mixing the amount. The composite has been designated as roof tile. An experimental test program was conducted on the polymer roof tile containing different percentages (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%) of recycled (HDPEr) from the weight of the mixture. Experimental tests were conducted on density, the breaking load by flexural and impermeability test. In this present study, the density of polymer roof tile varies from 1.379 to 1.873 g/ cm3.. The breaking strength by flexural of all polymer roof tile mix were below the resistance of Clay roof tile. A good impermeability gives compared to the control roof tile.

Purpose Spun silk is one of the top grade textile materials, and its products have high added value and meet the needs of the market. However, the technology level and process design of silk spinning are still much lower than cotton spinning; especially singeing is applied on spun silk yarn, and generates waste materials. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a kind of pneumatic compact spinning, four-line compact spinning (FLCS), into silk spinning and study the corresponding spun yarn qualities. Design/methodology/approach First, taking the silk spinning frame FK501 as an example, the process of modification of FLCS is presented. Then, three kinds of spun silk yarns, 80 Nm (12.5tex), 100 Nm (10tex) and 120 Nm (8.3tex), are spun on the common silk spinning frame FK501 and the spinning frame modified with FLCS. The evenness, breaking strength and hairiness of spun yarns are tested and comparatively analyzed. After the ply yarn production, three singeing procedures should be applied on the ring ply yarns, while only two singeing procedures should be applied on the compact ply yarns, which is beneficial for material saving. Findings The results show that compared with ring spun silk yarns, the comprehensive quality of compact spun silk yarns is improved, especially the harmful long hairiness (=3 mm) of yarn. Compared with the single spun silk yarn, the comprehensive qualities of the ply yarn are improved; especially, the breaking strength of the ply yarns is two times larger than the single yarn. After singeing, the hairiness of the ply yarn is decreased greatly, and the evenness is also improved, while the strength is decreased. Compared with ring spun silk yarn, the singeing times of compact spun silk yarn can be decreased, and the gas consumption in each singeing is also decreased, which is beneficial for material saving. Originality/value In this paper, a kind of pneumatic compact spinning, FLCS, is introduced into the silk spinning. It is shown that compared with ring spun silk yarns, the comprehensive quality of compact spun silk yarns is improved, especially the harmful long hairiness (=3 mm) of yarn. After the ply yarn production, three singeing procedures should be applied on the ring ply yarns, while only two singeing procedures should be applied on the compact ply yarns, which is beneficial for material saving.

In maize plant breeding aimed at producing a hybrid, it is necessary to characterize the parents and hybrids by their agronomic aspects and grain quality so that the processing industry may offer consumers a quality product and also improve its efficiency. This study evaluated the viscoelastic parameters of masa and the chemical and texture properties of tortillas obtained from parent lines (M-54, M55, and CML-242), two single crosses (M54xM55 and M55xM54), and one hybrid (H-70). The morphology of the maize grains and tortillas was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The firmness of masa obtained from CML-242 and H-70 maize was higher than that from the other maize genotypes. M-54 tortillas showed the lowest crude fiber content. Otherwise, tortillas obtained from the M55xM54 hard grain had the lowest fat content and extensibility, while H-70 tortillas showed an intermediate breaking point and extensibility. M-54 and M54xM55 tortillas were softer due to their more swollen starch granules. In contrast, rigid tortillas were obtained from CML-242 and H-70. Grain hardness causes different morphology in starch and tortilla of maize genotypes. However, grain hardness did not influence the characteristics of texture in tortillas.

A novel covering method to fabricate nanofiber core-spun yarn has been developed. Effects of span distance and rotation speed of disks on morphology, covering effect, abrasion resistance, wicking property, and mechanical property were mainly discussed in this investigation. Results showed that span distance had a significant effect on covering effect, and nanofiber core-spun yarn with a perfect covering effect could be prepared at the span distance of 2 cm with covering rate and abrasion growth rate of 30% and 142.3%, respectively. Alignment direction of nanofibers on the surface of nanofiber core-spun yarn was affected by rotation speed of disks, and would lead to the changes of wicking property and mechanical property. When the rotation speed of disks was 200 rpm, wicking property of nanofiber core-spun yarn was relatively better with the wicking effect of 7.6 cm. Breaking strength was decreased first and then increased with the increase of rotation speed. Keywords: Electrospinning, Nanofiber core-spun yarn, Covering effect, Abrasion resistance, Wicking property, Breaking strength

Cotton contains a relatively low amount of impurities, being 90 to 95% cellulose. Cotton requires large amounts of water, pesticides and land to produce. Bacterial cellulose (BC) requires little land, no pesticides and less water to produce. This material typically grows as a nonwoven fiber mat which restricts use for apparel products. This research investigated the properties of the material once twisted into yarns in comparison to cotton. Pure BC was grown using Hestrin Schramm Mannitol media. After processing, half of the BC samples had twist added manually and half were dried flat. These samples were compared to mercerized and un-mercerized cotton yarns. Most BC yarns outperformed cotton yarns in breaking strength and extension. However, when accounting for yarn tex, many BC samples failed to outperform cotton in terms of tenacity. Strength suffered when the BC was twisted into yarns. However, elongation was superior to cotton in most sample groups.

Quality of a material and its durability in different environmental condition are two major factors influence the selection of material for fishing gears. A knowledge on the loss of properties is very useful for taking preventive measure. Present study aimed to find the changes in the properties of polyamide monofilament yarns and multifilament twines exposed to three different environments for a period of 90 days. Significant reduction in both breaking strength (P

Accompanying with tremendous efforts devoted to prompting recycling and mitigating disposal problems pertinent to obsolete polymer materials, it is imperative to ameliorate thermoset polymer composites that are both mechanically robust and reprocessable. Herein, we devised and prepared a series of dynamic thermoset polyurea composites (HTPU-x) by embedding CB into pristine thermoset polyurea matrix and merely using commodity raw materials. Through incorporating the dynamically sterling nature of urea bonds, the devised HTPU-x can simultaneously maintain superhigh breaking strength and elongations at break even after multiple cycles under hot press, manifesting both extraordinary mechanical properties, extraordinary reprocessability and exceptional multiple recyclability. Especially, amalgamation of the conductivity of carbon black and the dynamic nature of urea bonds can not only furnish these HTPU-x with conventional elastic shape memory performance, but also equip them with plastic shape memory and permanent shape reconfiguration under heat and electricity. Furthermore, HTPU-x can be reshaped and reconfigured to various permanent shapes in several seconds at a safe voltage. With enabling traditionally thermoset polymer composites with more upgraded functions, this designed scheme of mechanically robust HTPU-x provides a facilitating approach to reprocess and recycle the wasted thermoset polymer composites.

Tourmaline can enhance filtering efficiency to PM2.0 of microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabric. In this paper, microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabrics were designed with different mesh structures and mass fraction of tourmaline solution respectively. The effect of tourmaline concentration on filtering efficiency of fabrics was investigated. After the tourmaline solution, the strength of mesh fabrics and durability of tourmaline’s conglutination to the mesh fabrics were explored at the same time. The results shown that the filtering efficiency of microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabrics dealing with tourmaline was resentful. Breaking strength of fabrics decreases with increasing mass fraction of tourmaline solution. The resistant efficiency of fabrics and tourmaline adhesive on the mesh fabrics were still stable along with the increasing mass fraction of tourmaline.

Carbon fibers are unique reinforcing agents for lightweight composite materials due to their outstanding mechanical properties and low density. Current technologies are capable of producing carbon fibers with 90–95% of the modulus of perfect graphite (∼1025 GPa). However, these same carbon fibers possess less than 10% of the theoretical carbon fiber strength, estimated to be about 100 GPa. Traditionally, attempts to increase carbon fiber rigidity above a certain level results in lower breaking strength. Therefore, to develop advanced carbon fibers with both very high strength and modulus demands a new manufacturing methodology. Here, we report a method of manufacturing moderate strength, very high modulus carbon fibers from a very high molecular weight (VHMW) polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor without the use of nanomaterial additives such as nucleating or structure-templating agents, as have been used by others.

In the paper, using finite element method (FEM), the effects of lattice apron density on yarn qualities in Four-line compact spinning system were studied by analyzing the numerical simulations of the airflow velocity. Firstly, three different kinds of yarns, 18.2tex (32S), 9.7tex (60S), and 5.8tex (100S), were spun on FA507B spinning frame equipped with lattice aprons of mesh size 150, 120, and 100, respectively. The hairiness, breaking strength, and evenness of spun yarns were tested and comparatively analyzed. Secondly, using FEM, the numerical simulations of the airflow velocity in the condensing zone were presented. The finite element model of condensing zone was constructed according to the physical parameters of the practical system. Then, the simulation of airflow velocities on five straight lines located in the front, middle, and back of condensing zone were given. It is shown that, in the whole condensing zone, for the lattice apron with mesh size 100, the direct transverse condensing force is hi...

To estimate the photo-oxidation aging performance of PVC-coated membrane material in atmospheric conditions under tensile stresses, the relationship between physical and mechanical properties under accelerated weathering test and outdoor weathering test is studied with the same cumulative UV radiation energy. And then, both tensile strength and whiteness index were measured and compared to characterize the property change of membrane material after aging under four different tensile stresses (0%, 5%, 10% and 20% of the breaking strength), respectively. In addition, FTIR spectrometry was applied to characterize the chemical components of the samples under different weathering conditions, and the carbonyl index was extracted. The results show that there were significant differences of tensile strength and carbonyl index between two kinds of aging conditions, whereas with the increasing tensile stresses, the whiteness index represented a consistent increasing deviation of accelerated weathering from the outdoor weathering. However, the relationship have been built between both whiteness index and tensile strength retention of accelerated weathering and those of outdoor weathering conditions after a Schwarzschild’s modification. Therefore, the service lifespan of PVC-coated membrane materials can be evaluated by accelerated weathering tests under tensile stresses.

This study embodies evaluation of ideal test specimen dimension for the study of tensile characteristics of lapped seam parachute canopy fabric. Due to anisotropic nature of textile fabrics, the mechanical property of unseamed and seamed fabric changes with the change in specimen test direction. Therefore, measurement of tensile property at different bias angle (an acute angle between warp and specimen length/test direction) becomes more important in parachute canopy where joining of its various parts is not only in principle direction but also at different bias angle. The present paper deals with the influence of bias angle of stitching on breaking strength and elongation of unseamed and lapped seam parachute canopy fabric using test specimen dimension based on previous practice. Present study reveals that there is need of re-specification of specimen dimension for evaluation of tensile properties of parachute fabric. With the changes in angle of bias, width and gauge length of test specimen, the number of different category of warp and weft yarns available between the specimen grip lines changes and can be calculated mathematically. This has important role in affecting the ultimate properties of parachute fabric. Based on the study, an optimized dimension of test specimen has been postulated for evaluation of tensile characteristics of parallel/opposite stitched specimen through which reliable test result can be obtained. The proposed dimension can be used for comparative analysis of breaking strength and elongation of unseamed and seamed fabric at different bias angle.

In order to determine the effect of twine thickness on the size-selectivity of the driftnet used for the yellow croaker, size-selectivity tests were conducted with three different twine thicknesses (monofilament diameters of 0.279 mm (number’s method; No. 3), 0.321 mm (No. 4), and 0.360 mm (No. 5)) of driftnets for the yellow croaker in the seas around Chooja-do, Jeju Islands. The selectivity curve was estimated by using Kitahara’s method. In order to determine the physical properties of the twine used in the experimental fishing nets, we measured the breaking load, elongation, and stiffness under both dry and wet conditions. In terms of physical properties, the thinnest twine (No. 3) had the strongest breaking strength per unit cross-sectional area, along with good elongation and excellent flexibility. The thickest twine (No. 5) had the lowest flexibility. In terms of selectivity, the net of No. 3 twine showed the broadest selection range and, thus, a relatively low selectivity compared with the other nets, while the less flexible net of No. 5 twine showed the narrowest selectivity range and high selectivity. In addition, it was found that a thicker twine resulted in a smaller haul of small fish. Therefore, it can be inferred that the thickness of the twine affects the size of the catch and selectivity, and thus the size composition of the catch as well.

Catastrophic failure of materials and structures due to unstable crack growth could be prevented if fracture toughness could be enhanced at will through structural design, but how can this be possible if fracture toughness is a material constant related to energy dissipation in the vicinity of a propagating crack tip. Here we draw inspiration from the deformation behavior of biomolecules in load bearing biological materials, which have been evolved with a large extensibility and a high breaking strength beyond their elastic limit, and introduce an effective biomimetic strategy to enhance fracture toughness of a structure through an intrinsic to extrinsic (ITE) transition. In the ITE transition, toughness starts as an intrinsic parameter at the basic material level, but by designing a protein-like effective stress–strain behavior the toughness at the system level becomes an extrinsic parameter that increases with the system size without bound. This phenomenon is demonstrated through a combination of numerical simulations, analytic modeling and experiments, and leads to a biomimetic strategy which can be broadly adopted to enhance fracture toughness in engineering systems.

This study investigates the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion on the mechanical properties and microstructures of ultra-light foamed concrete. A type of uniform and stable CNT dispersion solution is obtained by adding nano-Ce(SO4)2. Results show that CNT dispersion increases the compressive and breaking strengths of foamed concrete. CNTs play a nuclear role in the crystallization of C&ndash, S&ndash, H, and CNT dispersion effectively promotes the grain growth of C&ndash, H. The effect of CNT dispersion on the compressive and breaking strengths of foamed concrete is predicted through simulation.

The aim of this study is to reach closer results to the actual measurements by using artificial neural networks in evaluating the properties of single and double layer woven fabrics that affect the end user The variation of the most important parameters such as breaking strength weight thickness tearing strength properties to meet the end user s needs depending on the yarn count and the weaving type was investigated In the fabrics produced in this study cotton yarn was used as weft yarn in three different numbers and denier polyester yarns were used as warp yarn Plain twill panama warp rips and satin were used as weaving type Fabrics were weaved in three different weft frequencies Evaluations using artificial neural networks were found to give closer results to the actual measurements