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Background Health workers lack the competence to address maternal depression in the routine health education in Nigeria. Hence, awareness among maternal-child health clients is low. We assessed the effect of training and supervision on knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy of primary healthcare workers in delivering health talks and the clients’ knowledge on maternal depression. Methods A quasi-experimental study design was adopted. Five Local Government Area (LGAs) in the Ibadan metropolis were grouped according to geographical proximity and randomly assigned to experimental (Group A = two LGAs) and control (Group B = three LGAs) with 12 primary health centres in each group. All primary health care workers recruited in group A received a one-day training on maternal depression. Good Knowledge Gain (GKG), Good Skill Gain (GSG) and Self-Efficacy (SEG) were assessed in both groups. 1-week post-training, the knowledge of all the PHCs’ attendees in the two groups was assessed. Two weeks post- training, a half of experimental group’s PHCs received supportive supervision and a clinic-based health education delivery skill assessment was conducted. The knowledge of clients and their health seeking were also assessed. Fisher’s exact test, independent t test and Poisson regression were used to analyze differences in percentages and mean/ factors associated with GKG, GSG and SE, using SPSS 25. Results Training improved gains in the experimental versus controls as follows: GKG (84.3% vs. 15.7%), GSG (90.7% vs 9.3%) and SEG (100% vs 0%). Training contributed to the good gain in knowledge (RR = 6.03; 95%CI =2.44–16.46; p p p p Conclusions Training followed by supervision improved the competence of health workers to transfer knowledge to clients. This intervention is recommended for primary healthcare settings to improve uptake of maternal mental health services.