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Purpose: Performing back squats with elastic bands has been widely used in resistance training. Although research demonstrated greater training effects obtained from adding elastic bands to the back squat, little is known regarding the optimal elastic resistance and how it affects neuromuscular performance. This study aimed to compare the force, velocity, power, and muscle activity during back squats with different contributions of elastic resistance. Methods: Thirteen basketball players performed 3 repetitions of the back squat at 85% of 1-repetition maximum across 4 conditions: (1) total load from free weight and (2) 20%, (3) 30%, and (4) 40% of the total load from elastic band and the remaining load from free weight. The eccentric and concentric phases of the back squat were divided into upper, middle, and bottom phases. Results: In the eccentric phase, mean velocity progressively increased with increasing elastic resistance, and muscle activity of the vastus medialis and rectus femoris significantly increased with the largest elastic resistance in the upper phase (P ≤.036). In the concentric phase, mean power (P ≤.021) and rate of force development (P ≤.002) significantly increased with increasing elastic resistance. Furthermore, muscle activity of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis significantly improved with the largest elastic resistance in the upper phases (P ≤.021). Conclusion: Velocity, power, rate of force development, and selective muscle activity increased as the elastic resistance increased in different phases during the back-squat exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the kinematic profile of 2 underwater pullout breaststroke techniques. Methods: Sixteen swimmers (9 men, 20.67 [2.71] y old; 7 women, 18.86 [0.83] y old) performed 3 × 25-m breaststroke using 2 pullout breaststroke techniques: Fly-Kick first and Combined. A speedometer was used to assess the peak and the mean velocity during the glide, propulsion, and recovery phases of both techniques, as well as for the total underwater sequence. The underwater distance was retrieved from video footage and was considered for each pullout technique. The range of motion of the knee during the fly-kick was also retrieved, and the time to complete the 25 m was considered the performance outcome, accompanied by the mean velocity, stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index. Results: Velocity–time series showed different profiles between pullout techniques (P ≤.05) mostly in the glide and propulsion phases for males and females, respectively. The mean velocity of 25 m was shown to be greater in females when using the Fly-Kick first technique (P =.05, d = 0.36). Greater values in total underwater distance and knee range of motion were also observed for this technique in both cohorts. Conclusions: Female swimmers presented a higher performance when using the Fly-Kick first technique. Different kinematic profiles arise when swimmers use different underwater pullout techniques where the Fly-Kick first may allow them to reach higher kinematical standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal modeling, typically implemented using marker-based systems in laboratory environments, is commonly used for noninvasive estimations of loads. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) have become an alternative for the evaluation of kinematics. However, estimates of spine joint contact forces using IMUs have yet to be thoroughly evaluated. Dynamics tasks and static postures from activities of daily living were captured on 11 healthy subjects using both systems simultaneously. Spine kinematics obtained from IMU- and marker-based systems and L4–L5 joint contact forces were compared. Lateral bending resulted in a weak agreement with significant differences between the 2 systems (P =.02, average root mean-squared error = 4.81), whereas flexion–extension and axial rotation exhibited the highest agreement with no significant differences (P <.05, average root mean-squared error = 5.51 and P <.31, average root mean-squared error = 5.08, respectively). All tasks showed excellent correlations (R2 =.76–.99) in estimated loads between systems. Differences in predicted loads at the L4–L5 were only observed during flexion–extension (1041 N vs 947 N, P =.0004) and walking with weights (814 N vs 727 N, P =.004). Different joint reaction force outcomes were obtained in 2 of the 8 tasks between systems, suggesting that IMUs can be robust tools allowing for convenient and less expensive evaluations and for longitudinal assessments inside and outside the laboratory setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural assessments of the lumbar spine lack valuable information about its properties. The purpose of this study was to assess neutral zone (NZ) characteristics via in vivo lumbar spine passive stiffness and relate NZ characteristics to standing lumbar lordosis. A comparison was made between those that develop low back pain during prolonged standing (pain developers) and those that do not (nonpain developers). Twenty-two participants with known pain status stood on level ground, and median lumbar lordosis angle was calculated. Participants were then placed in a near-frictionless jig to characterize their passive stiffness curve and location of their NZ. Overall, both pain developers and nonpain developers stood with a lumbar lordosis angle that was more extended than their NZ boundary. Pain developers stood slightly more extended (in comparison to nonpain developers) and had a lower moment corresponding to the location of their extension NZ boundary. Overall, in comparison to nonpain developers, pain developers displayed a lower moment corresponding to the location of their extension NZ boundary which could correspond to greater laxity in the lumbar spine. This may indicate why pain developers have a tendency to stand further beyond their NZ with greater muscle co-contraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the preliminary effects of movement pattern training (MoveTrain) versus strengthening/flexibility (standard) treatment on hip and pelvic biomechanics in patients with chronic hip-related groin pain. This is a secondary analysis of data collected during a pilot randomized clinical trial. Thirty patients with hip pain, between the ages of 15 and 40 years, were randomized to MoveTrain or standard. Both groups completed 10 treatment sessions over 12 weeks along with a daily home exercise program. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to collect kinematic and kinetic data of the pelvis and hip during a single-leg squat task at pretreatment and immediately posttreatment. Compared with the standard group, the MoveTrain group demonstrated smaller hip adduction angles (P =.006) and smaller hip external adduction moments (P =.008) at posttreatment. The desired changes to hip joint biomechanics, as found in this study, may require specificity in training that could allow health care professionals to better customize the rehabilitation of patients with hip pain. These findings can also be applied to the design and implementation of future clinical trials to strengthen our understanding of the long-term implications of different rehabilitation techniques for patients with hip pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As markerless motion capture systems become more affordable than ever, it is becoming far easier to collect and analyze kinematic data on baseballers. To ensure this data can be used impactfully, coaches and practitioners should possess a good understanding of specific technique characteristics that are associated with enhanced performance in pitchers and hitters. This study used the open-source data provided by Driveline Baseball's OpenBiomechanics Project to evaluate the contribution of lower-body kinematics to pitch velocity and bat speed. In addition to correlational analyses to examine the association between discrete kinematic variables and performance, statistical nonparametric mapping was used to compare slow and fast velocity groups across the entirety of pitching and hitting motions from peak knee height to ball release/contact. It was found that rotation of the trail leg and extension of the lead knee were both associated with performance in pitchers and hitters. Consequently, coaches and practitioners should ensure that individuals possess an adequate level of strength and flexibility to facilitate optimal movement of the trail hip and lead knee during pitching and hitting movements. If deficiencies exist, then training programs should be designed to address these issues and eventually bring about an improvement in performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies have explored the relationship between knee valgus and musculoskeletal variables to formulate injury prevention programs, primarily for females. Nonetheless, there is insufficient evidence pertaining to professional male soccer players. Here, the aim was to test the correlation of lateral trunk inclination, hip adduction, hip internal rotation, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and hip isometric strength with knee valgus during the single-leg vertical jump test. Twenty-four professional male soccer players performed a single-leg vertical hop test, hip strength assessments, and an ankle dorsiflexion range of motion test. A motion analysis system was employed for kinematic analysis. Maximal isometric hip strength and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were tested using a handheld dynamometer and a digital inclinometer, respectively. The correlation of peak knee valgus with peak lateral trunk inclination was.43 during the landing phase (P =.04) and with peak hip internal rotation was −.68 (P <.001). For knee valgus angular displacement, only peak lateral trunk inclination presented a moderate positive correlation (r =.40, P =.05). This study showed that trunk and hip kinematics are associated with knee valgus, which could consequently lead to increased knee overload in male professional soccer players following a unilateral vertical landing test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present randomized study investigated the effect of acute supplementation of 800 mg/kg of ketone monoester ingestion (KE) or placebo (PL) and 210 mg/kg of NaHCO3 co-ingestion on cycling performance of WorldTour cyclists during a road cycling stage simulation. Twenty-eight cyclists participated in the study (27.46 ± 4.32 years; 1.80 ± 0.06 m; 69.74 ± 6.36 kg). Performance, physiological, biochemical, and metabolism outcomes, gut discomfort, and effort perceived were assessed during a road cycling simulation composed of an 8-min time-trial (TT) performance + 30-s TT + 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling + a second 8-min TT + a second 30-s TT. Greater absolute and relative mean power during the first 8-min TT (F = 5.067, p =.033, η p 2 =.163 , F = 5.339, p =.029, η p 2 =.170 , respectively) was observed after KE than after PL (KE: 389 ± 34, PL: 378 ± 44 W, p =.002, d = 0.294 and KE: 5.60 ± 0.42, PL: 5.41 ± 0.44 W/kg, p =.001, d = 0.442). Additionally, greater concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate blood concentration (F = 42.195, p <.001, η p 2 =.619) was observed after KE than after PL during the first steps of the stage (e.g., after warm-up KE: 1.223 ± 0.642, PL: 0.044 ± 0.058 mM, p <.001, d = 2.589), although the concentrations returned to near baseline after 4.5 hr of outdoor cycling. Moreover, higher values of anion gap were observed (F = 2.333, p =.026, η p 2 =.080) after KE than after PL ingestion, after the warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. Additionally, lower concentrations of HCO 3 − were reported in the KE condition after warm-up and after the first 8-min and 30-s TT. During the initial phase of the stage simulation, acute supplementation with KE + NaHCO3 co-ingestion enhanced 8-min TT cycling performance (3.1%) in WorldTour cyclists with a concomitant hyperketonaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency ablation of the medial branch is commonly used to treat chronic low back pain involving facet joints, which accounts for 12% to 37% of the total cases of chronic low back pain. An adverse effect of this procedure is the denervation of the multifidus muscle, which may lead to its atrophy which can affect the spine and possibly disc degeneration. This study aims to quantify changes in joint angles and loading caused by multifidus denervation after radiofrequency ablation. AnyBody model of the torso was used to evaluate intervertebral joints in flexion, lateral bending, and torsion. Force-dependent kinematics was used to calculate joint angles and forces. These dependent variables were investigated in intact multifidus, unilateral, and bilateral ablations of L3L4, L4L5, and L5S1 joints. The results showed pronounced angular joint changes, especially in bilateral ablations in flexion, when compared with other cases. The same changes' trend from intact to unilaterally then bilaterally ablated multifidus occurred in joint angles of lateral bending. Meanwhile, joint forces were not adversely affected. These results suggest that multifidus denervation after radiofrequency ablation affects spinal mechanics. Such changes may be associated with abnormal tissue deformations and stresses that can potentially alter their mechanobiology and homeostasis, thereby possibly affecting the health of the spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Advanced footwear technology is prevalent in distance running, with research focusing on these "super shoes" in competitive athletes, with less understanding of their value for slower runners. The aim of this study was to compare physiological and biomechanical variables between a model of super shoes (Saucony Endorphin Speed 2) and regular running shoes (Saucony Cohesion 13) in recreational athletes. Methods: We measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in 10 runners before testing each subject 4 times in a randomly ordered crossover design (ie, Endorphin shoe or Cohesion shoe, running at 65% or 80% of velocity at VO2peak [vVO2peak]). We recorded video data using a high-speed camera (300 Hz) to calculate vertical and leg stiffnesses. Results: 65% vVO2peak was equivalent to a speed of 9.4 km·h−1 (0.4), whereas 80% vVO2peak was equivalent to 11.5 km·h−1 (0.5). Two-way mixed-design analysis of variance showed that oxygen consumption in the Endorphin shoe was 3.9% lower than in the Cohesion shoe at 65% vVO2peak, with an interaction between shoes and speed (P =.020) meaning an increased difference of 5.0% at 80% vVO2peak. There were small increases in vertical and leg stiffnesses in the Endorphin shoes (P <.001); the Endorphin shoe condition also showed trivial to moderate differences in step length, step rate, contact time, and flight time (P <.001). Conclusions: There was a physiological benefit to running in the super shoes even at the slower speed. There were also spatiotemporal and global stiffness improvements indicating that recreational runners benefit from wearing super shoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Single- and dual-task walking gait assessments have been used to identify persistent movement and cognitive dysfunction among athletes with concussions. However, it is unclear whether previous ankle sprain injuries confound these outcomes during baseline testing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of (1) ankle sprain history and (2) time since prior ankle sprain injury on single- and dual-task spatiotemporal gait outcomes and cognitive measures. Design: Cross- sectional study. Methods: We assessed 60 college Division-I athletes (31 with ankle sprain history; 13 females and 18 males, 19.3 [0.8] y; 29 with no ankle sprain history, 14 females and 15 males, 19.7 [0.9] y) who completed injury history forms and underwent concussion baseline testing. Athletes completed single- and dual-task gait assessments by walking back and forth along an 8-m walkway for 40 seconds. Athletes wore a smartphone with an associated mobile application on their lumbar spine to record spatiotemporal gait parameters and dual-task cognitive performance. Separate multivariate analyses of variance were used to assess the effects of ankle sprain injury history on spatiotemporal measures, gait variability, and cognitive performance. We performed a multivariate regression subanalysis on athletes who reported time since injury (n = 23) to assess temporal effects on gait and cognitive performance. Results: Athletes with and without a histoiy of ankle sprains had comparable spatiotemporal and gait variability outcomes during single- (P = .42; P = .13) and dual-task (P = .75; P = .55) conditions. Additionally, ankle sprain injury history did not significantly influence cognitive performance (P = .35). Finally, time since ankle sprain did not significantly affect single- (P = .75) and dual-task gait (P = .69), nor cognitive performance (P = 19). Conclusions: Ankle sprain injury history did not significantly alter spatiotemporal gait outcomes nor cognitive performance during this common clinical assessment. Future studies may consider including athletes with ankle sprain injury history during concussion assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: To assess the reliability of a remote 2D markerless motion tracking method (Kinovea) to quantify knee and hip angles during dynamic tasks. Methods: Fourteen healthy adults performed body weight squats and lateral lunges while video recording themselves at home. Knee and hip angles were quantified in the sagittal plane for the squats and in the frontal plane for the lateral lunges. Two students each performed the video analysis procedure twice, 2 weeks apart. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate the intrarater and interrater reliability for angles at maximum depth. The intrarater and interrater agreement over the joint angle-time signals were quantified using a validation metric; an acceptable agreement threshold was set at a validation metric of 0.803 or higher. Standard error of measurement (SEM) was also calculated. Results: Reliability was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients = .80-.98) for all angle comparisons at maximum depth. The agreement over the entire joint angle-time signal was acceptable for all squat variables except for the interrater hip angle comparison (validation metric = 0.797). None of the lateral lunge variables met the threshold of acceptable agreement. The mean SEM across participants for all joint angle-time signal and for maximum depth was acceptable (<5°) for all measurements (SEM = 1.2°-4.9°). Conclusions: Overall, the reliability, agreement, and SEM quantified in this study support the integration of remote methods to quantify lower-extremity kinematics into research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upper body and trunk muscles are crucial to perform soccer kicks. Resistance training targeting these muscles may modify the pattern adopted during kicking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training of the arm and anterior trunk muscles on instep kicking kinematics. Twenty-six male participants were randomly allocated into a training group or control group. The training group underwent resistance training of arm and trunk muscles and practiced the instep kick for 8 weeks. The control group only practiced kicking during the same period. The trunk, hip, and knee kinematics were assessed during the instep kick before and after the intervention. Kinematics were analyzed according to their data distribution with statistical parametric or nonparametric mapping. The effect of the training on the 1-repetition maximum test was analyzed using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. The training group showed greater hip extension after the training during the backswing phase (Hedge g effect size of 0.316–0.321) and increased 1-repetition maximum for all exercises. There were no other differences. The present study documented the nonlocal effect of strengthening training in which arm and trunk muscle training resulted in changes in hip kinematics during the backswing phase of the instep kick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soccer, one of the most popular sports in the world, has one of the highest rates of sports-related concussions. Additionally, soccer players are frequently exposed to nonconcussive impacts from intentionally heading the ball, a fundamental component of the sport. There have been many studies on head impact exposure in soccer, but few focus on soccer practices or practice activities. This study aimed to characterize the frequency and magnitude of head impacts in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I female soccer practice activities using a custom-fit instrumented mouthpiece. Sixteen players were instrumented over the course of 54 practice sessions. Video analysis was performed to verify all mouthpiece-recorded events and classify practice activities. Category groupings of practice activities include technical training, team interaction, set pieces, position-specific, and other. Differences in head impact rates and peak resultant kinematics were observed across activity types and category groupings. Technical training had the highest impact rate compared to other category groupings. Impacts occurring during set piece activities had the highest mean kinematic values. Understanding drill exposure can help inform coaches on training plans aimed to reduce head impact exposure for their athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity kinematics between tee and front toss hitting in youth baseball athletes. Twenty youth baseball athletes (14.3±2.9 yrs) performed three maximal effort swings off front toss and tee. Kinematic data were collected during the preparatory and acceleration phases. Lower extremity, trunk, and upper extremity kinematics were compared between tee and front toss hitting using 1-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM). There was a significant difference in trunk kinematics between tee and front toss during the preparatory phase (p=.001); the trunk rotated more toward the back side when hitting off a tee compared to front toss (p<0.001). There was also a significant difference in trunk kinematics between tee and front toss for 67% of the acceleration phase; the trunk rotated more towards the back side from 0 to 67% when hitting off the tee (p<0.001). Significant differences were found in trunk kinematics between tee and front toss hitting in youth baseball players, where the trunk is less rotated toward the pitcher in the tee than in the front toss. Coaches utilize various training modalities to enhance hitting performance; however, differences in trunk kinematics should be considered between modalities when developing fundamental hitting techiques in youth baseball athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this quasiexperimental study was to test the effects of wearing the NewGait rehabilitative device on walking abilities in individuals with foot drop. The study involved 16 participants with foot drops caused by stroke (11 participants), multiple sclerosis (one participant), and peripheral neuropathies (four individuals). During a single testing session, participants walked 12 m at their self‐selected speed in four experimental conditions: walking without any orthotic device; walking while wearing a regular plastic posterior leaf ankle foot orthosis (AFO); walking with the NewGait device assisting ankle dorsiflexion only; and walking with the NewGait device assisting the hip, knee, and ankle joint motions. Body motions during walking were recorded using a 3D system for motion analysis and analyzed with a set of spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters and a gait decomposition index. The gait decomposition index indicated sagittal interjoint coordination in the three joint pairs (hip–knee, knee–ankle, and hip–ankle) of the paretic (foot drop) leg during walking and was validated in a previous study. Overall, wearing all three orthotic devices improved the gait velocity, ankle dorsiflexion, and foot clearance compared to gait trials in which no assistive devices were used. However, wearing the AFO significantly restricted the plantarflexion range of motion and decreased interjoint coordination as measured by joint decomposition. In contrast, the NewGait device altered the ankle plantarflexion motions but also increased coordinated movement (reduced the decomposition) in most lower‐extremity joint pairs and conditions. Therefore, the NewGait rehabilitative device can be considered superior to a regular AFO in correcting gait deviations caused by foot drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies analyzing postures and mobility of the thoracic spine in the context of cervicogenic headache are missing. Insight in these parameters is needed since the cervical and thoracic spine are biomechanically related. Objective: To compare self-perceived optimal and habitual postures, active-assisted maximal range of motion, and repositioning error of the upper-thoracic and lower-thoracic spine between a cervicogenic headache-group and matched healthy control-group before and after a 30 min-laptop-task. Methods: A non-randomized longitudinal design was used to compare thoracic postures and mobility between 18 participants with cervicogenic headache (29–51 years) and 18 matched healthy controls (26–52 years). Outcomes were: self-perceived optimal and habitual postures, active-assisted maximal range of motion, and repositioning error of the upper-thoracic and lower-thoracic spine evaluated in sitting with a 3D-Vicon motion analysis system. Results: Habitual upper-thoracic postures in the cervicogenic headache-group were significantly (p =.04) less located toward the maximal range of motion for flexion compared to the control-group, self-perceived optimal upper-thoracic posture was significantly (p =.004) more extended in the cervicogenic headache-group compared to the control-group, and self-perceived optimal lower-thoracic posture could not be reestablished in the cervicogenic headache-group after the laptop-task (p =.009). Conclusion: Thoracic postures differ between a cervicogenic headache-group and control-group. These differences were detected by expressing the habitual thoracic posture relative to its maximal range of motion, and by analyzing the possibility of repositioning the thoracic spine after a headache provoking activity. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the contribution of these musculoskeletal dysfunctions to the pathophysiology of cervicogenic headache. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of our report was to use a Random Forest classification approach to predict the association between transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and walking kinematics at the stride level when middle-aged and older adults performed the 6-min test of walking endurance. Methods: Data from 41 participants (aged 64.6 ± 9.7 yr) acquired in two previously published studies were analyzed with a Random Forest algorithm that focused on upper and lower limb, lumbar, and trunk kinematics. The four most predictive kinematic features were identified and utilized in separate models to distinguish between three walking conditions: burst TENS, continuous TENS, and control. SHAP analysis and linear mixed models were used to characterize the differences among these conditions. Results: Modulation of four key kinematic features--toe-out angle, toe-off angle, and lumbar range of motion (ROM) in coronal and sagittal planes--accurately predicted walking conditions for the burst (82%accuracy) and continuous (77% accuracy) TENS conditions compared with control. Linear mixed models detected a significant difference in lumbar sagittal ROM between the TENS conditions. SHAP analysis revealed that burst TENS was positively associated with greater lumbar coronal ROM, smaller toe-off angle, and less lumbar sagittal ROM. Conversely, continuous TENS was associated with less lumbar coronal ROM and greater lumbar sagittal ROM. Conclusions: Our approach identified four kinematic features at the stride level that could distinguish between the three walking conditions. These distinctions were not evident in average values across strides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Dynamic TapeTM (DT) on hip muscle activation and torque and on lower limb kinematics. Forty-five healthy, recreationally active women were randomly assigned to three groups: 1) submitted to the application of DT in the active form in the gluteus medius (GMed) muscle (BG; n = 15), 2) submitted to the application of DT in the placebo form in the GMed muscle (PG; n = 15), and 3) not submitted to any intervention (CG; n = 15). Participants were evaluated for GMed and gluteus maximus (GMax) muscle activation in a maximal voluntary isometric contraction, simultaneously with the assessment of the hip abductor and extensor torques, as well as during two functional tasks – single leg squat (SLS) and jump landing + maximum vertical jump (VJ) – simultaneously with a 2-D kinematic assessment of the lower limb. After DT application in BG, there was a significant decrease in the hip abductor time to peak torque (P = 0.004), hip extensor torque (P = 0.02), excursion to hip adduction (P = 0.007), and to knee flexion (P = 0.02) during the SLS, as well as in GMed activation during VJ (P < 0.05). DT was able to reduce GMed activation and modify lower limb torque and kinematics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance during the baseball pitch is dependent on the flow of mechanical energy through the kinetic chain. Little is known about energy flow during the pitching motion and it is not known whether patterns of energy flow are related to pitching performance and injury risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify energy generation, absorption, and transfer across the shoulder and elbow during the baseball pitch and explore the associations between these energetic measures, pitch speed, and traditional measures of upper extremity joint loading. The kinematics of 40 youth baseball pitchers were measured in a controlled laboratory setting. Energy flow between the thorax, humerus, and forearm was calculated using a segmental power analysis. Regression analyses revealed that pitch speed was best predicted by arm cocking phase shoulder energy transfer to the humerus and peak elbow valgus torque was best predicted by arm acceleration-phase elbow energy transfer to the forearm. Additionally, energy transfer across the shoulder and elbow generally exhibited the strongest correlations to pitch speed and upper extremity joint loads. These data reinforce the importance of energy transfer through the kinetic chain for producing high pitch speeds and provide descriptive data for energy flow during baseball pitching not previously found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to compare the knee kinematic parameters between dominant and non-dominant legs of adolescent female athletes during change of direction (CoD) in fatigued and unpredictable settings. Knee kinematic parameters on 49 athletes (mean± SD; age = 14.69 ± 0.14 years; mass = 49.05 ± 1.22 kg; height = 1.61 ± 0.08 m) during CoD before and after performing the Bruce protocol and also in predictable and unpredictable setting situations were collected. Kinematic data were recorded at a sampling rate of 200 Hz. The results showed that the dominant leg had significantly 18.7% more flexion (p = 0.001, η = 0.95), 7.1% less valgus (p = 0.001, η = 0.95) and 0.32% lower tibia rotation (p = 0.003, η = 0.16) compared to the non-dominant leg in predictable and pre-fatigue (p < 0.05) conditions. With unpredictable and post-fatigue conditions the dominant limb again demonstrated 17.4% (p = 0.001, η = 0.67), greater knee flexion, 6.8% (0.003,η = 0.97) lower knee valgus and 1.4% (p = 0.001, η = 0.71) less tibiarotation. In conclusion, there may be an increased risk of injury withthe non-dominant leg due to changes in kinematic parameters caused by fatigue and unpredictable CoD manoeuvres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background During sprinting, the biceps femoris long head predominantly gets injured, while hamstring strengthening exercises predominantly activate the semitendinosus more effectively. Understanding how joint dominance influences hamstring activity may offer clarity on appropriate exercise selection in strengthening programs. Purpose This study compared three hip-dominant hamstring exercises: the rocker, perpetuum mobile fast and slow (PMfast and PMslow) and the Nordic Hamstring exercise (NHE) on their potential to simulate sprint-like activity and kinematics. Methods Muscle activity of the posterior kinetic chain (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, and medial gastrocnemius) was measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during the exercises and treadmill running at 75% of the individual maximal sprint velocity in male athletes. sEMG data were normalized to maximal sprinting. 3D-motion capture was employed to assess hip and knee angles. Results Eight male athletes were included (age: 24.0 years ± SD 2.9; body mass: 76.8 kg ± 7.7; height: 1.79 m ± 0.08). Greater activity of the hamstrings occurred during the explosive exercises ranging from 63.9% [95%CI: 56.3-71.5%] (rocker) to 49.0% [95%CI: 40.4-57.6%] (PMfast) vs. 34.0% [95%CI: 29.1-38.9%] (NHE) to 32.1% [95%CI: 26.9-37.3%] (PMslow). The rocker showed greatest hamstring and gluteus maximus activity. Biceps femoris consistently showed greater activity than the semitendinosus across all exercises in peak (mean difference: 0.16, [95%CI: 0.07-0.26]) and average (mean difference: 0.06, [95%CI: 0.01-0.11]) activity. PMfast, PMslow and NHE demonstrated less hip flexion angle at peak hamstring activity than the rocker and high-speed running and every exercise showed less hamstring elongation stress than during high-speed running. Discussion Hamstring activity is comparable to high-intensity treadmill running for NHE and PMslow, and greater for the rocker and PMfast. Gluteus maximus activity varied, with the rocker and PMfast showing greater activity than in sprinting. All examined exercises demonstrated their peak activity at short hamstring muscle length. Level of evidence 3b [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Characterizing the condition of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis is complex due to multiple associations between clinical, functional, and structural parameters. While significant variability exists within this population, especially in candidates for total knee arthroplasty, there is increasing interest in knee kinematics among orthopedic surgeons aiming for more personalized approaches to achieve better outcomes and satisfaction. The primary objective of this study was to identify distinct kinematic phenotypes in total knee arthroplasty candidates and to compare different methods for the identification of these phenotypes. Methods: Three-dimensional kinematic data obtained from a Knee Kinesiography exam during treadmill walking in the clinic were used. Various aspects of the clustering process were evaluated and compared to achieve optimal clustering, including data preparation, transformation, and representation methods. Results: A K-Means clustering algorithm, performed using Euclidean distance, combined with principal component analysis applied on data transformed by standardization, was the optimal approach. Two unique kinematic phenotypes were identified among 80 total knee arthroplasty candidates. The two distinct phenotypes divided patients who significantly differed both in terms of knee kinematic representation and clinical outcomes, including a notable variation in 63.3% of frontal plane features and 81.8% of transverse plane features across 77.33% of the gait cycle, as well as differences in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, highlighting the impact of these kinematic variations on patient pain and function. Conclusion: Results from this study provide valuable insights for clinicians to develop personalized treatment approaches based on patients' phenotype affiliation, ultimately helping to improve total knee arthroplasty outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence has demonstrated that athletes exhibit superior cognitive performance associated with executive control. In the oculomotor system, this function has been examined using the interleaved pro‐saccade and anti‐saccade task (IPAST), wherein participants, prior to target appearance, are instructed to either automatically look at the peripheral target (pro‐saccade) or suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction (anti‐saccade). While the IPAST has provided much insight into sensorimotor and inhibitory processing, it has yet to be performed in athletes. Moreover, limited research has examined saccade metrics in athletes. Here, we examined saccade latency and movement kinematics in the IPAST among athletes (N = 40) and nonathletes (NON) (N = 40). Higher direction error rates were obtained in the anti‐saccade compared to the pro‐saccade condition, with no differences between athletes and NON noted. Significantly faster saccade latencies were observed in athletes compared to NON in both conditions, in addition to faster pro‐saccades compared to anti‐saccades. Furthermore, athletes showed significantly higher frequencies and faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in correct pro‐saccades. Additionally, athletes exhibited significantly faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in erroneous anti‐saccades. Differences in saccade metrics between athletes and NON were not seen. Overall, these findings demonstrate that athletes display altered saccade performance likely associated with sensorimotor and preparatory processing, highlighting the potential of using IPAST to objectively investigate sensorimotor and cognitive functions in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare performance, kinematic, and physiological variables between open water and pool swimming conditions in elite triathletes and to examine the associations between conditions on these variables. Fourteen elite triathletes (10 males and 4 females [23.4 ± 3.8 years]) performed two 1500‐m swimming tests in open water and in a 25‐m pool. Swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL) and index (SI), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations [La−], and end‐exercise oxygen uptake (EEV̇O2) were assessed in both conditions. Lower SL and SI and higher SR were obtained in open water compared with pool swimming (p < 0.05). Moreover, kinematic variables changed as a function of distance in both conditions (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the main physiological variables (HR, [La−], and EEV̇O2) between conditions. Respiratory exchange ratio presented lower values in open water than in pool conditions (p < 0.05), while time constant was higher in open water (p = 0.032). The fastest triathletes in open water obtained the best performance in the pool (r = 0.958; p < 0.001). All kinematic variables, HR and peak [La−] presented positive associations between conditions (r > 0.6; p < 0.05). Despite physiological invariance, triathletes and coaches should monitor specific open water training to adapt their swimming technique to the competitive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implicit learning has the potential to improve movement execution and reduce injury risk. Previous research showed beneficial effects of short-term interventions with implicit learning in male athletes. However, research on long-term interventions in female athletes is lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 4-week intervention with video instruction on movement execution of SSC, a task that is highly related with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk, in female athletes. Twenty talented adolescent female soccer players were part of the control (CTRL, n = 10) or video instruction (VIDEO, n = 10) group. All subjects practiced 4 weeks and received general task instructions. In addition, the VIDEO group received expert video instruction during practice. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics and vertical ground reaction force of SSC were examined during baseline, immediate post, and 1-week retention tests. After nonlinear registration, differences between each subject and the expert she had seen were determined. These differences were analyzed with SPM1D 2-way ANOVA. No interaction effects between time and group were found (p > 0.05). Main effects of time were found in the frontal plane. In particular, smaller deviations of subjects compared with the seen expert of the knee adduction (p = 0.005, 97.9-100% stance phase [SP]) and hip abduction (p = 0.005,11.5-13.8% SP) and adduction (p < 0.001, 33.4-87.7% SP) moments were found in immediate post compared with baseline. These frontal plane short-term improvements, replicating earlier findings in both sexes, may lower ACL injury risk. The large observed interindividual differences overtime may have concealed the long-term effects of video instruction at the group level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) demonstrate altered movement patterns when their vision is disturbed during simple tasks, such as single-legged standing and walking. However, it remains unclear whether visual disruption by stroboscopic glasses alters movement patterns during landing-cutting movements, considered highly demanding sport maneuvers that mimic a typical athletic movement. To identify altered lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation when vision is disrupted by stroboscopic glasses during landing-cutting tasks in individuals with CAI. Case-control study. Laboratory. A total of 18 individuals with CAI (age = 22.3 ± 2.3 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.1 m, mass = 72.5 ± 9.8 kg) and 18 matched healthy controls (age = 21.7 ± 2.3 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.1 m, mass = 71.9 ± 10.3 kg). All participants performed 5 trials of a landing-cutting task with (SV) and without (NSV) stroboscopic glasses. Frontal- and sagittal-plane lower extremity kinematics and 6 lower extremity muscle activations during the stance phase of a landing-cutting task in the SV and NSV conditions. Individuals with CAI demonstrated more ankle-inversion angle from 18% to 22% and from 60% to 100% of the stance phase and more peroneus longus activation from initial contact to 18% of the stance phase under the SV condition than under the NSV condition. We observed no differences in knee- and hip-joint angles between the visual conditions for both groups. When wearing stroboscopic glasses, individuals with CAI showed altered movement patterns, including increased ankle-inversion angle and peroneus longus activation during the stance phase of a landing-cutting task. The results suggest that they may lack the ability to reweight sensory information to adapt their movement to visual disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a condition characterized by abnormal subchondral bone with disturbance of overlying articular cartilage. The role of weightbearing alignment in the pathophysiology of OCD lesion development is not fully understood. Hypothesis: Lower extremity mechanical axis would be concordant with femoral condylar OCD lesion location. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Cases were identified from a single, large academic institutional database using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes associated with OCD. Patients were included if they had a magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrating the OCD lesion and lower extremity alignment radiographs. OCD lesion location was identified using Cahill and Berg zones. The primary outcome was the association of OCD lesion location with weightbearing mechanical axis. Secondary outcomes included the association of mechanical axis with skeletal maturity, OCD lesion stability, and treatment. For unilateral OCD lesions, mechanical axis was compared between affected and unaffected lower extremities. Results: A total of 86 patients (95 knees) with an OCD lesion of the femoral condyle were identified. The population was 74% male, and the mean age was 21 years. In total, 65% of knees had closed physes, 82% of lesions were unstable, and 85% underwent a surgical procedure. Mechanical axis was located in the same zone as the OCD lesion in 48% of cases and within the same compartment in 56% of cases. Spearman correlation coefficient demonstrated a moderate positive correlation (rs = 0.59). No significant differences were found in the association of mechanical axis and OCD lesion location in subgroup analysis of medial versus lateral femoral condylar OCD lesions, skeletal maturity, stability of the lesion, or treatment group. For patients with varus alignment and medial femoral condylar OCD lesions, the mean lateral distal femoral angle was 89.9°, and medial proximal tibial angle was 85.4°; for valgus alignment and lateral femoral condylar lesions, the lateral distal femoral angle was 84.8°, and medial proximal tibial angle was 88.8°. Patients with unilateral medial femoral condylar OCD lesions were more likely to have varus alignment of the affected extremity compared with the contralateral extremity (59% vs 36%; P =.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a relationship between lower extremity mechanical weightbearing axis and femoral condylar OCD location. Patients with unilateral medial femoral condylar OCD lesions frequently had asymmetric varus alignment in the affected extremity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both kinematically-aligned (KA) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and bicruciate stabilized (BCS) TKA aim to reproduce the physiological knee kinematics. In this study, we compared the femoro-tibial component rotational mismatch between patients who underwent modified KA-TKA and those who received guided-motion BCS-TKA, and its influence on the clinical outcomes. Methods: In this retrospective study, 77 consecutive patients were included and divided into two groups: subjects who underwent modified KA-TKA with Persona (KA Group; n = 42) and those who received BCS-TKA with JOURNEY II (BCS group; n = 35). Range of motion, the 2011 Knee Society Score (KSS), the rotational alignment of the femoral and tibial components, and the correlations between the rotational mismatch and the 2011 KSS subscales were examined. Results: The postoperative objective knee indicators (P = 0.0157), patient satisfaction (P = 0.0039) and functional activity scores (P = 0.0013) in the KA group were significantly superior to those in the BCS group 1 year postoperatively. There was no significant difference between the two groups observed in the rotational mismatch. In the BCS group, significant negative correlations were identified between the rotational mismatch and objective indicators, patient satisfaction, and functional activity scores but not in the KA group. Conclusions: The short-term clinical results following KA-TKA showed superior objective knee indicators, patient satisfaction and functional activity scores. A negative correlation was observed between component rotational mismatch and the 2011 KSS subscales in the BCS group, compared to no relationship found between the two in the KA group. These findings suggested that KA-TKA has a relatively higher tolerance for rotational mismatch than BCS-TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim was to quantify jump performance in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and determine if the expected deficit is related to their lower body joint kinetics and kinematics. Methods: Twenty-four ambulatory (n = 17 level I and 7 level II in the Gross Motor Function Classification System) children with spastic CP (n = 13 unilateral and 11 bilateral) and 24 age-, sex-, and race matched typically developing controls were studied. Jump height and peak power and range of motion at the hip, knee, and ankle of the more affected limb in children with CP and the nondominant limb in controls were assessed during a countermovement jump using three-dimensional motion capture and a force platform. Results: Compared with controls, children with CP had lower jump height (33%, Cohen's d (d) = 1.217), peak power at the knee (39%, d = 1.013) and ankle (46%, d = 1.687), and range of motion at the hip (32%, d = 1.180), knee (39%, d = 2.067), and ankle (46%, d = 3.195; all P < 0.001). Jump height was positively related to hip, knee, and ankle power and range of motion in children with CP (rs range = 0.474-0.613, P < 0.05), and hip and ankle power and knee and ankle range of motion in controls (rs range = 0.458-0.630, P < 0.05). The group difference in jump height was no longer detected when ankle joint power, ankle range of motion, or knee range of motion was statistically controlled (P > 0.15). Conclusions: Jump performance is compromised in children with CP and is associated with low power generation and range of motion in the lower limb, especially at the ankle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of the wheelchair rugby is becoming more and more worldwide. However, few biomechanical studies have focused on this sport. The aim of this study was to compare kinematic parameters of wheelchair rugby players, classified as defensive players (LP-D) versus offensive players (HP-O). Twenty-nine wheelchair rugby players (17 LP-D and 12 HP-O) performed a 20-m sprint test. The peak velocities, temporal parameters (propulsion phase time, deceleration phase time, cycle time and cycle frequencies) and asymmetries (the difference in peak velocities between the right and the left wheels) were measured at the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases of the sprint by an inertial measurement unit which was placed on each rear wheel. At the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases, peak velocities and cycle frequencies were higher in HP-O players than LP-D players. The deceleration phase times and the cycle times were higher in LP-D players than HP-O players. However, no significant difference in asymmetry was found between LP-D players and HP-O players. The HP-O players showed superior performance than the LP-D players, but they could be more exposed at risk of injury at their upper limbs than LP-D players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female athletes are four to six times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than male athletes. Jump-landing biomechanics are influenced by maturation, with post-pubertal female athletes at a heightened risk of ACL injuries. Objective: The aim of our systematic review was to identify and summarise the current evidence regarding the changes in kinematic and kinetic risk factors associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks in female athletes at various stages of maturity. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and Scopus. Articles were included if they: (1) conducted the research on uninjured female athletes with no restriction on playing level/experience; (2) provided information regarding the stage of the maturity and the scale used for estimating the maturity status of the participants; and (3) reported a biomechanical risk factor associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks across at least two different maturity groups (e.g. pre-pubertal vs post-pubertal). Results: Sixteen articles involving 2323 female athletes were included in our review. A total of 12 kinematic and 8 kinetic variables were identified across these studies. Of the 12 kinematic variables reported in our review, we found strong evidence for higher peak knee abduction angle in post-pubertal female individuals compared with pre-pubertal girls (p < 0.05). With regard to the 8 kinetic variables, we found strong evidence for lower relative peak vertical ground reaction force, higher external knee abduction moment and internal rotation moment in post-pubertal compared with pre-pubertal athletes. The strength of evidence for the remaining kinematic and kinetic variables ranged from conflicting to moderate and, in some instances, could not be determined. Conclusions: Our study provides an overview of the changes in biomechanical risk factors in female athletes during jump-landing tasks at various stages of maturity. We found moderate-to-limited evidence for most kinematic and kinetic variables, highlighting the need for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to examine the functional outcome in different walking conditions in elderly adults who underwent surgical repair after a non-contact hamstring injury. Our objective was to compare lower limb kinematics and kinetics over the entire gait cycle between the injured and contralateral leg in overground and level and uphill treadmill walking. Methods: 12 patients (mean ± SD, age: 65 ± 9 years; body mass index: 30 ± 6 kg/m2) walked at self-selected speed in overground (0% slope) and treadmill conditions (0% and 10% slope). We measured spatiotemporal parameters, joint angles (normalised to gait cycle) and joint moments (normalised to stance phase) of the hip, knee and ankle. Data between sides were compared using paired sample t -tests (p < 0.05) and continuous 95% confidence intervals of the paired difference between trajectories. Results: Patients walked at an average speed of 1.31 ± 0.26 m/second overground and 0.92 ± 0.31 m/second on the treadmill. Spatiotemporal parameters were comparable between the injured and contralateral leg (p > 0.05). Joint kinematic and joint kinetic trajectories were comparable between sides for all walking conditions. Conclusions: Refixation of the proximal hamstring tendons resulted in comparable ambulatory mechanics at least 1 year after surgery in the injured leg and the contralateral leg, which were all within the range of normative values reported in the literature. These results complement our previous findings on hamstring repair in terms of clinical outcomes and muscle strength and support that surgical repair achieves good functional outcomes in terms of ambulation in an elderly population. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04867746). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common cause of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) is the head’s kinematic response to rapid movement, which can be reduced with dynamic neck strengthening. This study aimed to determine the most effective neck-strengthening program by comparing a traditional and nontraditional program. Isometric neck strength was assessed in 32 subjects randomly assigned to one of the traditional and nontraditional neck-strengthening programs. The nontraditional program used a novel neck-strengthening device. After weeks 6 and 10 of training, isometric neck strength was reassessed. With the collected data, linear mixed models were established to compare the changes in neck strength between the 2 groups during the 10-week training period. Statistical analysis results suggest that, for both cervical extension (CE) and cervical flexion (CF), subjects in the novel neck-strengthening device group had a significantly higher gain of strength during the 10 weeks than the traditional group. With test statistics of 22.691 and 23.203 and corresponding 2-sided p-value of 0.01289 and 0.003889, respectively, we conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in the linear slopes of increase for both CE and CF between the 2 groups. As to left cervical lateral flexion and right cervical lateral flexion, the novel neck strength group had increased strength gains compared with the traditional group. However, the increase was not enough to demonstrate significant findings. Results were considered significant at p, 0.05. The results of this study show that the novel neck-strengthening device may be an effective mechanism for preventing mild TBIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes with a history of concussion are at a greater risk for lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. Female athletes may be at an even greater risk than male athletes. Previous researchers on postconcussion landing biomechanics have focused on the lower extremities, but the trunk plays a crucial role as an injury risk factor. To compare lower extremity and trunk biomechanics during jump-landing and cutting maneuvers between female athletes with and those without a concussion history. Cross-sectional study. Biomechanics laboratory. A total of 26 athletes (mean ± SD age = 19.0 ± 1.3 years, height = 1.68 ± 0.07 m, mass = 64.02 ± 6.76 kg, body mass index = 22.58 ± 1.97 kg/m2; median [interquartile range] time since most recent concussion = 37.5 months [25.0 months, 65.8 months]) with a concussion history and 38 athletes (age = 19.0 ± 1.1 years, height = 1.71 ± 0.08 m, mass = 64.72 ± 9.45 kg, body mass index = 22.14 ± 1.80 kg/m2) without a concussion history. Peak kinetics (vertical ground reaction force, vertical loading rate, external knee-abduction moment, and external knee-flexion moment) and kinematics (trunk-flexion angle, trunk lateral-bending angle, ankle-dorsiflexion angle, knee-flexion angle, knee-abduction angle, and hip-flexion angle) were obtained during the eccentric portion of jump-landing and cutting tasks. Separate 2 (group) × 2 (limb) between- and within-factors analyses of covariance were used to compare outcomes between groups. We covaried for time since the most recent concussion and the limb that had a history of musculoskeletal injury. Athletes with a concussion history displayed a greater peak knee-abduction angle in their nondominant limb than their dominant limb (P =.01, ηp2 = 0.107) and the nondominant limb of athletes without a concussion history (P =.02, ηp2 = 0.083) during jump landing. They also had less trunk lateral bending during cutting compared with athletes without a concussion history (P =.005, ηp2 = 0.126). Our results indicated landing biomechanics are different between female athletes with and those without a concussion history. This finding may be due to impairments in neuromuscular control postconcussion that may ultimately increase the risk of subsequent lower extremity injury, although further research is warranted given the cross-sectional nature of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Walking is a complex activity that involves multiple parts of the body, including the lower limb, upper limb, trunk, head, and neck. Contrary to popular belief, walking is not solely related to the forward movement of the legs. Biomechanical analysis, especially in terms of mechanical power, is an essential aspect... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the ability to recover balance in the lateral direction has important implications with regard to fall risk in older adults, the effect of visual input on balance recovery in response to lateral perturbation and the effect of age are not well studied. We investigated the effect of visual input on balance recovery response to unpredictable lateral surface perturbations and its age-related changes. Ten younger and 10 older healthy adults were compared during balance recovery trials performed with the eyes open and eyes closed (EC). Compared with younger adults, older adults showed increased electromyography (EMG) peak amplitude of the soleus and gluteus medius, reduced EMG burst duration of the gluteus maximus and medius, and increased body sway (SD of the body's center of mass acceleration) in EC. In addition, older adults exhibited a smaller % increase (EC—eyes open) of the ankle eversion angle, hip abduction torque, EMG burst duration of the fibularis longus, and a greater % increase of body sway. All kinematics, kinetics, and EMG variables were greater in EC compared with eyes open in both groups. In conclusion, the absence of visual input negatively affects the balance recovery mechanism more in older adults compared with younger adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-lab, marker-based gait analyses may not represent real-world gait. Real-world gait analyses may be feasible using inertial measurement units (IMUs) in combination with open-source data processing pipelines (OpenSense). Before using OpenSense to study real-world gait, we must determine whether these methods estimate joint kinematics similarly to traditional marker-based motion capture (MoCap) and differentiate groups with clinically different gait mechanics. Healthy young and older adults and older adults with knee osteoarthritis completed this study. We captured MoCap and IMU data during overground walking at 2 speeds. MoCap and IMU kinematics were computed with OpenSim workflows. We tested whether sagittal kinematics differed between MoCap and IMU, whether tools detected between-group differences similarly, and whether kinematics differed between tools by speed. MoCap showed more anterior pelvic tilt (0%–100% stride) and joint flexion than IMU (hip: 0%–38% and 61%–100% stride; knee: 0%–38%, 58%–89%, and 95%–99% stride; and ankle: 6%–99% stride). There were no significant tool-by-group interactions. We found significant tool-by-speed interactions for all angles. While MoCap- and IMU-derived kinematics differed, the lack of tool-by-group interactions suggests consistent tracking across clinical cohorts. Results of the current study suggest that IMU-derived kinematics with OpenSense may enable reliable evaluation of gait in real-world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Change of direction while dribbling appears to be of interest for on-court performance in basketball. The study aim was to assess the validity and reliability of the V-cut dribbling test (VcutBk) in young basketball players. Methods: Ninety-two young basketball players from 8 to 21 years old (74% male) were classified in relation to peak height velocity (PHV) offset. To examine validity and test–retest reliability, VcutBk was performed in 2 identical sessions separated by 1 week. Participants also performed the V-cut test and linear sprint test with and without dribbling to analyze correlations between tests in different somatic maturity stages. Results: The relationships of the VcutBk with the other tests and skill-time-related deficits were interpreted from large (r >.51) to very large (r >.71). The comparisons between pre-PHV and post-PHV groups of basketball players showed significant and large effect in the VcutBk (d = 2.04; mean difference = 2.59; 95% CI, 1.86 to 3.32). Also, significant main effects when comparing PHV groups were reported in all skill-time-related deficits (P <.001, η p 2 =. 13 -.28 , moderate to large effect size). Test–retest reliability and signal-to-noise ratio analysis did not show substantial between-trials differences in VcutBk. Reliability scores showed high intraclass correlation coefficient (.95) and low coefficient of variation (0.23%). Conclusions: The VcutBk seems to be a valid and reliable test to assess change of direction while dribbling. VcutBk performance and skill-time-related deficits seem to be sensitive to somatic maturity. Basketball coaches should consider the VcutBk to assess young basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited research that directly compares the effect of reduced speed with reduced propulsive force production (PFP) on age-related gait changes. We aimed to determine how changes in the gait of older adults correlate with age, speed, or peak PFP over a 6-year span. We collected kinematics and kinetics of 17 older subjects at 2 time points. We determined which biomechanical variables changed significantly between visits and used linear regressions to determine whether combinations of self-selected walking speed, peak PFP, and age correlated to changes in these variables. We found a suite of gait-related changes that occurred in the 6-year period, in line with previous aging studies. Of the 10 significant changes, we found 2 with significant regressions. Self-selected walking speed was a significant indicator of step length, not peak PFP or age. Peak PFP was a significant indicator for knee flexion. None of the biomechanical changes were correlated to the chronological age of the subjects. Few gait parameters had a correlation to the independent variables, suggesting that changes in gait mechanics were not solely correlated to peak PFP, speed, and/or age. This study improves understanding of changes in ambulation that lead to age-related gait modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Secondary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a complication of ACL reconstruction (ACLR), which may result from altered neuromuscular control affecting anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs) required for maintaining balance during movement. However, it remains unclear how APAs and CPAs differ in single-leg landings post-ACLR compared to healthy subjects. Purpose The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in muscle activities of APAs and CPAs, lower limb kinematics, and kinetics between athletes with a history of ACLR and healthy athletes during single-leg landing. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Eighteen female athletes were recruited and divided into ACLR (n = 9) and control groups (n = 9). The experimental task involved a single-leg landing from a 30 cm box. Joint angles and moments were determined using a 3-dimensional motion analysis system, while muscle activity was assessed using surface electromyography. Analysis intervals were divided into two phases: the APA phase (-150 ms to 50 ms) and the CPA phase (50 ms to 250 ms), with initial contact (0 ms) as the reference point. Muscle activity onset time was defined as the time when the baseline exceeded by the sum of mean values and 2 standard deviations. Results No significant differences were observed in muscle activity or onset time between the ACLR and control groups. However, an increased hip external rotation moment was observed during the CPA phase in the ACLR group. Conclusion These findings suggest that APAs and CPAs of athletes who returned to sports more than 1 year post-ACLR may be similar. The increased hip external rotation moment in the ACLR group during the CPA phase could represent a specific compensatory strategy to decrease the hip internal rotation angle post-ACLR. Level of Evidence III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the frontal ankle motor control in individuals with chronic ankle instability during drop landing. Design: This was a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Thirtysix individuals with chronic ankle instability were randomly assigned to each group. Participants received 6-wk neuromuscular electrical stimulation intervention and sham stimulation in the neuromuscular electrical stimulation and control groups, respectively. Data were collected at week0 and week6. A mixed-effects model and analysis of covariance were employed to investigate the between-group differences in continuous and discrete outcome variables at week6, with the outcome variables at week0 as covariates. Results: Compared to control group, neuromuscular electrical stimulation group exhibited a 2.66° (2.45, 2.86) reduction in frontal ankle inversion angle, a 47.41°/sec (−16.05, −78.77) decrease in peak ankle inversion angular velocity, and a 0.43 Nm/kg (0.18, 0.68) increase in peak ankle eversion moment during drop landing at week6. Conclusions: Applying 6-wk neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the fibularis longus resulted in decreased ankle inversion angle and ankle inversion angular velocity and increased peak ankle eversion moment during drop landing. Consequently, neuromuscular electrical stimulation could be considered an effective modality for individuals with chronic ankle instability to enhance the frontal ankle movement patterns and overall ankle motor control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of gait is an important tool for evaluating postoperative outcomes of a Total Knee Replacement (TKR). There are few studies which have evaluated the gait parameters of a Kinematic retaining (Kr) prosthesis. This study therefore aims to investigate the kinetic and kinematic differences of running and walking, in the ankle, knee and hip joints in patients who underwent a Kr TKR. This study assessed the gait of 12 patients with physica lima Kr TKRs at 1 year follow up and 8 healthy controls using 3D video analysis. Data was collected on the kinetics and kinematics of walking and running at the ankle, knee and hip. Comparison was made between the operated and non-operated limbs of the patients, and between the operated and control limbs. Gait analysis showed no statistically significant difference in the hip, ankle and knee angles or moments between the non-operated and operated legs during walking and running. However, there was a statistically significant difference between the knee angles of initial contact, maximum flexion during stance and swing in the TKR knees vs controls in walking and running. Similarly, there was also a statistically significantly higher max knee flexion moment between operated knees and controls in both walking and running. This study has shown that a quadriceps avoidance gait persists in patients after TKR, and that there was symmetry and reciprocated gait parameters in non-operated limbs. These findings suggest that Kr TKRs could be capable of replicating normal knee kinematics when running and walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motion capture systems are used in the analysis and interpretation of athlete movement patterns for a variety of reasons, but data integrity remains critical regardless. The extent to which marker location or constraining degrees of freedom (DOF) in the biomechanical model impacts on this integrity lacks consensus. Ten elite academy footballers performed bilateral overhead squats using a marker-based motion capture system. Kinematic data were calculated using four different marker sets with 3DOF and 6DOF configurations for the three joint rotations of the right knee. Root mean squared error differences between marker sets ranged in the sagittal plane between 1.02 and 4.19 degrees to larger values in the frontal (1.30–6.39 degrees) and transverse planes (1.33 and 7.97 degrees). The cross-correlation function of the knee kinematic time series for all eight marker-sets ranged from excellent for sagittal plane motion (>0.99) but reduced for both coronal and transverse planes (<0.9). Two-way ANOVA repeated measures calculated at peak knee flexion revealed significant differences between marker sets for frontal and transverse planes (p < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences between some marker sets. Marker location and constraining DOF while measuring relatively large ranges of motion in this population are important considerations for data integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In swimming, the underwater phase after the start and turn comprises gliding and dolphin kicking, with the latter also known as underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). Swimming performance is highly dependent on the underwater phase; therefore, understanding the training effects in UUS and underwater gliding can be critical for swimmers and coaches. Further, the development of technique in young swimmers can lead to exponential benefits in an athlete's career. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a training protocol on UUS and underwater gliding performance and kinematics in young swimmers. Seventeen age group swimmers (boys = 10, girls = 7) performed maximal UUS and underwater gliding efforts before and after a seven-week training protocol. Time to reach 10 m; intra-cyclic mean, peak, and minimum velocities; and gliding performance improved significantly after the training protocol. The UUS performance improvement was mostly produced by an improvement of the upbeat execution, together with a likely reduction of swimmers' hydrodynamic drag. Despite the changes in UUS and gliding, performance was also likely influenced by growth. The findings from this study highlight kinematic variables that can be used to understand and quantify changes in UUS and gliding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) contractions (maintaining a yielding contraction for as long as possible, beyond task failure) have gained interest in research and applied settings. However, little is known regarding the biomechanical profile of EQIs. Fourteen well-trained males performed four maximal effort knee-extensor EQIs, separated by 180 seconds. Angular impulse, velocity, and time-under-tension through the 30–100º range of motion (ROM), and in eight ROM brackets were quantified. Statistical parametric mapping, analyses of variance, and standardised effects (Hedges' g (ES), %Δ) detected between-contraction joint-angle-specific differences in time-normalised and absolute variables. Mean velocity was 1.34º·s−1 with most (62.5 ± 4.9%) of the angular impulse imparted between 40–70º. Most between-contraction changes occurred between 30–50º (p≤ 0.067, ES = 0.53 ± 0.31, 60 ± 52%), while measures remained constant between 50–100º (= 0.069–0.83, ES = 0.10 ± 0.26, 14.3 ± 24.6%). EQIs are a time-efficient means to impart high cumulative mechanical tension, especially at short to medium muscle lengths. However, angular impulse distribution shifts towards medium to long muscle lengths with repeat contractions. Practitioners may utilise EQIs to emphasize the initial portion of the ROM, and limit ROM, or apply EQIs in a fatigued state to emphasize longer muscle lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascertaining how racket orientation angle differences at ball-impact influence the accuracy of different squash strokes could assist player skill development and possibly reduce the number of unforced errors hit within a match. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in racket orientation angles of accurate and inaccurate forehand and backhand drive, volley and drop shots. A magnetic-inertial measurement unit embedded in a racket output orientation angles of twelve male junior players, with five accurate and five inaccurate shots per player per stroke analysed. Paired samples t-tests revealed that inaccurate backhand drop shots exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) less racket roll angle (racket face less open) at impact than accurate shots, indicating this parameter was a determining factor in the accuracy of this stroke. Racket orientation angle differences between accurate and inaccurate shots of the remaining strokes were too small to be used to distinguish shot accuracy. There was significantly greater variability in racket orientation angles during inaccurate forehand drop and backhand drive shots compared to accurate shots. These findings demonstrate how racket orientation angle differences at ball-impact can influence the accuracy of shots and highlights the need for consistent racket orientations to allow for an accurate shot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-level golfers use various warm-up strategies to enhance clubhead and ball speed, including weighted equipment. We investigated the acute effects of the SuperSpeed Golf™ weighted-club warm-up on clubhead, ball, and swing kinematics, and the persistence of any acute effects in subsequent sets. Twelve competitive golfers (handicap < 3.0) completed five sets of five swings using their own drivers under two randomised warm-up conditions (Control and SuperSpeed). We compared swing, peak segment and club angular velocity, and centre of mass (COM) parameters collected using a 3D motion capture system (500 Hz) between conditions. The temporal persistence of any meaningful (Cohen's d ≥ small) and significant (p≤ 0.05) effect detected in the first set was investigated in subsequent sets. SuperSpeed led to small significant changes in clubhead speed (2.6 mph); downswing time; peak angular velocities of the torso, lead arm, and club; and two COM variables in the initial set. There was no significant change in ball speed, resulting in a large negative change in smash factor acutely (d − 0.82, p= 0.009). Nearly all changes observed were no longer meaningful or significant in subsequent sets. Overall, golfers can expect an increase in driving clubhead speed on the first tee using the SuperSpeed Golf™ vs Control warm-up, with trivial effects from the second tee onwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique physical profile of each player's role in sub-elite women's cricket is vital for optimizing performance as these players progress to the elite levels. This quantitative, cross-sectional study investigates the physical profiles of sub-elite women's cricket players as a group and compares these profiles across different player roles. Sub-elite female cricket players in the South African domestic women's cricket league were included in this study. A battery of physical assessments were conducted at the start of the 2022/23 season. The physical assessments included body composition, individual muscle strength testing using dynamometry, 2-km time trial (TT), countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg jump (SLJ), isometric mid-thigh pull, push-up, and hop test on force plates. A total of 44 female players (20.86 ± 1.6 years) were included in the study. Differences were found in muscle mass (p = 0.004) and peak power (p = 0.040) for all-rounders and bowlers. Player roles presented with different dominant (p = 0.006) and non-dominant (p = 0.066) knee flexion strength. The bowlers' body composition and physical strength profile are compromised compared with batters and all-rounders. There were several physical strength and power differences between pace and spin bowlers in CMJ and SLJ tests for jump height (p = 0.009) and peak power (p = 0.006). Batters performed the best in the 2-km TT. Body composition and musculoskeletal profiles for each player role can be baseline markers in sub-elite women's cricket. Stakeholders can use this information to guide physical preparation for players advancing to elite levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both running performance and injury have been associated with running kinematics. Plyometric training improves run performance and reduces injury risk in court-sport and field-sport athletes. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal changes in kinematics in novice runners before and after a typical beginners' running program, compared with those who perform a plyometric intervention before running. Fifty-seven novice female runners were assigned to the control group (8 weeks walking +8 weeks running) or the intervention group (8 weeks strength or plyometric training +8 weeks running). Kinematics were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. Joint angles throughout the stride of those who completed the training (n = 21) were compared between groups and assessment time points using a statistical parametric mapping 2-way analysis of variance, with group and study time point as independent variables. There was no interaction effect of group and study time point (p > 0.05), indicating that both training programs had similar effects on running kinematics. There was a main effect of time for sagittal plane knee and hip kinematics (p < 0.001); after training, subjects ran with a more extended leg, particularly during swing. Programs of 8 weeks of preparatory training, followed by 8 weeks of running, resulted in altered sagittal plane biomechanics, which have previously been related to improved running economy. A greater volume of plyometric, run training or concurrent plyometric and run training may be required to elicit changes in running form associated with lower injury risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]