15 results on '"Bramness, Jørgen G."'
Search Results
2. Mortality and alcohol‐related morbidity in patients with delirium tremens, alcohol withdrawal state or alcohol dependence in Norway: A register‐based prospective cohort study.
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Bramness, Jørgen G., Heiberg, Ina H., Høye, Anne, and Rossow, Ingeborg
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MORTALITY of people with alcoholism , *CAUSES of death , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *ALCOHOL withdrawal delirium , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ALCOHOL withdrawal syndrome , *COMORBIDITY , *LONGITUDINAL method , *DISEASE risk factors ,MORTALITY risk factors - Abstract
Background and Aims: Little is known about long‐term consequences of delirium tremens (DT). This study aimed to compare all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality and alcohol‐related morbidity between patients with: (i) DT, (ii) alcohol withdrawal state (AWS) and (iii) alcohol dependence (AD). Design: A national longitudinal health registry study with linked data from the Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Setting: Norway. Participants: All patients registered in the Norwegian Patient Registry between 2009 and 2015 with a diagnosis of AD (ICD‐10 code F10.2), AWS (F10.3) or DT (F10.4) and aged 20–79 years were included (n = 36 287). Measurements: Patients were categorized into three mutually exclusive groups; those with DT diagnosis were categorized as DT patients regardless of whether or not they had received another alcohol use disorder diagnosis during the observation period or not. Outcome measures were: annual mortality rate, standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality and proportion of alcohol‐related morbidities which were registered in the period from 2 years before to 1 year after the index diagnosis. Findings DT patients had higher annual mortality rate (8.0%) than AWS (5.0%) and AD (3.6%) patients, respectively. DT patients had higher mortality [SMR = 9.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.9–10.7] than AD patients (SMR = 7.0, 95% CI = 6.8–7.2) and AWS patients (SMR = 7.8, 95% CI = 7.2–8.4). SMR was particularly elevated for unnatural causes of death, and more so for DT patients (SMR = 26.9, 95% CI = 21.7–33.4) than for AD patients (SMR = 15.2, 95% CI = 14.2–16.3) or AWS patients (SMR = 20.1, 95% CI = 16.9–23.9). For all comorbidities, we observed a higher proportion among DT patients than among AWS or AD patients (P < 0.001). Conclusions: People treated for delirium tremens appear to have higher rates of mortality and comorbidity than people with other alcohol use disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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3. The effect of trauma and alcohol on the relationship between level of cytokines and depression among patients entering psychiatric treatment
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Toft, Helge, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Bramness, Jørgen G., Tilden, Terje, Wampold, Bruce E., and Lien, Lars
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- 2018
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4. Circulating cytokine levels in the treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders.
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Johnson, Sverre Urnes, Hoffart, Asle, Tilden, Terje, Toft, Helge, Neupane, Sudan P., Lien, Lars, and Bramness, Jørgen G.
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ANXIETY treatment ,ANXIETY disorders ,INTERLEUKIN-1 receptors ,METACOGNITIVE therapy ,PSYCHOTHERAPY ,BODY mass index - Abstract
Psychotherapy research aims to investigate predictors and moderators of treatment outcome, but there are few consistent findings. This study aimed to investigate cytokines in patients undergoing treatment for anxiety disorders and whether the level of cytokines moderated the treatment outcome. Thirty-seven patients with comorbid and treatment-resistant anxiety disorders were investigated using multilevel modelling. Serum cytokine levels were measured three times: pretreatment, in the middle of treatment, and at the end of treatment. Anxiety and metacognitions were measured weekly throughout treatment by self-report. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist did not change during therapy or were not related to the level of anxiety. Metacognitive beliefs predicted anxiety, but the relationship between metacognitions and anxiety was not moderated by cytokines. Limitations of the study include that the patients were not fasting at blood sampling, and we did not assess body mass index, which may affect cytokine levels. The lack of significance for cytokines as a predictor or moderator may be due to a lack of power for testing moderation hypotheses, a problem associated with many psychotherapy studies. Cytokines did not predict the outcome in the treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in our sample. Furthermore, cytokines did not moderate the relationship between metacognitions and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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5. Levels of mental distress over 18 years after entering treatment for substance use disorders: A longitudinal cohort study.
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Hjemsæter, Arne Jan, Bramness, Jørgen G, Drake, Robert, Skeie, Ivar, Monsbakken, Bent, Benth, Jūratė Šaltytė, and Landheim, Anne S
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SUBSTANCE-induced disorders ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MENTAL illness ,COHORT analysis ,PERSONALITY disorders ,SUBSTANCE abuse risk factors - Abstract
Aims: The aims were to investigate whether baseline characteristics and problematic substance use were related to change in mental distress over time in patients with substance use disorders during an 18-year period. Method: This was a prospective, longitudinal study of patients followed for 18 years after entering specialised treatment for substance use disorders. A sample of 291 patients was recruited in 1997 and 1998. Mental distress was measured using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 at baseline, and at six and 18 years. Lifetime psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders at baseline were measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, while personality disorders were measured using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II. At the six- and 18-year follow-ups, substance use was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Linear mixed model was estimated to assess the overall level of mental distress over 18 years for participants with complete data at baseline (n = 232). Results: In an adjusted model, problematic substance use assessed simultaneously with mental distress, having lifetime affective, anxiety and personality disorder at baseline were associated with greater levels of mental distress over the 18-year period. The change in mental distress from baseline to the six-year, but not to the 18-year, follow-up was significantly larger among females than among males. Conclusion: The results suggests a reciprocal relationship over time between substance use and mental health problems. Also, there seems to be an additive effect between ongoing problematic substance use and lifetime mental disorders on greater levels of mental distress. This addresses the importance of integrated treatment for both substance use disorders and mental disorders to improve the long-term course for patients with these comorbid disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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6. Total and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios in patients with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder.
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Heiberg, Ina H., Jacobsen, Bjarne K., Nesvåg, Ragnar, Bramness, Jørgen G., Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted, Næss, Øyvind, Ystrom, Eivind, Hultman, Christina M., and Høye, Anne
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SUBSTANCE-induced disorders ,PEOPLE with schizophrenia ,COMORBIDITY ,MORTALITY ,HEALTH services accessibility ,DEATH rate - Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia or substance use disorder have a substantially increased mortality compared to the general population. Despite a high and probably increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorder in people with schizophrenia, the mortality in the comorbid group has been less studied and with contrasting results. We performed a nationwide open cohort study from 2009 to 2015, including all Norwegians aged 20–79 with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder registered in any specialized health care setting in Norway, a total of 125,744 individuals. There were 12,318 deaths in the cohort, and total, sex-, age- and cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated, comparing the number of deaths in patients with schizophrenia, schizophrenia only, substance use disorder only or a co-occurring diagnosis of schizophrenia and substance use disorder to the number expected if the patients had the age-, sex- and calendar-year specific death rates of the general population. The SMRs were 4.9 (95% CI 4.7–5.1) for all schizophrenia patients, 4.4 (95% CI 4.2–4.6) in patients with schizophrenia without substance use disorder, 6.6 (95% CI 6.5–6.8) in patients with substance use disorder only, and 7.4 (95% CI 7.0–8.2) in patients with both schizophrenia and substance use disorder. The SMRs were elevated in both genders, in all age groups and for all considered causes of death, and most so in the youngest. Approximately 27% of the excess mortality in all patients with schizophrenia was due to the raised mortality in the subgroup with comorbid SUD. The increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia and/or substance use disorder corresponded to more than 10,000 premature deaths, which constituted 84% of all deaths in the cohort. The persistent mortality gap highlights the importance of securing systematic screening and proper access to somatic health care, and a more effective prevention of premature death from external causes in this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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7. Dobbeldiagnose – alvorlig psykisk lidelse og ruslidelse: del 1 Screening og diagnoseinstrumenter
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Larun, Lillebeth, Helseth, Valborg Helene, Bramness, Jørgen G, Haugerud, Helge, Høie, Bjørg, Gråwe, Rolf W, Kornør, Hege, Landheim, Anne, Lossius, Kari, Hammerstrøm, Karianne Thune, and Waal, Helge
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Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood ,Bipolar Disorder ,Technology Assessment, Biomedical ,Neurotic Disorders ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Psykiatri, barnepsykiatri: 757 [VDP] ,Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders ,Dissociative Disorders ,Comorbidity ,Personality Disorders ,Psychiatry, child psychiatry: 757 [VDP] ,Borderline Personality Disorder ,MMPI ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures ,Depressive Disorder, Major ,Mood Disorders ,Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,Heroin Dependence ,Depression ,Mental Disorders ,VDP::Psykiatri, barnepsykiatri: 757 ,Anxiety Disorders ,Substance Abuse Detection ,Alcoholism ,Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) ,Research Design ,VDP::Psychiatry, child psychiatry: 757 - Abstract
Personer med ruslidelser og personer med psykiske lidelser har tradisjonelt fått behandling i parallelle tiltak. Imidlertid har personer som er til behandling ved tverrfaglige, spesialiserte rustjenester, ofte psykiske lidelser, og personer som er til behandling i psykisk helsevern, har ofte en ruslidelse (komorbiditet). Befolkningsstudier fra Europa og USA viser at psykiske lidelser og ruslidelser ofte opptrer sammen. Jo mer alvorlig ruslidelsen er, desto høyere er forekomsten av psykiske lidelser. Denne rapporten oppsummerer forskning om nøyaktighet av screening- og diagnoseverktøy for ruslidelser og psykiske lidelser. Rapporten inkluderer studier som tilfredsstiller kravene om bruk av referansestandard, og forskningsmetoder som tillater beregning av verktøyets egenskaper. Dette gir rimelig god sikkerhet i funnene som presenteres i denne rapporten. Det kan imidlertid finnes verktøy som er klinisk relevante, men der det mangler metodisk god forskning.
- Published
- 2007
8. Comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder in alcohol use disorder: relationships to demography, drinking and neuroimmune profile.
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Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Bramness, Jørgen G., and Lien, Lars
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POST-traumatic stress disorder , *COMORBIDITY , *PEOPLE with alcoholism , *DEMOGRAPHY , *DRINKING behavior , *C-reactive protein , *CYTOKINES , *NEUROTROPHINS - Abstract
Background: This study examined how alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) differed from those without PTSD in terms of demography, drinking patterns and C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokines, tryptophan metabolism parameters, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Methods: A consecutive sample (N = 187) of treatment-receiving AUD individuals were recruited from Nepalese facilities. They underwent fully structured psychiatric interviews. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 Receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)] were determined by a multiplex assay, kynurenine and tryptophan levels by high-performance liquid chromatography, and BDNF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The prevalence of exposure to severe trauma and PTSD was 74% and 17%, respectively. PTSD comorbidity was not associated with age, gender, or socioeconomic status, but with co-occurring major depression, history of attempted suicide, earlier peak of drinking problems, higher drinking quantity and withdrawal symptoms, experiencing alcoholic blackouts, and drinking problems among parents. None of the assessed neuroimmune parameters was related to comorbid PTSD. Conclusions: The findings support routine trauma screening in AUD treatment samples and screening for risky drinking in trauma populations to help guide interventions. The expected aberrations in neuroimmune functioning may not be found when examined in a sample with multiple psychiatric morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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9. Substance use and sociodemographic background as risk factors for lifetime psychotic experiences in a non-clinical sample.
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Rognli, Eline Borger, Bramness, Jørgen G., Skurtveit, Svetlana, and Bukten, Anne
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SUBSTANCE-induced disorders , *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors , *MENTAL health , *DISEASE prevalence , *CRIME statistics , *DELUSIONS , *HALLUCINATIONS , *PSYCHOSES , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *COMORBIDITY , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *CROSS-sectional method ,PSYCHOSES risk factors - Abstract
Introduction: Psychotic experiences (PE) are relatively common in the general population. PE is associated with mental health impairment and may be predictive of clinical psychosis. Substance use predicts PE, but the association is insufficiently understood, particularly the role of illicit substances. The purpose of this study was to describe PE (visual and auditory hallucinations and delusions of reference and persecution) in a population characterized by high levels of substance use and to investigate substance use and sociodemographic background characteristics as risk factors for PE.Methods: We used data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction Study (NorMA), a cross-sectional survey of 1499 individuals from Norwegian prisons. The outcome was one, two, three or four types of PE during the lifetime. The association between different variables and PE was investigated using multinomial logistic regression with three outcome categories: 0 PE, 1-2 PE and 3-4 PE.Results: The prevalence of lifetime PE was 53.7%. Several substances were strongly associated with PE: For cannabis, the adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR) of 1-2 PE was 2.78 (95% CI 1.89-4.10) and of 3-4 PE it was 4.36 (2.58-7.36). For amphetamine, the RRR of 1-2 PE was 3.26 (2.11-5.05) and of 3-4 PE it was 5.93 (3.72-9.46). For all variables, the association to PE was stronger with more types of PE.Conclusions: High levels of alcohol use, and lifetime use of cannabis, amphetamine and heroin were associated with PE. These effects were robust even when the substance use variables were adjusted against each other. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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10. The Relationship of Alcohol Use Disorders and Depressive Symptoms to Tryptophan Metabolism: Cross-Sectional Data from a Nepalese Alcohol Treatment Sample.
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Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Lien, Lars, Martinez, Priscilla, Hestad, Knut, and Bramness, Jørgen G.
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TRYPTOPHAN metabolism ,AMINO acids ,BIOLOGICAL assay ,CHI-squared test ,MENTAL depression ,HIGH performance liquid chromatography ,MEDICAL cooperation ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,T-test (Statistics) ,TRYPTOPHAN ,COMORBIDITY ,CROSS-sectional method ,SEVERITY of illness index ,DATA analysis software ,ALCOHOL-induced disorders ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MANN Whitney U Test ,DISEASE complications - Abstract
Background Activation of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism results in increased production of potentially depressogenic tryptophan catabolites and a reduction in tryptophan availability for serotonin synthesis. As alcohol consumption affects tryptophan metabolism and disposition, we determined serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and an index of tryptophan degradation (kynurenine/tryptophan ratio) in patients with alcohol-use disorder ( AUD) and compared their levels considering abstinence duration, AUD severity, and comorbid depression. Methods The study sample included 169 AUD inpatients from 8 alcohol treatment facilities in Kathmandu, Nepal. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to generate the AUD diagnosis. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test ( AUDIT) captured AUD severity and patterns of alcohol use. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 was used to reveal current depressive symptoms. Serum kynurenine and tryptophan levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and tryptophan degradation was measured by KT ratio (kynurenine/tryptophan × 10
3 ). Results Patients with above average AUDIT scores had higher mean serum levels of kynurenine (2.1 μM ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 μM ± 0.6, p = 0.006) and KT ratios (48.6 ± 17.6 vs. 40.4 ± 14.3, p = 0.002) than those with below average scores. Patients with current depressive symptoms had higher mean tryptophan concentrations (49.9 μM ± 13 vs. 45.7 μM ± 14.1, p = 0.047) and lower KT ratios (41.4 ± 14 vs. 47.5 ± 17.6, p = 0.028) compared to patients whose reported depressive symptoms were below the standard cutoff. Higher tryptophan levels and lower KT ratios in the depressed group were specific to patients with longer abstinence and higher AUD severity. Conclusions Depression-related deregulation in tryptophan metabolism was found to depend on length of abstinence and on AUD severity. Together, results suggest that in AUD populations, peripheral tryptophan metabolism is subject to interactions between AUD severity and depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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11. High Frequency and Intensity of Drinking may Attenuate Increased Inflammatory Cytokine Levels of Major Depression in Alcohol-use Disorders.
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Neupane, Sudan P., Lien, Lars, Martinez, Priscilla, Aukrust, Pål, Ueland, Thor, Mollnes, Tom E., Hestad, Knut, and Bramness, Jørgen G.
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ALCOHOL drinking ,CYTOKINE receptors ,INTERLEUKIN receptors ,TUMOR necrosis factors ,PSYCHIATRIC drugs - Abstract
Aims As major depression ( MD) is often comorbid with alcohol-use disorders ( AUD) and alcohol itself modulates the immune system, we examined serum levels of interleukin ( IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), and interferon ( IFN)-γ in AUD patients with and without MD. Putative interactions between alcohol variables and MD on cytokine levels were also assessed. Methods A consecutive sample of inpatients with AUD (N = 176) from eight alcohol treatment centers in Kathmandu, Nepal, was assessed for alcohol use and depression by administering fully structured psychiatric interviews. Serum cytokine levels were determined using multiplex technology. Results Alcohol-use disorders patients with a positive history of MD had higher levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 ( P = 0.019), TNF ( P = 0.020), and IFN-γ ( P = 0.001), but not of IL-10 ( P = 0.853). AUD patients with MD had higher concentrations of cytokines compared with those without, regardless of the severity of the alcohol problem, but the difference was greater among those drinking in lower frequency and intensity. Conclusion These findings provide evidence for altered functioning of the immune system in AUD patients with comorbid MD. However, frequent and intense drinking may attenuate the difference in the cytokine profiles between AUD patients with and without MD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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12. Prevalence and correlates of major depression among Nepalese patients in treatment for alcohol-use disorders.
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Neupane, Sudan Prasad and Bramness, Jørgen G.
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MENTAL depression , *ALCOHOL-induced disorders , *ALCOHOLISM treatment , *HEALTH surveys , *NEPALI people , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Introduction and Aims This study investigated the prevalence of major depression ( MD) and its sociodemographic and alcohol-related correlates among Nepalese patients receiving treatment for an alcohol-use disorder ( AUD). Design and Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 188 consecutively admitted AUD patients in eight residential alcohol treatment units in Kathmandu. We recorded sociodemographic data and administered the alcohol use and depression modules of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview 2.1 and the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Analyses were performed with χ2-tests, Student's t-tests, Mann- Whitney U-tests and logistic regression analyses. Results The lifetime and 12-month prevalence of MD among AUD patients were found to be 45% and 36% respectively. Living with a spouse and low-frequency drinking (2-3 days/week) showed negative associations with reporting MD in the preceding 12-month period, whereas a history of alcohol-induced blackout and problem drinking in the individual's parents were independently predictive of having a comorbid MD. Discussion and Conclusion MD is common among patients with AUDs in Nepal. Among AUD patients who sought treatment, a few factors, such as marital status, history of alcohol-induced blackout and drinking frequency, seem to correlate well with comorbid MD. Study results suggest that transgenerational underpinning of AUD-MD comorbidity may exist in those sections of the population who have strong taboos about the use of alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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13. Feasibility of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) in an acute psychiatric ward.
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Helseth, Valborg, Samet, Sharon, Johnsen, Jon, Bramness, Jørgen G, and Waal, Helge
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Background: The highly prevalent comorbidity of substance use disorders and psychiatric disorders represents challenges concerning diagnosis and treatment in acute psychiatric wards.Aims: To study the feasibility of the first Norwegian version of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) in an acute psychiatric ward.Methods: 61 consecutively admitted substance abusing patients, presenting with mood symptoms, psychotic symptoms, or both, were interviewed. Assessments included variables concerning the way the interviews were carried out.Results: 51% of eligible patients were interviewed. The main reason for non-inclusion was short stay on the ward. Median interview time was 155 minutes and median number of interview sessions was three.Conclusion: It was possible to use the PRISM in a busy acute psychiatric ward. Patients mainly had positive reactions to this extensive interview. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2012
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14. Correction to: Total and cause-specific mortality in patients with personality disorders: the association between comorbid severe mental illness and substance use disorders.
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Høye, Anne, Jacobsen, Bjarne K., Bramness, Jørgen G., Nesvåg, Ragnar, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ted, and Heiberg, Ina
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SUBSTANCE abuse ,PERSONALITY disorders ,MENTAL illness ,PSYCHIATRIC epidemiology ,COMORBIDITY ,MORTALITY - Abstract
The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02055-3. Correction to: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-... The published version of this article contained an error in Table 1: in the column PD&SMI, the correct number of patients is 5,833, not 833. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2021
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15. Vitamin D deficiency in alcohol-use disorders and its relationship to comorbid major depression: A cross-sectional study of inpatients in Nepal.
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Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Lien, Lars, Hilberg, Thor, and Bramness, Jørgen G.
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ALCOHOL-induced disorders , *VITAMIN D deficiency , *COMORBIDITY , *MENTAL depression , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *INPATIENT care , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Abstract: Background: Mounting evidence suggests that deficiency of vitamin D may be associated with major health problems, including alcohol-use disorders (AUD) and major depression (MD). This study aimed to identify the vitamin D status of Nepalese inpatients with an AUD. We explored socio-demographic and alcohol-use related correlates and the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and comorbid MD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on AUD inpatients (N =174) at eight alcohol/drug treatment centres around Kathmandu. Structured questionnaires were administered to assess the socio-demographic and alcohol-use parameters and to establish DSM-IV diagnoses of AUD and MD. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of <50nmol/L. Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 64%. Higher age, having a stable job or business, shorter time since last alcohol intake and winter serum samples were related to having lower 25(OH)D levels. Several features of AUD severity were associated with low vitamin D levels: guilt about drinking, using alcohol as eye-opener, and history of relapse after alcohol treatment (p ≤0.03). Patients with a comorbid major depression, in particular secondarily depressed cases, were less likely to have vitamin D deficiency (X 2 =6.8; p =0.01). Conclusions: This study confirms high rates of vitamin D deficiency in alcohol treatment sample and shows a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and severity of alcohol-use disorders. Competing risk and other confounders may help explain the vitamin D status among patients with alcohol-use disorders and comorbid major depression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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