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Les mondes de l’écrit connaissent un investissement historiographique important depuis trente ans. Cet article propose une synthèse de ces avancées. Il se concentre principalement sur trois débats contemporains. Le premier, qui est le plus ancien, concerne la dimension supposément « révolutionnaire » de l’impression, interrogeant à nouveaux frais cette rupture à la fois matérielle, sociale et cognitive. Le deuxième s’émancipe des perspectives classiques sur l’histoire de l’édition et vise à montrer comment l’histoire du livre imprimé d’abord et celle de la lecture ensuite ont posé les jalons de plusieurs changements de paradigme contribuant à faire émerger un intérêt croissant et fécond pour l’information : la société moderne a-t-elle été une société de l’information ? Les enquêtes sur la circulation des nouvelles et les infrastructures qui soutiennent de tels flux permettent de renseigner cette thèse et de décloisonner plusieurs domaines de la recherche historienne. Enfin, le troisième et dernier débat porte sur des matérialités scripturaires plus fines – des marqueurs les plus discrets de la pensée à la diversification des supports – dont l’étude permet de mieux comprendre la façon dont les écrits modernes se sont coulés dans les structures labiles d’une société grande consommatrice de renseignements, de correspondances, de libelles, de journaux, de livres, de feuilles et de feuillets divers, bref : de papier. ‌Can the early modern society be understood as the first information society? The worlds of the written word have been considerably transformed historiographically in the last thirty years. This paper proposes a synthesis of the main advances in this field. It focuses mainly on three contemporaneous aspects, or debates. The first, which is the oldest, concerns the so-called 'revolutionary' dimension of printing, and questions in a new way this material, social and cognitive disruption. The second aspect departs from the classical perspectives on the history of publishing, and aims to show how the history of the printed book, first, and then that of reading, were based on successive paradigm shifts that have contributed to the growth of the interest in 'information'. Recent works on the dissemination of news and the information infrastructures that support these flows confirm the hypothesis of the emergence of a first information society during the early modern age. We will insist in particular on their methods, which invite to decompartmentalize in a profitable way several fields of historical research. The third and last debate concerns the finest scriptural materials, examined from the most discrete markers of thought as well as the process, modern, of progressive diversification of the supports during the period. Their study allows us to better understand the way in which early modern documents were included in the labile structures of a society great consumer of information under its various forms: handwritten or printed books, handwritten or printed newsheets, correspondences, etc.; a society great consumer of documents, and paper.

We normally hardly notice the mass-produced paper products that pass through our hands on a daily basis, which we then recycle. In fact it has recently been predicted that books printed on paper will be replaced by digital formats. However, paper endures and specialist craft papers are now being produced in increasing quantities, especially valued by artists and conservators, but also by tourists visiting paper-producing areas around the world. Paper is therefore flourishing even in our computer and mobile-phone focused world. One of the areas benefiting from this revival is the Himalayas. As well as serving the tourist trade these products are now exported world-wide, as they were when paper first arrived in Europe in the eleventh century. There are even organisations that run Tibetan-style paper making workshops in Amer­ica. This paper focuses on the papermaking revival in Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim (India). Using information gained from visits to producers, middle men, as well as retail and export operations, it seeks to compare the economic and social factors influencing the revival, including conservation issues. The conclusion highlights the fact that, even in the twenty first century, hand-crafted items still play an important rôle in our lives.

Paper spray ionization (PSI) is an extractive ambient ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS), whereby a triangular paper tip serves as the sampling base and the electrospray tip. During PSI, analytes are extracted and transported to the edge of the paper tip by the applied spraying solvent. Analytes can be purified from a sample matrix and separated from each other by this transportation process. In this study, we investigated and utilized the analyte transportation process of PSI for the in situ separation and analysis of lipid mixtures. We found that differential transport of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), the two most abundant lipid classes in animals, occurred during PSI. We also found that the order in which these lipids moved strongly depended on how the spraying solvent was applied to the paper base. The more polar PC moved faster than the less polar TAG during PSI, when a polar solvent was slowly fed into a paper tip, whereas TAG was transported faster than PC when excess solvent was applied to the tip at once. In addition, we achieved a complete separation and detection of PC and TAG by slowly supplying a nonpolar solvent to a PSI tip.

Significance: Designing optode layouts is an essential step for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments as the quality of the measured signal and the sensitivity to cortical regions-of-interest depend on how optodes are arranged on the scalp. This becomes particularly relevant for fNIRS-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), where developing robust systems with few optodes is crucial for clinical applications. Aim: Available resources often dictate the approach researchers use for optode-layout design. We investigated whether guiding optode layout design using different amounts of subject-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data affects the fNIRS signal quality and sensitivity to brain activation when healthy participants perform mental-imagery tasks typically used in fNIRS-BCI experiments. Approach: We compared four approaches that incrementally incorporated subject-specific MRI information while participants performed mental-calculation, mental-rotation, and inner-speech tasks. The literature-based approach (LIT) used a literature review to guide the optode layout design. The probabilistic approach (PROB) employed individual anatomical data and probabilistic maps of functional MRI (fMRI)-activation from an independent dataset. The individual fMRI (iFMRI) approach used individual anatomical and fMRI data, and the fourth approach used individual anatomical, functional, and vascular information of the same subject (fVASC). Results: The four approaches resulted in different optode layouts and the more informed approaches outperformed the minimally informed approach (LIT) in terms of signal quality and sensitivity. Further, PROB, iFMRI, and fVASC approaches resulted in a similar outcome. Conclusions: We conclude that additional individual MRI data lead to a better outcome, but that not all the modalities tested here are required to achieve a robust setup. Finally, we give preliminary advice to efficiently using resources for developing robust optode layouts for BCI and neurofeedback applications.

This paper describes the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing to fabricate paper-based analytical devices (PAD) with three-dimensional (3D) features, which is termed as 3D-PAD. Material depositions followed by heat reflow is a standard approach for the fabrication of PAD. Such devices are primarily two-dimensional (2D) and can hold only a limited amount of liquid samples in the device. This constraint can pose problems when the sample consists of organic solvents that have low interfacial energies with the hydrophobic barriers. To overcome this limitation, we developed a method to fabricate PAD integrated with 3D features (vertical walls as an example) by FDM 3D printing. 3D-PADs were fabricated using two types of thermoplastics. One thermoplastic had a low melting point that formed hydrophobic barriers upon penetration, and another thermoplastic had a high melting point that maintained 3D features on the filter paper without reflowing. We used polycaprolactone (PCL) for the former, and polylactic acid (PLA) for the latter. Both PCL and PLA were printed with FDM without gaps at the interface, and the resulting paper-based devices possessed hydrophobic barriers consisting of PCL seamlessly integrated with vertical features consisting of PLA. We validated the capability of 3D-PAD to hold 30 μL of solvents (ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone), all of which would not be retained on conventional PADs fabricated with solid wax printers. To highlight the importance of containing an increased amount of liquid samples, a colorimetric assay for the formation of dimethylglyoxime (DMG)-Ni (II) was demonstrated using two volumes (10 μL and 30 μL) of solvent-based dimethylglyoxime (DMG). FDM printing of 3D-PAD enabled the facile construction of 3D structures integrated with PAD, which would find applications in paper-based chemical and biological assays requiring organic solvents.

The project Language of the Book Volume I-III explores the conceptual and the bodily experience of reading and making books. The essay presents the development of Volume I: Narracube consisting of three storytelling prototypes. With Narracube a format was developed that can invite stories to be told beyond single voices, linear time and fixed points of views. Narracube highlights the active role of a medium in transmission of a message. A book is never a neutral container for ink but an active space of communication in its mere contruction despite its content. Projektet Bokens språk Volume I-III utforskar den konceptuella och kroppsliga upplevelsen av att läsa och göra böcker. Uppsatsen presenterar utvecklingen av Volume I: Narrakub som består av tre prototyper för berättande. Narrakub är ett format som utvecklats för att undersöka hur konstruktionen av boken kan bjuda in berättelser bortom enstaka röster, linjär tid och låsta perspektiv. Narrakub belyser den aktiva rollen som ett medium har då det sänder ett meddelande. En bok är aldrig en neutral behållare för bläck utan bär på ett aktivt kommunikationsutrymme i sin konstruktion oavsett innehåll.

Given their photoluminescent character, portable quantum dot readers are often sophisticated and relatively expensive. In response, we engineered a “do it yourself” fluorescence reader employing paper materials and a mid-range smartphone camera. Black paperboard facilitated a versatile, lightweight and foldable case; whereas cellophane paper was observed to behave as a simple, yet effective, optical bandpass filter leading to an advantageous device for the quantitative interrogation of quantum dot nanocrystals concentrations (from 2.5 to 20 nM), which are suitable for optical point-of-care biosensing. The streptavidin-coated nanocrystals employed are commercially available and the developed reader was benchmarked with a standard portable quantum dot reader, thereby demonstrating advantages in terms of cost and linear analytical range.

Objective: Early access to work-related psychosocial cancer care can contribute to return to work of cancer survivors. We aimed to explore: (a) the extent to which hospital healthcare professionals conduct conversations about work-related issues with cancer survivors, (b) whether cancer survivors experience these conversations as helpful, and (c) the possible financial implications for cancer survivors of (not) discussing their work early on. Methods: The Dutch Federation of Cancer Patient Organizations developed and conducted a cross-sectional online survey, consisting of 27 items, among cancer survivors in the Netherlands. Results: In total, 3500 survivors participated in this study (71% female; mean age (SD) 56 (11) years). Thirty-two percent reported to have had a conversation about work-related issues with a healthcare professional in the hospital. Fifty-four percent indicated that this conversation had been helpful to them. Conversations about work-related issues took place more frequently with male cancer survivors, those aged 55 years or below, those diagnosed with gynecological, prostate, breast, and hematological or lymphatic cancer, those diagnosed ≤2 years ago, or those who received their last treatment ≤2 years ago. There was no statistically significant association between the occurrence of conversations about work-related issues and experiencing the financial consequences of cancer and/or its treatment as burdensome. Conclusions: Although conversations about work-related issues are generally experienced as helpful by cancer survivors, early access to work-related psychosocial cancer care in the hospital setting is not yet systematically offered.

İnsanın yeryüzünde var olduğu günden bugüne, kendisini diğer canlılardan ayıran en önemli yanı dil vasıtasıyla sürekli bildirim ve bildirişim ihtiyacı hissetmesidir. İnsanın çevresiyle sürekli bir iletişim ihtiyacı içinde olması farklı iletişim boyutlarının ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamış, gerek sözlü ve gerekse yazılı iletişim formlarını; kendini, ihtiyaçlarını ve amaçlarını gerçekleştirmede araç olarak kullandığı dil vasıtasıyla ortaya koyarak iletişim ortamındaki eylemlerini yerine getirmeye çalışmıştır. Yazının, kâğıdın ve matbaanın ortaya çıkışıyla duygu, düşünce ve bilginin geleceğe taşınması gerçekleşmiş ve bu yolla kültürel devamlılık sağlanmış, uygarlıkların oluşmasına zemin hazırlanmıştır. Konunun sosyal boyutunu ihtiva eden, amacı haber ve bilgi vermek olan, kitle iletişiminin esasını oluşturan araçlar; dergi, gazete, kitap, sinema, televizyon, radyo, internet gibi kitle iletişim araçlarıdır. Medya da bu araçlarla oluşan bilginin saklanması, depolanması ve geniş halk kitlelerine ulaştırılması amacına hizmet etmektedir. İnsanlar siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal/ toplumsal vb. konulardaki bilgiye medya vasıtasıyla erişmekte ve bunları medyanın ortaya koyduğu doğrultuda anlamlandırmaktadır. Medyanın, basılı kitle iletişimin ayağını oluşturan araçlarından biri olan gazeteler, modern anlamda 17.yüzyılda yayınlarını ortaya çıkarmaya başlamıştır. İnsanların haberdar olma gereksinimi, ilgi ve merakı, gazetelerin yaygınlaşmasını sağlamış, gazeteler yeni anlam ve işlevlerin yüklenmesine katkı sunmuştur. Çalışmamıza konu olan Milliyet gazetesi, yayın hayatımıza yeni anlamlar ve farklı bakış açıları kazandırmıştır. Bu çalışmamızın sonucunda, Milliyet gazetesi, 1950 yılının Mayıs, Haziran ve Temmuz aylarına ait rastgele seçilmiş cümlelerde geçen yabancı kelimeler tespit edilmiş, günümüzde kullanım sahası ya daralmış ya da tamamen kullanımdan kalmış yabancı kelimeler, sözcükbilim çerçevesinde, analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Since the day human existed on earth, the most important way that seperates himself, human feels the need for constant notification and communication. That human needs for constant communication with the enviroment leaded up to arise different communication dimensions, tried to fulfill his actions in the communication environment by revealing both verbal and written communication forms by means of the language he uses as a tool to carry out his needs and goals. With the arise of writing, paper and printing, emotion and thoughts and knowledge have been carried into future and by this way continuity of culture has been provided and it has leaded up to be formed of civilizations. The inclusive the dimension of the issue, tools that form the basis of mass media, the purpose which is to provide news on information are the mass media tools such as magazine, newspaper, book, cinema, television, radio and internet. Media serves for the purpose of transmit of keeping, storing and delivering the information to the vast majority of public. People acces information on political, economic, social, social issues etc.through the media and they interpret in the direction that provided by the media. Newspapers, one of the tools that form the pressed mass media part of the media, started to publish in the 17. century in the modern sense. People's need to be informed, their needs and curiosity, generalized the newspaper and it contribute to ascribe new meaning and function. Milliyet newspaper, mentioned in our study bring in different perspective and new meanings to our broadcast life. As a result of our study, foreign words have been fixated in randomly selected sentences belonging to May, June, July in Milliyet newspaper in 1950, and it is tried to analyze the foreing words whose usage area is narrowed or that are completely removed from use at the present time.

This work reports on fully integrated “sample‐in‐signal‐out” microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET‐based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume‐independent and fully reagent‐free operation, including on‐device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti‐HIV1, anti‐HA, and anti‐DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user‐friendly point‐of‐care testing in low‐resource environments.

Digital informed consent may better inform individuals about health research and increase participation. In the United States and elsewhere, minorities and rural populations are underrepresented in health research and may benefit from well-designed electronic informed consent (eIC). Seven focus groups were conducted with 50 Caucasian, African American, and rural patients in the United States. Participants were asked their preferences for a paper versus electronic informed consent document. Participants found the e-version easier to use, more interesting, and better for understanding. Minority participants emphasized limited access, computer literacy, and trust barriers to eIC. Rural participants were concerned about accessibility, connectivity, privacy, and confidentiality. People see value in electronic consenting. Researchers should consider barriers to eIC among underrepresented populations before recruitment.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate practice behaviours of Swedish physicians with regard to discussing the impact of cancer treatment on fertility with paediatric oncology patients and their parents, and to identify factors associated with such discussions. Methods A cross‐sectional survey study was conducted targeting all physicians in Sweden working in paediatric oncology care settings. Participants responded to a questionnaire measuring practice behaviour, attitudes, barriers, and confidence in knowledge. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with seldom discussing fertility. Results More than half of the physicians routinely talked with their patients/parents about the treatment's potential impact on fertility (male patients: 62%; female patients: 57%; P = 0.570). Factors associated with less frequently discussing fertility with patients/parents were working at a non‐university hospital (male patients: OR 11.49, CI 1.98–66.67; female patients: OR 33.18, CI 4.06–271.07), concerns that the topic would cause worry (male patients: OR 8.23, CI 1.48–45.89; female patients: OR 12.38, CI 1.90–80.70), and perceiving the parents as anxious (male patients: OR 7.18, CI 1.20–42.85; female patients: OR 11.65, CI 1.32–103.17). Conclusions Based on our findings, we recommend structured training in how to communicate about fertility issues in stressful situations, which in turn might increase fertility‐related discussions in paediatric oncology.

H. Koga, N. Namba, T. Takahashi, M. Nogi, Y. Nishina. Renewable Wood Pulp Paper Reactor with Hierarchical Micro/Nanopores for Continuous‐Flow Nanocatalysis. ChemSusChem 2017, 10, 2560. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700576., Continuous-flow nanocatalysis based on metal nanoparticle catalyst-anchored flow reactors has recently provided an excellent platform for effective chemical manufacturing. However, there has been limited progress in porous structure design and recycling systems for metal nanoparticle-anchored flow reactors to create more efficient and sustainable catalytic processes. In this study, traditional paper is used for a highly efficient, recyclable, and even renewable flow reactor by tailoring the ultrastructures of wood pulp. The “paper reactor” offers hierarchically interconnected micro- and nanoscale pores, which can act as convective-flow and rapid-diffusion channels, respectively, for efficient access of reactants to metal nanoparticle catalysts. In continuous-flow, aqueous, room-temperature catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-anchored paper reactor with hierarchical micro/nanopores provided higher reaction efficiency than state-of-the-art AuNP-anchored flow reactors. Inspired by traditional paper materials, successful recycling and renewal of AuNP-anchored paper reactors were also demonstrated while high reaction efficiency was maintained.

Introduction Timely, complete and accurate patient data is needed in care decisions along the continuum of care. To access patient data from other organizations, there are three types of regional health information exchange systems (RHIS) in use In Finland. Some regions use multiple RHISs while others do not have a RHIS available. The recently introduced National Patient Data Repository (Kanta) is increasingly used for health information exchange (HIE). Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess usage of paper, RHISs and Kanta by context in 2017; evolution of paper use over the years; and predictors of paper use in 2017 among Finnish physicians for HIE system development. Methods Data from national electronic health record (EHR) usage and user experience surveys were taken from 2010 (prior to ePrescription system implementation), 2014 (prior to implementation of Kanta) and 2017 (Kanta was in full use in the public sector and in large private organizations). The web-based surveys were targeted to all physicians engaged in clinical work in Finland. Results Kanta was the most frequently used means of HIE in 2017. Paper use had reduced significantly from 2010 to 2014. The trend continued in 2017. Still, up to half of the physicians reported using paper daily or weekly in 2017. There were great variations in paper use by healthcare sector, available RHIS type and EHR system used. In multivariable analysis (with all other variables constant), predictors of more frequent use of paper than electronic means for HIE were: private sector or hospital, access to Master Patient Index RHIS (type 1), multiple RHIS (type 4) or no RHIS (type 5), two particular EHR systems, older age, less experience, operative, psychiatric or diagnostic specialties, and male gender. Conclusions Usability of HIE systems including EHRs as access points to HIE need to be improved to facilitate usage of electronic HIE. Usage ensures more timely and complete patient data for safe, coordinated care. Specialty-specific needs and requirements call for more user participation in HIE design. Especially older professionals need training to better exploit HIS for HIE.

We demonstrate, for the first time, the multiplexed determination of microbial species from whole blood using the paper‐folding technique of origami to enable the sequential steps of DNA extraction, loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and array‐based fluorescence detection. A low‐cost handheld flashlight reveals the presence of the final DNA amplicon to the naked eye, providing a “sample‐to‐answer” diagnosis from a finger‐prick volume of human blood, within 45 min, with minimal user intervention. To demonstrate the method, we showed the identification of three species of Plasmodium, analyzing 80 patient samples benchmarked against the gold‐standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in an operator‐blinded study. We also show that the test retains its diagnostic accuracy when using stored or fixed reference samples.

We examined changes in the number of authors per paper for science and technology papers (agricultural sciences, engineering and technologies, medical sciences, and natural sciences) in Korea. We employed the Scopus database to examine the change in the number of authors in papers, which were published from 2000 to 2015 in the 234 Korean academic journals indexed on Scopus. We found that the global trend of growth in the number of authors per paper is evident in Korea as well. While there was little evidence of a correlation with the citation per paper, a positive correlation was found between with the field-weighted citation impact, another measure of a paper’s impact, in medical and natural science papers. In terms of the type of collaboration, we found that international collaboration papers had the highest number of authors, followed by national and institutional collaborations. The number of authors per paper was highest for those published in the top 10% journals by Source Normalized Impact per Paper, followed by Scopus-indexed journals, while papers published in Korea Citation Index had the lowest number of authors per paper. We propose that the rise in the number of authors per paper in Korean papers may be ascribed to many Korean research programs encouraging group research and the widespread availability of the internet, which has stimulated joint research efforts and encouraged international collaboration.

Photocatalytic water purification is important for the degradation of organic pollutants, attracting intensive interests. Photocatalysts are preferred to be immobilized on a substrate in order to reduce the laborious separation and recycling steps. To get uniform irradiation, the photocatalysts are preferred to be even/uniform on the substrate without aggregation. Generally, the “coffee ring effect” occurs on the substrate during solvent evaporation, unfortunately resulting in the aggregation of the photocatalysts. This aggregation inevitably blocks the exposure of active sites, reactant exchange, and light absorption. Here, we reported a paper-based photocatalyst immobilization method to solve the “coffee ring” problem. We also used a “drop reactor” to achieve good photocatalytic efficiency with the advantages of large surface area, short diffusion lengths, simple operation, and uniform light absorption. Compared with the coffee ring type, the paper-based method showed higher water purification efficiency, indicating its potential application value in the future.

Pointing is one of the communicative actions that infants acquire during their first year of life. Based on a hypothesis that early pointing is triggered by emergent reaching behavior toward objects placed at out‐of‐reach distances, we proposed a neural network model that acquires reaching without explicit representation of ‘targets’. The proposed model controls a two‐joint arm in a horizontal plane, and it learns a loop of internal forward and inverse transformations; the former predicts the visual feedback of hand position and the latter generates motor commands from the visual input through random generation of the motor commands. In the proposed model, the motor output and visual input were represented by broadly tuned neural units. Even though explicit ‘targets’ were not presented during learning, the simulation successfully generated reaching toward visually presented objects at within‐reach and out‐of‐reach distances.

Everyone agrees that infants possess general mechanisms for learning about the world, but the existence and operation of more specialized mechanisms is controversial. One mechanism – rule learning – has been proposed as potentially specific to speech, based on findings that 7-month-olds can learn abstract repetition rules from spoken syllables (e.g., ABB patterns: wo-fe-fe, ga-tu-tu...) but not from closely matched stimuli, such as tones. Subsequent work has shown that learning of abstract patterns is not simply specific to speech. However, we still lack a parsimonious explanation to tie together the diverse, messy, and occasionally contradictory findings in that literature. We took two routes to creating a new profile of rule learning: meta-analysis of 20 prior reports on infants’ learning of abstract repetition rules (including 1,318 infants in 63 experiments total), and an experiment on learning of such rules from a natural, non-speech communicative signal. These complementary approaches revealed that infants were most likely to learn abstract patterns from meaningful stimuli. We argue that the ability to detect and generalize simple patterns supports learning across domains in infancy but chiefly when the signal is meaningfully relevant to infants’ experience with sounds, objects, language, and people.

A pilot study assessed an electronic informed consent model within a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants who were recruited for the parent RCT project were randomly selected and randomized to either an electronic consent group ( n = 32) or a simplified paper-based consent group ( n = 30). Results from the electronic consent group reported significantly higher understanding of the purpose of the study, alternatives to participation, and who to contact if they had questions or concerns about the study. However, participants in the paper-based control group reported higher mean scores on some survey items. This research suggests that an electronic informed consent presentation may improve participant understanding for some aspects of a research study.

This report is a synthesis of the technical assistance (TA) and recommendations, carried out by the World Bank water and sanitation program (WSP) since September 2014. To achieve the target of 100 percent improved sanitation, there is a national drive to improve fecal sludge management (FSM). This TA recognizes that to achieve the goals it is necessary to support the development of national FSM policies, regulations, and guidelines, while also improving capacity at the local level by supporting the implementation of improved FSM models in target cities. The objective of the TA was to provide government with tested advice on how to scale up improved septage management nationwide through: (i) improvement of septage management in three cities through the application of new management models (local level); and (ii) assistance to national government in training and capacity building and the formulation of policies and regulations to improve septage management at scale (national level). This report is structured as follows: chapter one is the executive summary; chapter two gives the background to sanitation in Indonesia and to fecal sludge management in particular; chapter three provides an overview of the TA approach; chapter four gives details of the implementation of the TA; chapter five summarizes the lessons learned; and chapter six outlines the recommendations and next steps.

Contains fulltext : 165728.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine recommends Survivorship Care Plans (SCPs) for all cancer survivors. However, it is unclear whether certain patient groups may or may not benefit from SCPs. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess whether the effects of an automatically generated paper SCP on patients' satisfaction with information provision and care, illness perceptions, and health care utilization were moderated by disease-related Internet use. METHODS: Twelve hospitals were randomized to either SCP care or usual care in the pragmatic cluster randomized Registrationsystem Oncological GYnecology (ROGY) Care trial. Newly diagnosed endometrial cancer patients completed questionnaires after diagnosis (N=221; response: 74.7%, 221/296), 6 months (n=158), and 12 months (n=147), including patients' satisfaction with information provision and care, illness perceptions, health care utilization (how many times patients visited a medical specialist or primary care physician about their cancer in the past 6 months), and disease-related Internet use (whether patients used the Internet to look for information about cancer). RESULTS: In total, 80 of 221 (36.2%) patients used the Internet to obtain disease-related information. Disease-related Internet use moderated the SCP care effect on the amount of information received about the disease (P=.03) and medical tests (P=.01), helpfulness of the information (P=.01), and how well patients understood their illness (P=.04). All stratified analyses were not statistically significant. However, it appeared that patients who did not seek disease-related information on the Internet in the SCP care arm reported receiving more information about their disease (mean 63.9, SD 20.1 vs mean 58.3, SD 23.7) and medical tests (mean 70.6, SD 23.5 vs mean 64.7, SD 24.9), finding the information more helpful (76.7, SD 22.9 vs mean 67.8, SD 27.2; scale 0-100), and understanding their illness better (mean 6.6, SD 3.0 vs mean 6.1, SD 3.2; scale 1-10) than patients in the usual care arm did. In addition, although all stratified analyses were not significant, patients who did seek disease-related information on the Internet in the SCP care arm appeared to receive less information about their disease (mean 65.7, SD 23.4 vs mean 67.1, SD 20.7) and medical tests (mean 72.4, SD 23.5 vs mean 75.3, SD 21.6), did not find the information more helpful (mean 78.6, SD 21.2 vs mean 76.0, SD 22.0), and reported less understanding of their illness (mean 6.3, SD 2.8 vs mean 7.1, SD 2.7) than patients in the usual care arm did. CONCLUSIONS: Paper SCPs appear to improve the amount of information received about the disease and medical tests, the helpfulness of the information, and understanding of the illness for patients who do not search for disease-related information on the Internet. In contrast, paper SCPs do not seem beneficial for patients who do seek disease-related information on the Internet. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01185626; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01185626 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6fpaMXsDn).

Objectives Raising cancer awareness and addressing barriers to help-seeking may improve early diagnosis. The aim was to assess whether a psycho-educational intervention increased adolescents' cancer awareness and addressed help-seeking barriers. Methods This was a cluster randomised controlled trial involving 2173 adolescents in 20 schools. The intervention was a 50-min presentation delivered by a member of Teenage Cancer Trust's (UK charity) education team. Schools were stratified by deprivation and roll size and randomly allocated to intervention/control conditions within these strata. Outcome measures were the number of cancer warning signs and cancer risk factors recognised, help-seeking barriers endorsed and cancer communication. Communication self-efficacy and intervention fidelity were also assessed. Results Regression models showed significant differences in the number of cancer warning signs and risk factors recognised between intervention and control groups. In intervention schools, the greatest increases in recognition of cancer warning signs at 6-month follow-up were for unexplained weight loss (from 44.2% to 62.0%) and change in the appearance of a mole (from 46.3% to 70.7%), up by 17.8% and 24.4%, respectively. Greatest increases in recognition of cancer risk factors were for getting sunburnt more than once as a child (from 41.0% to 57.6%) and being overweight (from 42.7% to 55.5%), up by 16.6% and 12.8%, respectively. Regression models showed that adolescents in intervention schools were 2.7 times more likely to discuss cancer at 2-week follow-up compared with the control group. No differences in endorsement of barriers to help-seeking were observed. Conclusions School-based brief psycho-educational interventions are easy to deliver, require little resource and improve cancer awareness. © 2015 The Authors. Psycho-Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de las secciones introducción y conclusiones de una ponencia producida por estudiantes de doctorado españoles en el contexto de un taller de escritura académica. Su objetivo es analizar la construcción retórica de ambas secciones, a través del modelo teórico Swalesiano basado en el análisis de movimientos, pasos y subpasos. En el caso de las introducciones se toma la propuesta de Carbonell-Olivares, Gil-Salom y Soler-Monreal (2009), mientras que para la sección de conclusiones se emplea el modelo de Yag y Alison (2003). Los resultados de esta investigación en el caso de las introducciones refrendan los datos de otros estudios donde los movimientos 1 (M1) y 3 (M3) se consolidan como movimientos obligatorios en trabajos de escritores españoles; pero, además, se revela que el establecimiento de la temática tiene un mayor despliegue informativo que la presentación de la propia investigación lo que indica una menor atención del escritor a la originalidad e importancia de su trabajo. En el caso de las conclusiones se observa una mayor integración al modelo prototípico de los tres movimientos establecidos para dicha sección (M1-M2-M3) y se manifiesta una importante conciencia del escritor por el despliegue de información relativa al resumen y valoración de los resultados (M1 y M2). This paper studies introduction and conclusion sections of papers produced by Spanish PhD Students in an academic writing workshop. Based on Swales’s CARS model, the aim is to analyze the movements, steps, and substeps accomplished in the construction of the introduction (Carbonell-Olivares, Gil-Salom, y SolerMonreal, 2009) and concluding sections (Yag y Alison, 2003). With regard to introductions, results of the study confirm, in line with previous studies, that movement 1 (M1) and 3 (M3) are considered compulsory by Spanish writers. Moreover, participants consider more important to establish the topic of the research than highlighting the significance and originality of the work. In the case of the conclusions, there is a presence of the three prototypical sections (M1-M2-M3). Nevertheless, the main focus in on the summary (M1) and the evaluation of the results (M2). Ce travail porte sur l’étude des sections introduction et conclusions d’une communication produite par des étudiants de doctorat espagnols dans le contexte d’un atelier d’écriture académique. L’objectif est d’analyser la construction théorique des deux sections, à travers le modèle théorique Swale basé sur l’analyse de mouvements pas et souspas. Dans le cas des introductions nous reprenons la proposition de Carbonell-Olivares, Gil-Salom et Soler Monréal (2009), alors que pour la section des conclusions nous retenons le modèle de Yag et Alison (2003). Les résultats de cette recherche, dans le cas des introductions, reprennent les données d’autres études où les mouvements 1 (M1) et 3 (M3) se consolident comme des mouvements obligatoires dans les travaux d’écrivains espagnols. De plus, on relève que l’établissement de la thématique présente un déploiement informatique plus important que la présentation de la recherche en elle-même, ce qui indique une moindre attention de l’écrivain envers l’originalité et l’importance de son travail. Dans le cas des conclusions, nous pouvons observer une plus grande intégration au modèle prototypique des trois mouvements établis pour cette section (M1-M2- M3) et il se manifeste une grande conscience de l’écrivain envers le déploiement de l’information relative au résumé et à la valorisation des résultats (M1 et M2)

Tensions in the field have emerged over how best to communicate to the public about genomic discoveries in an era of direct-to-consumer (DTC) DNA testing services available through the Internet. Concerns over what the psychological and behavioral response might be to a nuanced, multiplex risk message have spurred some to offer caution in communicating to the public about personalized risk until the necessary research has been completed on how to communicate effectively. The popularization of DTC testing services, along with a spreading Internet culture on transparency for personal data, may make ‘waiting to communicate’ a moot point. To steer communication efforts in the midst of increasing access to personal genomic information, a self-regulation framework is presented. The framework emphasizes the importance of presenting a coherent message in all communiqués about public health genomics. Coherence should be based on an evidence-based model of how the public processes information about health conditions and an emphasis on risk-to-action links. Recommendations from the President’s Council of Advisors for Science and Technology are reviewed as a way of identifying targets of opportunity for structured communications both within the healthcare system and in the broader external ecosystem of publicly available health information technologies.

Our study was aimed at comparing health behavior data collected from a Web-based self-administered questionnaire (Web SAQ) versus a paper-and-pencil self-administered questionnaire and assessing the feasibility of the application.One hundred and ninety (n = 190) pupils (ages 14-16 years) of senior high schools anonymously completed a questionnaire, with demographics and queries about lifestyle, alcohol, and tobacco use. For each class, the adolescents were randomly assigned to complete either the paper version of the questionnaire or the equivalent Web-based one, which used a customized platform developed for the purposes of this survey.Females who filled out the Web SAQ required significantly less time and completed a significantly higher percentage of its items. Although the majority of questions on tobacco and alcohol did not differ significantly across the two administration modes, there were gender-related differences in some sensitive information. Male adolescents on the Web SAQ accounted higher per hour drink consumption (r = 0.27, p = 0.015) and more numerous episodes of inebriety (r = 0.26, p = 0.010), whereas females seemed to state a younger age of alcohol onset (r = 0.33, p = 0.002). Females were more likely to report being monthly smokers on the Web SAQ (odds ratio = 0.37). Adolescents felt significantly less observed and females referred being more independent while compiling the Web SAQ.The findings of the study suggest that differences in reporting of some behavior of adolescents when using a Web SAQ do exist, despite the small-to-medium effect sizes. Exploiting the Web requires further investigation for extensive comprehension of the reasons for such differences.

This study examines whether the Internet-based questionnaire is psychometrically equivalent to the paper-based questionnaire. A random sample of 2,400 teachers in Taiwan was divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was invited to complete the electronic form of the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) placed on the Internet, whereas the control group was invited to complete the paper-based CES-D, which they received by mail. The multisample invariance approach, derived from structural equation modeling (SEM), was applied to analyze the collected data. The analytical results show that the two groups have equivalent factor structures in the CES-D. That is, the items in CES-D function equivalently in the two groups. Then the equality of latent mean test was performed. The latent means of "depressed mood," "positive affect," and "interpersonal problems" in CES-D are not significantly different between these two groups. However, the difference in the "somatic symptoms" latent means between these two groups is statistically significant at alpha = 0.01. But the Cohen's d statistics indicates that such differences in latent means do not apparently lead to a meaningful effect size in practice. Both CES-D questionnaires exhibit equal validity, reliability, and factor structures and exhibit a little difference in latent means. Therefore, the Internet-based questionnaire represents a promising alternative to the paper-based questionnaire.

Background: Blindness of a visual half-field (hemianopia) is a common symptom after postchiasmatic cerebral lesions. Although hemianopia severely limits activities of daily life, current clinical practice comprises no training of visual functions in the blind hemifield. Objective: To find out whether flicker sensitivity in the blind hemifield can be improved with intensive training, and whether training with flicker stimulation can evoke changes in cortical responsiveness. Methods: Two men with homonymous hemianopia participated in the experiments. They trained with flicker stimuli at 30° or with flickering letters at 10° eccentricity twice a week for a year, and continued training with more peripheral stimuli thereafter. Neuromagnetic responses were registered at 1–2-month intervals, and the Goldmann perimetry was recorded before, during and after training. Results: Flicker sensitivity in the blind hemifield improved to the level of the intact hemifield within 30° eccentricity in one participant and 20° eccentricity in the other. Flickering letters were recognised equally at 10° eccentricity in the blind and intact hemifields. Improvement spread from the stimulated horizontal meridian to the whole hemianopic field within 30°. Before training, neuromagnetic recordings showed no signal above the noise level in the hemianopic side. During training, evoked fields emerged in both participants. No changes were found in the Goldmann perimetry. Discussion: Results show that sensitivity to flicker could be fully restored in the stimulated region, that improvement in sensitivity spreads to the surrounding neuronal networks, and that, during training, accompanying changes occurred in the neuromagnetic fields.

Reading from a visual display terminal (VDT) has increased enormously with widespread computer use. Whether such reading affects higher cognitive processes requires study so the effect of display medium (LCD screen vs paper) and luminance contrast (1:3, 1:7, 1:11) on concept-formation performance and EEG responses was investigated. 96 men and 24 women participated in two concept-formation tasks (rule learning vs attribute and rule learning). Concept-formation performance and EEG responses were similar for stimuli displayed on paper or LCD screen. The concern that the screen may be detrimental to conception-formation performance was not confirmed; however, luminance contrast significantly affected time to complete a concept-formation task and EEG response. The middle contrast (1:7) had the smallest mean EEG power, so this contrast might be appropriate for cognitive performance. Participants' performance was significantly faster and EEG power lower for the rule-learning task than for an attribute and rule-learning task.

Objective: To investigate the role right foveal/parafoveal sparing plays in reading single words, word arrays, and eye movement patterns in a single case with an incongruous hemianopia. Methods: The patient, a 48 year old right handed male with a macular sparing hemianopia in his left eye and a macular splitting hemianopia in his right eye, performed various reading tasks. Single word reading speeds were monitored using a "voice-trigger" system. Eye movements were recorded while reading three passages of text, and PET data were gathered while the subject performed a variety of reading tasks in the camera. Results: The patient was faster at reading single words and text with his left eye compared with his right. A small word length effect was present in his right eye but not his left. His eye movement patterns were more orderly when reading text with his left eye, making fewer saccades. The PET data provided evidence of "top-down" processes involved in reading. Binocular single word reading produced activity in the representation of foveal V1 bilaterally; however, text reading with the left eye only was associated with activation in left but not right parafoveal V1, despite there being visual stimuli in both visual fields. Conclusions: The presence of a word length effect (typically associated with pure alexia) can be caused by a macular splitting hemianopia. Right parafoveal vision is not critically involved in single word identification, but is when planning left to right reading saccades. The influence of top-down attentional processes during text reading can be visualised in parafoveal V1 using PET.

Hace tiempo que algunos conceptos como el de periodismo colaborativo o periodismo ciudadano nos llevan a pensar que vivimos en la era de la participación ciudadana en la prensa. Los grandes medios de comunicación en internet se han ido adaptando paulatinamente a una época en la que la audiencia demanda ser escuchada. Los diarios de papel tampoco se han querido quedar atrás, y no son pocos los que han intentado ampliar sus espacios dedicados a las aportaciones de los lectores. Adaptar su modelo a los nuevos tiempos es sin duda un reto difícil. Un ejemplo premiado, pionero y que ha servido como modelo para otros periódicos es el de El Correo y su sección «enlaCe», en cuyo análisis se centra este artículo. Long ago some concepts such as collaborative journalism or citizen journalism lead us to think we live in an era of citizen participation in the press. The mass media on the internet have gradually been adapted to a time when the audience demands to be heard. The paper diaries don´t want to fall behind, and some of them have tried to expand its space dedicated to reader´s contributions. Adapting their model to changing times is certainly a difficult challenge. We find a pioneer example in El Correo newspaper. Its section enlaCe has been prized and has served as a model for other newspapers. This article focuses in the analysis of citizen participation led by «enlaCe».

This study explores the preferred viewing distance and character size for an electronic paper display for three age groups. Proofreading speed and accuracy ratio were measured during Chinese proofreading tests using the preferred character size and minimum acceptable character size. Data analysis showed that the mean preferred viewing distance for young, middle-aged and older groups was 503, 455 and 444 mm, respectively. The mean preferred character size determined by young, middle-aged and older groups was 42.0, 50.0 and 55.2 min arc, respectively. The proofreading test results indicated that the older group proofread significantly more slowly (1.25 word/sec) than the young (1.76 word/sec) and middle-aged groups (1.74 word/sec). Further, the participants proofread more correctly with their preferred character size (73.3%) than with their minimum acceptable character size (65.4%). This study provides valuable information for the design of Chinese text presentations for various age groups. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study confirmed the preferred viewing distance and character size for E-paper display were influenced by age. The preferred Chinese character size for young, middle-aged and older people was 42, 50 and 55 min arc, respectively. Therefore, the age factor should be considered for E-paper displays design and video display terminal (VDT) guidelines.

[ES] Material de apoyo para la presentación de la comunicación presentada para el ´V Congreso Internacional sobre musealización de yacimientos arqueológicos. Arqueología, discurso histórico y trayectorias locales (Cartagena, 24-27 de noviembre de 2008)´. El trabajo arqueológico siempre ha resultado atractivo para el público. Desde la vigencia de ciertos tópicos fílmicos y literarios, hasta su rentabilidad didáctica y capacidad de responder a preguntas tipo “quiénes somos, de dónde venimos, a dónde vamos”, y su potencialidad para favorecer el desarrollo cultural, todo subraya la capacidad de la Arqueología como disciplina para alentar estrategias de puesta en valor y Cultura Científica. Por nuestra parte creemos que esta capacidad está relacionada estrechamente con los cinco valores didácticos esenciales que sustentan el quehacer arqueológico; a saber: (1) el trabajo arqueológico se desarrolla en grupo, de modo cooperativo; (2) se trata de una actividad al aire libre, con todo lo que conlleva; (3) el trabajo arqueológico implica una actividad física y de destreza manual; (4) la actividad arqueológica permite conciliar el trabajo intelectual con el trabajo físico, desmontando prejuicios y rompiendo estructuras jerárquicas, un profesional de la arqueología es al tiempo intelectual y obrero; (5) la didáctica de lo oculto; a través de la actividad arqueológica descubrimos que la claridad está en el fondo, que el conocimiento no se encuentra en la superficie, hay que profundizar, con trabajo y esfuerzo, para hallar las respuestas. Con base en estos valores, el Laboratorio de Arqueología del Paisaje (IEGPS-CSIC) desarrolla un amplio programa de Cultura Científica en Arqueología y Patrimonio que pretende hacer partícipe a toda la comunidad del trabajo arqueológico y del resultado de las investigaciones en curso y, correlativamente, enculturar en los agentes sociales esos cinco valores inherentes a la actividad arqueológica. Para ello contamos con un amplio programa de actividades de divulgación y difusión, y con una dilatada experiencia en este campo, iniciada en el año 1999, que moviliza cada año a unas 2000 personas. A través de este programa pretendemos implicar a los diferentes públicos en las actividades prácticas y didácticas de temática arqueológica y contribuir a la puesta en valor del concienciación ciudadana sobre los valores del Patrimonio y sobre su conservación para las generaciones venideras. Estas actividades incluyen Campos de trabajo, actividades dirigidas al público adulto especializado (ej: mesas redondas, conferencias), actividades para público general (exposiciones), actividades escolares (Visitas guiadas, talleres, charlas, jornadas de puertas abiertas), y actividades que fomentan la integración social de diferentes colectivos como es el programa de actividades con los internos del centro penitenciario de A Lama (Pontevedra). La evaluación permanente es esencial en todo este planteamiento. La observación de los resultados del programa nos permite comprobar si las acciones llevadas a cabo consiguen transmitir los valores e idearios que nuestro grupo de investigación pretende inculcar a través de este compromiso efectivo con la Cultura Científica.

As interest grows in creating computerized versions of established paper-and-pencil (P&P) questionnaires, it becomes increasingly important to explore whether changing the administration modes of questionnaires affects participants’ responses. This study investigated whether mode effects exist when administering the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale by a personal digital assistant (PDA) versus the classic P&P mode. The Differential Functioning of Items and Tests (DFIT) procedure identified mode effects on the overall test and individual items. A mixed-effects regression model summarized the mode effects in terms of CES-D scores, and identified interactions with covariates. When the P&P questionnaire was administered first, scores were higher on average (2.4–2.8 points) than those of the other administrations (PDA second, PDA first, and P&P second), and all 20 questionnaire items exhibited a statistically significant mode effect. Highly educated people and younger people demonstrated a smaller difference in scores between the two modes. The mode-by-order effect influenced the interpretation of CES-D scores, especially when screening for depression using the established cut-off scores. These results underscore the importance of evaluating the cross-mode equivalence of psychosocial instruments before administering them in non-established modes.

The need for effective and efficient exchange of clinical knowledge is increasing. Paper based methods for managing clinical knowledge are not meeting the demand for knowledge and this has undoubtedly contributed to the widely reported failures of clinical guidelines. Internet affords both opportunities and dangers for clinical knowledge. Systems such as Wax have demonstrated the importance of intuitive structure in the management of knowledge. We report on a new initiative for the global management of clinical knowledge.