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F. W. Taylor (1856–1915) is a seminal figure in the history of industrial society and a key reference point for the study of technology, work and the organization of production. This paper locates Taylor's work in the broad historical development of formal systems and ‘rational’ management. The paper notes the historical continuities that link the ‘technologies of control’ which emerged in US industry during Taylor's lifetime and those which appear in contemporary work organizations. This is counterpoised with recent comment on the information technology and the ‘end’ of Taylorist work practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a broad level, it has been shown that different institutional contexts, policy regimes and business systems affect the kinds of activities in which a nation specialises. This paper is concerned with the way in which different national business systems affect the nature of participation of a nation in the knowledge economy. The paper seeks to explain cross-national variations in the knowledge economy in the Australia, Denmark and Sweden with reference to dominant characteristics of the business system. Although Australia, Denmark and Sweden are all small wealthy countries, they each have quite distinctive business systems. Australia has been regarded as a variant of the competitive business system and has generally been described as an entrepreneurial economy with a large small firm population. In contrast Sweden has a coordinated business system that has favoured large industrial firms. The Danish variant of the coordinated model, with its well-developed vocational training system, is distinguishable by its large population of networked small and medium size enterprises. The three countries also differ significantly on two dimensions of participation in the knowledge economy. First, there is cross-national variation in patterns of specialisation in knowledge intensive industries and services. Second, the institutional infrastructure of the knowledge economy (or the existing stock of knowledge and competence in the economy, the potential for generation and diffusion of new knowledge and the capacity for commercialisation of new ideas) differs across the three countries. This paper seeks to explain variations in these two dimensions of the knowledge economy with reference to characteristics of the business system in the three countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that commercial forces have steadily encroached into our understanding of medicine and health in modern industrial societies. The impact on the delivery of personal medical services and on common ideas about food and nutrition is profound and largely deleterious to public health. A key component of commercialization is reductionism of medical services, health products and nutritional components into small, marketable units. This reductive force makes both medical services and nutritional components more costly and is corrosive to more holistic concepts of health. We compare commercial and holistic approaches to nutrition in detail and offer an alternative philosophy. Adopting this alternative will require sound public policies that rely less on marketing as a distribution system and that enfranchise individuals to be reflective on their use of medical services, their food and nutrition choices, and their larger health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tax as one of the most important sources of revenue, plays a special role in government financial. Previous studies have examined tax revenue only for developing countries, and no comparison has been made between the factors affecting the tax revenue of developed and developing countries. Materials and Methods: This study utilizes panel data from 30 developing countries during the period 2002-2015 and 8 developed countries during the period 1997-2015 and the control of Endogenous some explanatory variables, the method of instrumental variables panel data with considering the constant effects of the individual to estimate the effect of various factors on tax revenue. Findings: The results of the study showed that the growth of the agricultural sector in developing countries would reduce the share of tax revenue in these countries. Also, the results showed that the reduction of tariffs and trade barriers with the transparency and reduction of economic instability can play an important role in increasing the tax share of GDP in developing countries. Conclusion: it is proposed that the agricultural sector, through policies such as reducing or eliminating tax subsidies and discounts, eliminating brokering and creating a transparent market for agricultural products, and Increase the financial strength of the producers of this sector by adopting non-subsidized policies towards market and commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-1980s, along with the opening up of the Finnish economy, the pressure to commercialize university research has steadily increased in Finland. This is in line with the growing importance of innovations in an ever-globalizing world in which purely production-cost-based strategies are about to become obsolete. However, in comparison to other Nordic countries and Western European industrial countries, Finnish investments in research have fallen short in their ability to increase high-technology export levels (Kotiranta and Tahvanainen 2018). Moreover, Finnish academia faces challenges in creating university-based economic activity (Nikulainen and Tahvanainen 2013). In order to help to understand these challenges, this article examines the phenomenon within the context of an entrepreneurial ecosystem according to which various stakeholders are involved in the birth and development of university-based economic activity. As prior research has mainly taken a macrolevel view of the stakeholders involved, we aim at extending the extant research by adopting a qualitative, microlevel approach. More specifically, we provide a qualitative analysis of interviews with Finnish scientists, focusing on their experiences in stakeholder relations at the early stages of academic commercialization. Our article provides an overview of the different stakeholders and their involvement and exposes the opportunities and possible pitfalls taking place within these different stakeholder relations. We offer a critical examination of the current support mechanisms and propose ideas for how academic entrepreneurship in Finnish universities could be enhanced through closer stakeholder collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date palm gardening economy has faced with many challenges in function, production, maintenance infrastructure, and marketing in the less developed countries, including Iran- which is the major producer of this product. Therefore, understanding the nature and relational dynamics that exist between actors is of great importance. Accordingly, this study aims to trace and construct a spatial relationships between human and nonhuman actors in the field of commercial ability of date palms to develop the functions of date palm economy in the Makkoran area. This research is conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy- variable) approach. The statistical population of the research consists of 17493 farmers and 32 agricultural experts. A purposive-probabilistic sampling method is used for sampling. For determining the sample size in the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" method, and the "representativeness" method based on the Cochran formula is employed in the quantitative stage. The type of analytical method used in the study is "Sequential Combinatorial Analysis" based on a sequential qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data is analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative one is analyzed using statistical methods in the SPSS software environment. Final analysis and inference of data are based on Latour's argument (1987) in the "translation" method. The findings of the study show that various spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) are established or developing. Based on these relationships, factors such as geographical location, climate, date palm, farmer, capital, target market, refrigerator, government, spatial distance, transportation technology are considered as the key and active actors in commercialization of date palm as they shape a broader and stronger network of actors with durable relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is a problem in many developing and less developed countries due to increase in human population and decrease in crop productivity and food availability. Edible insects are a natural renewable resource of food providing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins. As such, entomophagy is common in ethnic groups in South America, Mexico, Africa and Asia, where indigenous insects are easily available and are consumed in various forms (raw/processed) or used as an ingredient or supplement in modern recipes. Entomophagy therefore offers an opportunity to bridge the protein gap of human foods irrespective of a few constraints that are discussed. Concerning food security, more attention is needed to assess and revalidate entomophagy in the context of modern life. Further research would be necessary to exploit insect biodiversity and ethno-entomophagy, stop overexploitation of these insects, and initiate actions for insect conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents information on the industrialization of Europe. In recent years yet another reason has emerged for viewing industrialization in national terms, many of the countries attempting to industrialize today have to use the whole apparatus of state power to propel their industrial revolution forward so that it must appear as an act of political will. By analogy, this is then applied to Europe in the nineteenth century. This article will argue that the traditional view has reached its limit as a method both of exposition and of analysis, and that further advance must come from a new starting-point. It will argue that, useful as the national approach has been in the past, particularly by evolving testable models, it was based on faulty observation. The industrialization of Europe did not proceed country by country. It is this dynamic element, the method of transmission, which should be a major object of study, but has inevitably been lost sight of in the traditional approach.