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Abstract: An OFA (over-fire air) program and matched measures supporting efficient-combustion are proposed for the FW (Foster Wheeler)-type down-fired boiler, where the OFA is supplied from the arches of the boiler. A gas/solid cold test was conducted at a scale of 1:15, using a two-dimensional laser phase Doppler analyzer to measure parameters in the model furnace, such as the two-phase gas/solid flow velocity, fluctuation velocity, particle size, particle volume flux and particle number concentration. The effects of the OFA ratio on the gas/solid flow characteristics in the furnace were investigated. With an increase in the OFA ratio, the jet depth of the fuel-rich flow decreased. For an OFA ratio of 25%, the jet depth of the fuel-rich flow was much less than that for other OFA ratios, and the residence time of the gas/solid flow in the lower furnace was shorter. An increase in the OFA ratio can increase the penetration depth and allow fuller mixing with the upward airflow, while an OFA ratio that is too great will hinder the upward flow back to the burner nozzle region. An OFA ratio of 20% is considered appropriate for the proposed OFA technical scheme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new overfire air (OFA) technology was proposed by the authors for a Foster Wheeler down-fired boiler, and a small-scale cold experimental system for a 660-MWe unit was established. The velocity field distribution was measured in the furnace to study the characteristics of single-phase flow in the furnace at different OFA nozzle angles. The furnace temperature and distributions of the O2 concentration and NO concentration at different OFA nozzle angles were simulated using Fluent 6.3.26, and the average temperature of the furnace outlet, the O2 and NO x concentrations and carbon content in the fly ash were calculated. As the OFA nozzle angle increased, the vertical penetration depth of OFA increased and the horizontal penetration depth of OFA gradually decreased. The carbon content in the fly ash and NO x concentration initially rose and then fell at the furnace outlet, and they were lowest when the OFA angle was set at 20°. Thus, according to the findings of this article, an optimized OFA angle of 20° was chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Industrial experiments were performed for a retrofitted 660-MWe full-scale arch-fired boiler. The ignition position of the primary air/fuel mixture flow, furnace temperature and flue gas component after the air heater were measured with different anthracite ratios at loads of 660- and 380-MWe. As the ratio of anthracite increased, the gas temperature decreased in the fuel-burning zones of the C4 and C6 burners, indicating a farther ignition position of the primary fuel/air flow under the arches, the gas temperature of the lower furnace decreased while that of the upper furnace increased, NO x emissions decreased while both the exhaust gas temperature and carbon content in fly ash increased, and the boiler efficiency decreased. At the rated load, an anthracite ratio of 35% was optimal for economical efficiency. At low load, the negative gas pressure fluctuated remarkably, which led to unstable combustion in the furnace. To ensure safe and stable operation of the boiler, a mass ratio of anthracite of 25% is advisable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Industrial experiments were performed for a retrofitted 660MWe full-scale down-fired boiler. Measurements of ignition of the primary air/fuel mixture flow, the gas temperature distribution of the furnace and the gas components in the furnace were conducted at loads of 660, 550 and 330MWe. With decreasing load, the gas temperature decreases and the ignition position of the primary coal/air flow becomes farther along the axis of the fuel-rich pipe in the burner region under the arches. The furnace temperature also decreases with decreasing load, as does the difference between the temperatures in the burning region and the lower position of the burnout region. With decreasing load, the exhaust gas temperature decreases from 129.8°C to 114.3°C, while NO x emissions decrease from 2448 to 1610mg/m3. All three loads result in low carbon content in fly ash and great boiler thermal efficiency higher than 92%. Compared with the case of 660MWe before retrofit, the exhaust gas temperature decreased from 136 to 129.8°C, the carbon content in the fly ash decreased from 9.55% to 2.43% and the boiler efficiency increased from 84.54% to 93.66%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been applied to evaluate two NOx reducing schemes in a 100 MWe per hour (p/h) boiler that uses double volute burners without over-fire-air (OFA). The new schemes involve: a) changing the double volute burners for centrally fuel rich (CFR) burners, and b) using the OFA system in conjunction with a). In analyzing the results of these two schemes, various conclusions were drawn: 1) gas temperatures and related rise rates in the central zone of burners were higher, O2 and NOx concentrations were lower; and 2) cross-sectional gas temperature distributions through the burner centers in scheme employing b) is higher than that of original furnace set-up, and lower than that of scheme employing a). Comparing the b) scheme with those of the a) scheme and the original set-up, which is 277 mg/m3 (at 6% O2) at the furnace outlet, the peak value of NOx concentration has decreased 571 mg/m3 (67.4%) and 436 mg/m3 (61.2%), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Air-surrounding-fuel is a well-known concept used within tangential and wall-fired boilers. Here, we report for the first time on industrial experiments performed to study the effects of this concept on a 660 MWe full-scale down-fired boiler. Data are reported for the gas temperature distributions along the primary air and coal-mixed flows, furnace temperatures, gas compositions, for example O2, CO and NO x , and gas temperatures in the near-wall region. The influence of concentration control valve (CCV) opening on combustion and NO x emission in the furnace were determined. The results show that the flame stability, temperature distribution, unburnt carbon are influenced by both concentration ratios and fuel-rich flow velocities. As CCV opening increases, NO x emissions decrease from 2594 mg/m3 to 1895 mg/m3. Considering altogether economic benefits and environmental protection issues, 30% is the optimal value for the CCV opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Turbulence intensities at the exit of a centrally fuel rich (CFR) burner were measured employing a probe with hot-film sensors. In addition, using glycol as a smog tracer, optical images of the highlighted primary airflow were taken with a CCD camera and contrast-enhanced by computer. Profiles of the interface between primary and secondary air were obtained from which fractal dimensions (FDs) of the primary air boundary were estimated. Results indicate that FDs of this air boundary are in the range of 1.10–1.30 depending on burner conditions. As the FD and mean turbulence intensities of the primary air boundary have uniform distributions, they can be used to analyze coal combustion and NO x formation characteristics of the burner. When either decreasing the outer secondary air vane angle or increasing either the inner secondary air vane angle or total mass flow rate of the secondary air, the burner swirl number increases which subsequently shows up as an increase in the FD and mean turbulence intensities of the primary air boundary. Increasing the ratio of the mass flow rate of inner to outer secondary air decreases the burner swirl number, but increases the FD and mean turbulence intensities of primary air boundary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]