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Addressing issues such as high hardware costs, low recognition accuracy, and the inability to achieve fine-grained equipment classification, a non-invasive load fine-grained recognition system based on FPGA was developed and tested on a Linux system for online training. A three-dimensional (3D) image construction method based on color coding of voltage–current (V-I) trajectories is proposed to preprocess the collected voltage and current data, allowing for the distinction of features of various electrical equipment in multiple dimensions. First, high-frequency sampling data is preprocessed to extract the V-I trajectory and higher harmonic characteristics of the load. Then, the V-I trajectory is processed using RGB color coding and fused with higher-order harmonic features to construct a 3D image. This results in a 3D color V-I trajectory image that incorporates both color and harmonic features. Finally, the improved ResNet50 network is employed to identify the load characteristics, and the method is validated using the PLAID dataset and measured data. The load identification method achieves an accuracy rate of over 98%, enhancing the information conveyed by the V-I trajectory and improving the uniqueness of load characteristics, thereby enabling fine-grained equipment identification. This advancement holds significant implications for energy conservation and emission reduction in household electricity consumption, as well as for eliminating potential safety hazards associated with electrical equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: We present a software package called reflimR (Version 1.0.6), which enables rapid and transparent verification of reference intervals from routine laboratory measurements. Our method makes it easy to compare the results with specified target values and facilitates the interpretation of deviations using traffic light colors. Methods: The algorithm includes three procedural steps: (a) definition of an appropriate distribution model, based on Bowley's quartile skewness, (b) iterative truncation, based on a modified boxplot method to obtain the central 95% of presumably inconspicuous results, and (c) extrapolation of reference limits from a truncated normal quantile–quantile plot. Results: All algorithms have been combined into one consolidated library, which can be called in the R environment with a single command reflim (x). Using an example dataset included in the package, we demonstrate that our method can be applied to mixed data containing a substantial proportion of pathological values. It leads to similar results as the direct guideline approach as well as the more sophisticated indirect refineR software package. As compared to the latter, reflimR works much faster and needs smaller datasets for robust estimates. For the interpretation of the results, we present an intuitive color scheme based on tolerance ranges (permissible uncertainty of laboratory results). We show that a relatively high number of published reference limits require careful reevaluation. Conclusions: The reflimR package closes the gap between direct guideline methods and the more sophisticated indirect refineR method. We recommend reflimR for the rapid routine verification of large amounts of reference limits and refineR for a careful analysis of unclear or doubtful results from this check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the (parameterized) computational complexity of "fair" variants of bipartite many-to-one matching, where each vertex from the "left" side is matched to exactly one vertex and each vertex from the "right" side may be matched to multiple vertices. We want to find a "fair" matching, in which each vertex from the right side is matched to a "fair" set of vertices. Assuming that each vertex from the left side has one color modeling its "attribute", we study two fairness criteria. For instance, in one of them, we deem a vertex set fair if for any two colors, the difference between the numbers of their occurrences does not exceed a given threshold. Fairness is, for instance, relevant when finding many-to-one matchings between students and colleges, voters and constituencies, and applicants and firms. Here colors may model sociodemographic attributes, party memberships, and qualifications, respectively. We show that finding a fair many-to-one matching is NP-hard even for three colors and maximum degree five. Our main contribution is the design of fixed-parameter tractable algorithms with respect to the number of vertices on the right side. Our algorithms make use of a variety of techniques including color coding. At the core lie integer linear programs encoding Hall like conditions. We establish the correctness of our integer programs, based on Frank's separation theorem [Frank, Discrete Math. 1982]. We further obtain complete complexity dichotomies regarding the number of colors and the maximum degree of each side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of novel approaches to behavioral test data analysis is of considerable importance for both fundamental research and experimental neuropharmacology. Antipsychotic agents used to treat positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia are of particular interest. Although antipsychotics exert potent effects on animal behavior in simple behavioral tests, they can be difficult to distinguish from other CNS-depressing agents, such as sedatives. In this paper, we propose color coding of video sequences as a method for the analysis of behavioral pattern structure in rats, using the effects of haloperidol, a typical antipsychotic, in the Open field test as an example. The study was carried out on outbred albino male rats weighing 250–300 g. Three-min video sequences of rat behavior in the Open field test were processed using Python and the OpenCV library in the Google Colab 3 environment. Color coding allowed the present (t = 0), near-future (t = 0.33 s), and the more distant-future (t = 1.66 s) location of an animal in the Open field arena to be marked with different colors and overlaid within a single frame. Using the proposed 3-timepoint color coding method, we were able to detect specific effects of haloperidol on animal behavioral patterns, which are undetectable via conventional techniques of behavioral data analysis in the Open field test. This method proved effective for data analysis and processing, and the results were in accordance with other author's data obtained using computerized and conventional visualization techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication with other road users is very essential for autonomous as they might drive slower and the person on the driver's seat does not necessarily look on the street. To evaluate exterior displays, we build a full‐scale mock‐up with a RGB LEDs matrix display with 80 cm × 40 cm (128 × 64 pixel). Even text with a height of 10 cm was judged as readable from 50 m distance. Other results were the identification of signs with 40 cm height from 50 m. This is in accordance with common traffic sign standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work has identified attribute level overlap and level color coding as effective and attractive strategies to reduce task complexity and improve behavioral efficiency in discrete choice experiments (DCEs). However, the simultaneous and combined impact of level overlap and level color coding on attribute non-attendance and choice consistency has not yet been investigated. To address this limitation and to strengthen the available evidence base, this paper re-analyzed an existing randomized controlled DCE from the Netherlands (N = 2,731) and analyzed a new randomized controlled DCE conducted in the United Kingdom (N = 3,084) using heteroskedastic attribute non-attendance mixed logit models. Both randomized controlled experiments were based on a relatively complex instrument with 5 attributes with 5 levels each and the results from both experiments were remarkably similar. In the base-case study arms without level overlap and color coding, only about half of the attributes are attended to. Level color coding as a stand-alone strategy improves attribute attendance but reduces respondents' choice consistency. In contrast, level overlap as a stand-alone strategy improves attribute attendance while simultaneously increasing respondents' choice consistency. The combination of level overlap and color coding is even more effective: it results in approximately full attribute attendance and a 30% increase in respondents' choice consistency. Experimental designs with level overlap are therefore recommended as a default design strategy and level color coding recommended to further increase respondents' behavioral efficiency in complex DCEs. • This paper (re)analyzes two large randomized controlled DCEs with a total of 11 study arms and 5,815 respondents. • Without level overlap and color coding, respondents attend to about half of the included attributes. • With level overlap and color coding, respondents attend to (almost) all attributes and their choice consistency increases by about 30%. • Not all color coding schemes are equally effective and some have stronger distortionary effects than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contribution: A new operational definition of series connections is given based on elements belonging to the same two meshes, which is properly dual to the usual definition of parallel elements being connected to the same two nodes. Furthermore, computer-based exercises have been developed and tested to teach students about such connections in gateway linear circuits courses, using color coding of nodes and meshes as a pedagogical device. Background: Series and parallel connections are a crucial but difficult concept. Existing textbooks give them limited attention, resulting in later difficulties learning circuit analysis. Research Questions: RQ1: Can an improved definition of series elements aid student understanding and student satisfaction? RQ2: Can a computer-based “game” lead to effective mastery and student satisfaction at a wide range of institutions, including minority-serving ones? Methodology: Standard and new definitions were elaborated in a multiple-choice tutorial. A game was developed focusing on identifying series and parallel connections, with color coding of both nodes and meshes. Student learning was assessed over eight years using pretest and posttest in 14 varied institutions. Student opinions were assessed using several types of surveys. Findings: Strong learning gains were observed every semester from built-in pretest and posttest, with average scores of 28% and 87%, respectively. Large improvements were observed at every institution including five minority-serving ones. The posttest score is increased by a statistically significant amount after introducing the new definition of series elements. Students preferred the new definition of series and recommended its use, and very strongly endorsed color coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we tested the effectiveness of color coding on the programming learning of students who were learning from video lectures. Effectiveness was measured using multimodal physiological measures, combining eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG). Using a between-subjects design, 42 university students were randomly assigned to two video lecture conditions (color-coded vs. grayscale). The participants' eye tracking and EEG signals were recorded while watching the assigned video, and their learning performance was subsequently assessed. The results showed that the color-coded design was more beneficial than the grayscale design, as indicated by smaller pupil diameter, shorter fixation duration, higher EEG theta and alpha band power, lower EEG cognitive load, and better learning performance. The present findings have practical implications for designing slide-based programming learning video lectures; slides should highlight the format of the program code using color coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives, purpose, or aim: We report a two-part wayfinding intervention, considering four quality criteria (visibility, usability, efficiency and overall effectiveness) from staff perspectives. Background: Few studies to date have explored wayfinding in the Emergency Department (ED). Yet, as ED usage continues to grow, effective wayfinding in these high-stress, fast-paced environments is likely to become increasingly important. At an adult ED located in the U.S. Southeast, wayfinding has been a persistent problem. We subsequently developed a two-part wayfinding intervention: colored routes to key destinations in the ED and corresponding visitor badges. Methods: Quality criteria were formulated using the Donabedian model: visibility (structure), usability (process), efficiency (process), and overall effectiveness (outcome). Assessments consisted of staff surveys, which were distributed from March to early April 2019. Results: The strong ratings across quality criteria, added to affirmative comments from staff, provide evidence that the color coding system made a positive impact on wayfinding. Conclusions: While the results should be generalized with caution, the two-part intervention may be highly portable to other contexts. Future studies might examine the effect of colored routes alone. They might illuminate relations between structure, process, and outcomes as they relate to the assessment of wayfinding. They might also expand wayfinding quality criteria. Ultimately, such studies should improve not only the productivity but also the accessibility and user experience of the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an important case of integer linear programs (ILPs) of the form max{ cT x | scrA x = b, l leq x leq u, x in Znt} with nt variables and lower and upper bounds ell, u in Znt. In n-fold ILPs nonzero entries only appear in the first r rows of the matrix scrA and in small blocks of size s times t along the diagonal underneath. Despite this restriction, many optimization problems can be expressed in this form. It is known that n-fold ILPs are fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) regarding the parameters s, r, and Delta, where Delta is the greatest absolute value of any entry in scrA. The state-of-the-art technique is a local search algorithm that subsequently moves in an improving direction where the number of iterations and the search for such an improving direction each take time Omega (n). This leads to a running time quadratic in n. We introduce a technique based on color coding which allows us to compute these improving directions in logarithmic time after a single initialization step. This yields an algorithm for n-fold ILPs with a running time that is near-linear in nt, the number of variables. More precisely, our algorithm runs in time (rsDelta)scrO (r2s+s2)L2nt logscrO (1)(nt), where L is the encoding length of the largest integer in the input. Further, in contrast to the algorithms in recent literature, we do not need to solve the LP relaxation in order to handle unbounded variables. Instead we give a structural lemma to introduce appropriate bounds. On the other hand, if we are given such an LP solution, the running time can be decreased by a factor of L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study an important case of integer linear programs (ILPs) of the form max{cTx | Ax = b, l ≤ x ≤ u, xZnt} with nt variables and lower and upper bounds l, u ε Znt. In n-fold ILPs nonzero entries only appear in the first r rows of the matrix A and in small blocks of size s \times t along the diagonal underneath. Despite this restriction, many optimization problems can be expressed in this form. It is known that n-fold ILPs are fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) regarding the parameters s, r, and Delta, where Delta is the greatest absolute value of any entry in A. The state-of-the-art technique is a local search algorithm that subsequently moves in an improving direction where the number of iterations and the search for such an improving direction each take time Omega (n). This leads to a running time quadratic in n. We introduce a technique based on color coding which allows us to compute these improving directions in logarithmic time after a single initialization step. This yields an algorithm for n-fold ILPs with a running time that is near-linear in nt, the number of variables. More precisely, our algorithm runs in time (rs Δ)O(r²s+s²) L²nt logO(1) (nt), where L is the encoding length of the largest integer in the input. Further, in contrast to the algorithms in recent literature, we do not need to solve the LP relaxation in order to handle unbounded variables. Instead we give a structural lemma to introduce appropriate bounds. On the other hand, if we are given such an LP solution, the running time can be decreased by a factor of L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaling and root planing are probably the most important procedures in periodontal therapy, yet periodontal instrument identification requires visual refocusing from a patient to the tip of an instrument, an inefficient activity in terms of time and ergonomics. For instructors teaching periodontal instrumentation, identifying whether a student is using a correct instrument requires that the instrument be removed from a patient's mouth for inspection. This technique report shows how color coding instruments can simplify the instrument-identification process. Typically, dental professionals in private practice use a series of color-coded bands or collars on instrument handles to keep track of instrument inventory within dental cassettes. In most cases, the instruments within a particular set are assigned one color so that one can easily identify which instrument goes with which set and determine if all instruments within a particular set are present. The author proposes using a series of colors with a specific color identifying a specific instrument. As long as auxiliaries know which colors must be present in a cassette, the practitioner or dental faculty member can easily identify what instrument is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The AQI color code and category correspond to different pollution levels in different countries. • An internationally compatible universal AQI for risk communication to the public is proposed. • Risk communication should focus on the universal color-coded index instead of numbers. • Public awareness must be increased through the citizen science approach. • The public should be engaged in air quality monitoring. Air pollution is known to be one of the major risk factors for premature morbidity and mortality globally, which are preventable. Therefore, the public is informed about air pollution through the Air Quality Index (AQI). The AQI represents integrated data of selected pollutants and produces a combined overall index for specific locations and time. The AQI algorithm generates a range of numbers and categories of colors that indicate likely health risks from air pollutants and the public's actions to minimize the risks. However, it lacks emerging evidence on chemical toxicity or composition. Hence, policymakers may also consider addinga toxicity matrix of fine particles to refine the algorithm, such as oxidative potential. Further, the risk is commonly communicated in numbers and not in color as dictated by the AQI. The AQI values and categories vary significantly between countries for the same pollution concentration, leading to confusion. Hence, we recommend developing a universal AQI (UAQI) with a consistent relationship between colors, concentrations, and toxicity to communicate air pollution risks to the public. Further, communication media should be encouraged to use universal color-coding rather than AQI values, i.e., numbers. Therefore, a global policy framework for regulatory authorities and policymakers is needed to communicate air pollution risk information consistently and to minimize public health exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many combinatorial problems involve determining whether a universe of n elements contains a witness consisting of k elements which have some specified property. In this paper we investigate the relationship between the decision and enumeration versions of such problems: efficient methods are known for transforming a decision algorithm into a search procedure that finds a single witness, but even finding a second witness is not so straightforward in general. We show that, if the decision version of the problem can be solved in time f(k)·poly(n), there is a randomised algorithm which enumerates all witnesses in time ek+o(k)·f(k)·poly(n)·N, where N is the total number of witnesses. If the decision version of the problem is solved by a randomised algorithm which may return false negatives, then the same method allows us to output a list of witnesses in which any given witness will be included with high probability. The enumeration algorithm also gives rise to an efficient algorithm to count the total number of witnesses when this number is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that level overlap and color coding can mitigate or even preclude the occurrence of attribute nonattendance in discrete choice experiments.Methods: A randomized controlled experiment with five experimental study arms was designed to investigate the independent and combined impact of level overlap and color coding on respondents' attribute nonattendance. The systematic differences between the study arms allowed for a direct comparison of observed dropout rates and estimates of the average number of attributes attended to by respondents, which were obtained by using augmented mixed logit models that explicitly incorporated attribute non-attendance.Results: In the base-case study arm without level overlap or color coding, the observed dropout rate was 14%, and respondents attended, on average, only two out of five attributes. The independent introduction of both level overlap and color coding reduced the dropout rate to 10% and increased attribute attendance to three attributes. The combination of level overlap and color coding, however, was most effective: it reduced the dropout rate to 8% and improved attribute attendance to four out of five attributes. The latter essentially removes the need to explicitly accommodate for attribute non-attendance when analyzing the choice data.Conclusions: On the basis of the presented results, the use of level overlap and color coding are recommendable strategies to reduce the dropout rate and improve attribute attendance in discrete choice experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective design for presenting severe weather information is important to reduce devastating consequences of severe weather. The Probabilistic Hazard Information (PHI) system for severe weather is being developed by NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) to communicate probabilistic hazardous weather information. This study investigates the effects of four PHI graphical designs for tornado threat, namely, "four-color"," red-scale", "grayscale" and "contour", on users' perception, interpretation, and reaction to threat information. PHI is presented on either a map background or a radar background. Analysis showed that the accuracy was significantly higher and response time faster when PHI was displayed on map background as compared to radar background due to better contrast. When displayed on a radar background, "grayscale" design resulted in a higher accuracy of responses. Possibly due to familiarity, participants reported four-color design as their favorite design, which also resulted in the fastest recognition of probability levels on both backgrounds. Our study shows the importance of using intuitive color-coding and sufficient contrast in conveying probabilistic threat information via graphical design. We also found that users follows a rational perceiving-judging-feeling-and acting approach in processing probabilistic hazard information for tornado. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed many drowning tragedies on roads, even where flood gauges were equipped to warn drivers about the depth of the flood water. The effectiveness of traditional flood gauges using the digit representation has been questioned. According to the attention-knowledge-compliance three-stage model, we propose that color coding can improve the effect of flood gauges. The present study compared the performance of a prototypical color flood gauge with two types of digit flood gauges in four experiments. Our results revealed a general advantage of color flood gauges over digit flood gauges in all testing conditions (with or without reflection and dynamic or static observation), which was manifested in both a sample of people lacking driving experience and a sample of experienced drivers. Specifically, the mean accuracy of color gauge conditions in the four experiments increased by at least 16%, and the mean response time to the color gauge was shortened by at least 0.8 s compared with the digit gauge. The substantial benefit of color gauges over digit gauges suggests that color coding can be used to improve the effectiveness of flood gauges on flood-prone roads. Because of its low cost, the color coding flood gauge may be useful in the developing world to warn against extreme rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverse pole figure (IPF) coloring for a suitable evaluation of crystal orientation data is discussed. The major goal is a high correlation between encoding color and crystal orientation. Revised color distributions of the fundamental sectors are introduced which have the advantages of (1) being applicable for all point groups, (2) not causing color discontinuities within grains, (3) featuring carefully balanced regions for red, cyan, blue, magenta, green and yellow, and (4) an enlarged gray center in opposition to a tiny white center. A new set of IPF color keys is proposed which is the result of a thorough analysis of the colorization problem. The discussion considers several topics: ( a) the majority of presently applied IPF color keys generate color discontinuities for specifically oriented grains; ( b) if a unique correlation between crystal direction and color is requested, discontinuity-preventing keys are possible for all point groups, except for , and ; ( c) for a specific symmetry group several IPF color keys are available, visualizing different features of a microstructure; and ( d) for higher symmetries a simultaneous IPF mapping of two or three standard reference directions is insufficient for an unequivocal orientation assignment. All color keys are available in MTEX, a freely available MATLAB toolbox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study proposes an urgency-based color coding concept of system states in icon-based displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems. • A numerical measure (TS = Target Salience) was developed that is used to quantify the visual target salience based on differences in color space between target, distractor and background. It is computed by dividing the color difference between target and distractor by the color difference between distractor and background and multiplying the result by the division of the target-distractor and distractor-background color differences. The target salience value increases when decreasing the difference between distractor and background color as well as increasing differences between target and distractor and target and background colors. • The developed target salience measure TS is used to determine the colors used to represent system states such that the salience of the color corresponds to the urgency of the system state, while supporting parallel search. • The results of the study suggest to use grey for safe indications, yellow for caution indications, red for warnings and cyan for advisory indications. This color coding concept allows for parallel search, while search is faster for caution and warning than for advisory indications. • The results are transferable to the design of icon-based displays in similar domains, such as highly automated ground and maritime transport systems. This study derives and validates a color-coding concept for system states in icon-based displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems. In aviation, safe indications are typically coded with green, caution indications with amber and warnings with red. This study proposes to adjust the salience of indications according to their intended urgency. For this purpose, a numerical measure for target salience was developed based on findings from the visual search literature. The measure uses differences in color space between target, distractor and background colors to estimate target salience. The measure is computed by dividing the color difference between target and distractor by the color difference between distractor and background and multiplying the result by the division of the target-distractor and distractor-background color differences. The resulting target salience value increases when decreasing the difference between distractor and background color as well as increasing differences between target and distractor and target and background colors. The results from applying the target salience measure suggest to code safe indications with grey instead of green, caution indications with yellow and warning and advisory indications with red and cyan, respectively. Two visual search experiments were conducted to validate the target salience measure and the proposed color-coding concept. Experiment one (n = 32) was a within-subject design comparing reaction time differences between yellow and amber targets among green and grey distractors for four set size conditions. Experiment two (n = 62) was a mixed-subject design comparing reaction time differences between red, yellow and cyan targets among grey and green distractors for four set size and 18 eccentricity conditions. The results show that target saliences diminish with increasing distractor salience, which could particularly be observed for yellow targets among green distractors. Red and yellow targets among less salient, grey distractors allow for a fast, parallel search. Further, the results show that cyan targets among grey distractors facilitate parallel search, although the reaction times are longer than for red and yellow targets. The findings support the proposed numerical measure for target salience and favor the color-coding concept thus suggesting to use grey for safe, and yellow and red for safety critical indications. Cyan is suited for coding advisory indications that are less critical. The results are transferable to the design of icon-based displays in similar domains, such as highly automated ground and maritime transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the benefit of color coding of CT angiography images for the assessment of complex cardiovascular malformations by comparing the quality of 3D (dimensional) volume rendered (VR) images before and after vessel color coding. Methods: Cardiothoracic CT images of 34 patients with complex vascular malformations were retrospectively selected for post processing. 3D VR images were created without and after color coding of the target vessels. Source images as well as selected 3D VR images without and with color coding were reviewed independently by 4 observers and scores were recorded on a 4-point scale for overall image quality, visualization conspicuity of target vessels, and final interpretation of target structures. Results: Overall diagnostic advantages of color coded VR images compared with non-color coded VR images included; improved visualization of the anatomical course of vessels, improved visualization of the extent of abnormality, better understanding of the spatial relationship of structures (i.e. to right ventricle outflow tract), and improved overall quality of the images. For all comparisons the color coded score was statistically significantly better than the non-color coded score (p<0.0001). A trend showed that review speed was faster for color coded images (p=0.06). Good inter-observer agreement was achieved for the target conspicuity and final interpretation scores with weighted Kappa score of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.79) and 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.81) respectively. Conclusion: Color coded 3D VR images can optimize visualization of vascular structures and improve interpretation of complex vascular malformation in cardiothoracic CT studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Application of suture marks or clips for specimen orientation is routine for operating surgeons. However, it is impossible for a pathologist to reproduce these in the final sections. In most laboratories a single dye is employed to paint the surgical margins. It helps to assess complete/incomplete excision of a tumor. However, many times, several margins need to be studied together, especially in larger resection specimens. This study was undertaken to assess fabric dyes, which can be employed for marking surgical margins, for their reproducibility, safety, reliability, ease of application and cost. Multiple color coding was done on 24 mastectomy specimens and the results recorded and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color-Coding is an important algorithmic technique in solving many NP-hard problems. In this paper, we give a survey on Color-Coding technique and its applications. We first give brief introduction on three Color-Coding methods: random Color-Coding, Color-Coding based on perfect hash function, and Color-Coding for n ≤ 2k. Then, applications of Color-Coding technique in various fields are presented, such as Bioinformatics, Networks, etc. Finally, we give future research topics of Color-Coding technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a number of preventive mechanisms, inadvertent administration of nitrous oxide in place of oxygen can lead to fatal hypoxemia. Here we report two cases of hypoxia that occurred when we switched to the emergency cylinder for oxygen supply after exhaustion of the main oxygen cylinder. The urgency shown by the anesthetist and operating room staff to restore the main oxygen supply prevented any fatalities from occurring in our case. We found that there was incorrect painting of the nitrous oxide cylinder with the color code of oxygen. Further, damaged pins on the yoke assembly allowed the attachment of the faulty E cylinder to the machine. Even though such errors are made by the supplier we suggest that all equipment including the cylinder be thoroughly checked by the anesthetist. This also highlights the role of respiratory gas monitoring in the prevention of such mishaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the similarity of a graph to being a tree—called the treewidth of the graph—has seen an enormous rise within the last decade, but a practically fast algorithm for this task has been discovered only recently by Tamaki (ESA 2017). It is based on dynamic programming and makes use of the fact that the number of positive subinstances is typically substantially smaller than the number of all subinstances. Algorithms producing only such subinstances are called positive-instance driven (PID). The parameter treedepth has a similar story. It was popularized through the graph sparsity project and is theoretically well understood—but the first practical algorithm was discovered only recently by Trimble (IPEC 2020) and is based on the same paradigm. We give an alternative and unifying view on such algorithms from the perspective of the corresponding configuration graphs in certain two-player games. This results in a single algorithm that can compute a wide range of important graph parameters such as treewidth, pathwidth, and treedepth. We complement this algorithm with a novel randomized data structure that accelerates the enumeration of subproblems in positive-instance driven algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color coding is an algorithmic technique used in parameterized complexity theory to detect "small" structures inside graphs. The idea is to derandomize algorithms that first randomly color a graph and then search for an easily-detectable, small color pattern. We transfer color coding to the world of descriptive complexity theory by characterizing—purely in terms of the syntactic structure of describing formulas—when the powerful second-order quantifiers representing a random coloring can be replaced by equivalent, simple first-order formulas. Building on this result, we identify syntactic properties of first-order quantifiers that can be eliminated from formulas describing parameterized problems. The result applies to many packing and embedding problems, but also to the long path problem. Together with a new result on the parameterized complexity of formula families involving only a fixed number of variables, we get that many problems lie in FPT just because of the way they are commonly described using logical formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the phase-measuring profilometry measurement speed, phase-shifted fringes can be encoded into color channels. However, for colored objects, the intensity of the fringes in each channel is affected by surface texture. Therefore, a measurement method based on color coding and sinusoidal correction is proposed. First, two color images are encoded. The red (R) and blue (B) channels for the first image and the green (G) channel for the second image are used in a three-step phase-shifting process. Meanwhile, the G channel of the first coded image and the R and B channels of the second coded image are corresponding solid colors. Two color-coded images are projected onto the object's surface, and the CCD captures the modulated deformed fringe pattern. After decoupling, the channels of the images are separated, the pure color channels are extracted, and the reflectivity of each point on the object surface in the RGB channels is calculated. Then, the intensity of the phase-shifted fringes in the two images is corrected by the calculated reflectivity. A 24-color standard color card and color lion mask were used to verify the method. Compared with the traditional color coding method, we were able to reduce the influence of color texture and obtain better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]