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Abstract: Primates play an important role in the maintenance and functioning of tropical ecosystems. However, habitat loss due to land use conversion threatens the persistence of primates worldwide. Colombia has a diverse fauna of primates with 12% of its terrestrial territory protected under the country’s national natural park system. However, threats remain, even within protected areas, with important habitats for threatened species remaining underrepresented or unprotected. Indeed, ~53% of species and subspecies of primates are imperiled in Colombia. Here I examined conservation planning for primates in Colombia to identify conservation gaps in and prioritize new sites for protection. First, I developed environmental niche models for 39 primate taxa predicting suitable habitat for each species in Colombia. Second, I used the Zonation conservation planning software to rank conservation priorities within primary and secondary forest across Colombia. I identified thirty-seven potential conservation sites using targets of 17, 22 and 27% terrestrial protection. Irreplaceability and vulnerability ranking of these conservation sites facilitated assessments of socio-economic threats from mining and illicit crops. Conservation gaps and areas of high vulnerability were most common to the Andes region.