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Cassida vafra Boheman, 1862 Cassida vafra Boheman, 1862: 323; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3659; Borowiec, 1999 a: 291. Cassida (Cassida) vafra: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Distribution. NIGERIA: Old Calabar., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182."]}

Cassida mashonensis Spaeth, 1928 (figs. 28, 279–281) Cassida mashonensis Spaeth, 1928: 10; Borowiec, 1999 a: 264. Description. L: 5.15–5.55 mm, W: 3.90–4.35 mm, Lp: 1.90–2.05 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.28–1.32, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.74. Body oval to elongate–oval, regularly rounded on sides (figs. 279, 280). Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow or yellowish green, usually with reddish or reddish brown pattern forming a lyriform figure, area between the figure and margin of disc yellow, central part of disc more or less yellow but some punctures often with reddish to reddish brown centre (fig. 280). In the palest specimens the pattern is reduced to small spots on humeri and in posterolateral parts of disc, darker punctures in scutellar row, apical part of sutural row and behind the middle of second interval (fig. 279). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellow, last segment sometimes with slightly infuscate apex. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, usually with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter, but surface appears more or less regular, but some specimens have very small and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, its surface smooth to only slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 281), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and H–shaped elevation. Punctation coarse arranged mostly in completely regular rows, only in postscutellar impressions irregular, and laterally to H–shaped elevation with additional irregular punctures, Punctures in rows dense, almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only second interval as wide as rows and slightly convex, and two submarginal intervals also as wide as rows but flat, no humeral or lateral folds but interspaces of marginal row usually more or less convex. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow but coarse and dense punctation and irregular interspaces, appears rugose, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/6 length.Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:56:74:68:65:47:59:56: 62:68:108. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat to shallowly impressed, without special sculpture except few very small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, central part shiny, along posterior margin two rows of moderately coarse, setose punctures. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Namibia (fig. 28). Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with broad elytra and, elytral punctation partly regular. The complex comprises also C. granula and C. viridipennis. Cassida granula differs in the yellow background of the elytra and the central part of elytral disc partly red due to the reddish centres of punctures and red lateral stripes (figs. 250, 251) while in C. mashonensis the yellow background occupies only the central part of the disc while the sides and apex are green or yellowish green and the pattern is reddish brown or brown spread mostly on the sides of the central yellow spot (figs. 279, 280). Both species are separated geographically, C. granula is widespread in West and Central Africa (fig. 18) while C. mashonensis is known from eastern and southern Africa (fig. 28). Typical forms of C. viridipennis distinctly differ in dorsum uniformly green or yellowish green (figs. 246, 247). Maculate forms of C. viridipennis differ in pronotal disc impunctate or at most finely punctate with distance between punctures always wider than puncture diameter and in body less regularly oval with sides slightly converging posterad (fig. 249). Types examined. Two syntypes: [ZIMBABWE]: Mashonaland, Salisbury, G.A. Marshall (BMNH, MM). Other specimens examined. KENYA: Rabai, VIII 1937, 2, Van Someren (BMNH, MNHW). MALAWI: Chikawa, Lower Shire Valley, 16 IV 1920, 1 (LS). NAMIBIA: Abachaus, II 1953, 1, G. Hoboh (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 107-109, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1928) Neue Cassidinen aus dem Museum zu Stockholm. Arkiv for zoologi, 19 A, 30, 1 - 11.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp."]}

Cassida rabaiensis sp. nov. (figs. 33, 174–175) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B530BC3D-9B0C-4B77-A967-9ED6094E5C71 Etymology. Named after its type locality Rabai on coastal part of Kenya. Description. L: 4.90 mm, W: 4.30 mm, Lp: 1.80 mm, Wp: 3.60 mm, L/W: 1.14, Wp/Lp: 2.00. Body regularly circular, without cleft between base of pronotum and base of elytra (fig. 174). Pronotum yellow, disc with ochraceous X–shaped figure in front of scutellum marked with two small brown spots on ends of anterior branches, brown stripe in the middle and brown ends of basal branches. Scutellum brownish, elytral disc yellow with broad brown ring in the middle extending from fourth to eight rows of punctures, on base of disc the ring marked with two small yellowish patches, top of disc with two short brown stripes (fig. 174). Head ventrites and legs yellow, antennae yellow with two apical segments infuscate. Pronotum semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides acute. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except lateral impression, area above head indistinctly impressed. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures distinctly wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra as wide base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately convex in profile (fig. 175), with deep postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked Hshaped elevation, interval 2 on entire length and interval 4 behind posterior branch of H–shaped elevation slightly convex. Punctation moderately coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals at top of disc 1.5–2 times wider than rows, on sides of disc linear, marginal interval as wide as two submarginal rows and interval combined, humeral and lateral folds absent. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny, impunctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:82:57:54:43:50:?:?:?:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.8 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, with short impressed median line, shiny, impunctate, expanded apex in the middle slightly convex, shiny with few small punctures, sides shallowly impressed, surface with fine longitudinal striation. Claws simple. Distribution. Kenya. Its type locality Rabai, also Rabai Mpya, is a historic location in Kilifi District in the Coast Province of Kenya about 12 miles northwest of the city of Mombasa (fig. 33). Remarks. A distinct species, elytral pattern with a broad, black ring around the disc and a regularly circular body shape without cleft between pronotum and elytra are unique characters (fig. 174). Only two other African members of the genus Cassida have an elytral pattern forming a black ring around the elytral disc— C. wanati and C. circumflexa. Both species differ in the base of elytra wider than pronotum and in the pronotal disc with a large, black basal spot (figs. 168, 170) while in C. rabaiensis the pronotal disc is mostly yellow with an X–shaped ochraceous figure marked with two small brown spots on the ends of the anterior branches, a brown stripe in the middle and brown ends of basal branches (fig. 174). Cassida wanati differs also in a narrow black elytral ring, not wider than the two lateral intervals combined and in the central yellow parts marked with a few black spots (figs. 170, 171). Cassida circumflexa differs also in the elytral pattern in addition to the black ring around disc also with a transverse band slightly behind the middle of the disc (figs. 168, 169). Type examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: Kenya / van Someren / Rabai 8.37 (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida wanati sp. nov. (figs. 31, 170–171) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CF7EB9E8-CFCC-4F13-ADC7-EF815DCA63B4 Etymology. Dedicated to our friend and eminent specialist in Curculionid beetles Prof. Marek Wanat who collected this species during expedition to South Africa. Description. L: 5.40 mm, W: 4.60 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.50 mm, L/W: 1.17, Wp/Lp: 1.84. Body almost circular (fig. 170). Pronotal disc mostly black except yellow area above head and transverse spot in front of scutellum. Explanate margin of pronotum yellow. Elytral disc mostly yellow surrounded by narrow black ring beginning from humeral impression then running in position of 7 th interval and on slope almost twice broader than on sides. Inside yellow central spot black pattern forms small, black spot at postscutellar elevation, few small black spots forming incomplete band in 2/3 length of disc and minute spot at ends of anterior branches of the postscutellar H–shaped elevation. Area between black ring and marginal row orange. Explanate margin of elytra yellow (figs. 170, 171). Clypeus yellow with black basal corners, thorax completely black and abdomen completely yellow. Anterior half of coxa black, posterior half yellow with diffused borders between black and yellow colour. Legs uniformly yellow. Pronotum broadly elliptical, with maximum in the middle, sides rounded. Surface of disc microreticulate, fine and sparse punctures arranged slightly irregularly on disc in groups in front of scutellum and anterolateral parts, disc on sides bordered from explanate margin with distinct impression. Explanate margin of pronotum broad, smooth and shiny, semitransparent with honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad,subangulate. Disc moderately, almost regularly convex in profile (fig. 171), without hump, only with well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation, hind branches of the elevation prolongate to slightly elevated third interval. Punctation coarse, completely regular, dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly narrower than puncture diameter, intervals narrow, linear, only marginal interval distinctly wider than rows, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, lateral margins tend to be subhorizontal, in the widest part explanate margin approximately three times narrower than disc, with shallow and dense punctation but surface appears more or less regular, semitransparent with honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena almost reduced. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as long as wide as long, clypeal lines fine, converging in regular triangle, clypeal plate microreticulate, with apical impression and few small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to ¼ length. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:77:70:67:43:50:40:47:47:87. Segment 3 approximately 1.45 times longer than 2 and 1.2 times longer than segment 4. Prosternum broad in the middle, with high prosternal collar, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae and expanded apex with distinct sculpture of longitudinal folds and setose punctures, appears irregular. Claws with small basal tooth. Distribution. South Africa: Eastern Cape (fig. 31). Remarks. A distinct species, recognized by the elytral pattern with a narrow, black ring around the disc combined with large, trapezoidal, black spot at the base of the pronotum (fig. 170). Only two other African members of the genus Cassida have an elytral pattern forming a black ring around the elytral disc— C. rabaiensis and C. circumflexa. Cassida rabaiensis differs in the elytral black ring broad, as wide as four lateral intervals combined (fig. 174) while in C. wanati the black ring occupies at most two lateral intervals combined (fig. 170). Cassida circumflexa differs also in the elytral pattern and in addition to the black ring around the elytral disc also forms a transverse band slightly behind the middle of the disc and in the basal pronotal spot with two large yellow spots inside the black area (figs. 170, 171). Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA (E) E Cape 20–80 m, – 31.6532S / 29.5068E, Silaka Nat. Res., nr. Port St. Johns, trail up chalet 11, beating, 13.11.2013 leg. M. Wanat (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940 (figs. 24, 284–286) Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940: 263; Borowiec, 1999 a: 263. Cassida cruenta Shaw, 1961: 28, not Fabricius, 1792: 293; Borowiec, 1994 b: 156 (as syn.). Description. L: 4.25–4.60 mm, W: 3.25–3.70 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.40–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.24–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.61–1.66. Body oval (figs. 284, 285). Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytra pale yellow (fig. 284), or yellow and elytral disc on slope with large, reddish, ring–shaped figure (fig. 285), sometimes the ring is divided into separate eight spots, reddish to brown. Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, apical four segments black. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impression. Surface of disc shiny, with very fine and sparse punctation. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile (fig. 286), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions and obtuse H–shaped figure, second interval slightly convex, on sides of disc few low, transverse folds. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, moderately dense to dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter, on sides of disc rows interrupted by elevated folds. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only twice coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly flat, mostly as wide as rows only second interval in anterior part twice wider than rows, surface shiny, marginal interval in humeral part as wide as submarginal row interval and two rows combined in posterior half as wide as submarginal interval, no humeral but distinct lateral fold. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with moderately coarse and dense punctation, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes large, gena very short but visible. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, apically converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum broadly minutely emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:61:64:64:46:64:57:57:64:114. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, along sides with row of punctures, central part of expanded apex convex, shiny with few punctures, lateral parts impressed flat with several dense punctures. Claws simple. Distribution. Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Kenya (fig. 24). Remarks. A distinct species with no close relatives among African members of the genus Cassida. Typical forms with a reddish ellipsoidal figure on elytral slope (fig. 285) are distinct from all African species. Immaculate forms (fig. 284) differ from all small, uniformly yellow species in the fine, sparse punctation of elytra with distance between punctures at least on top of disc partly as large as or larger than puncture diameter and intervals on sides of disc partly as wide as, to wider, than rows (fig. 286). Types examined. Holotype of Cassida luxuriosa Spaeth, 1940: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Lulua, Tshibamba, II 1932, F.G. Overlaet (MRAC); holotype of Cassida cruenta Shaw, 1961: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Upemba Nat. Park, Lufwa, 1700 m, 16 III 1948, Miss. de Witte (MRAC). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Djuttitsa, 23 III 1977, 1 (MNHW). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Elisabethville, XI 1911, 1, Miss. Agric. (MRAC). KENYA: Kwale, VI 1948, 1, van Someren (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 105-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1940) Mitteilunger uber Afrikanische Cassidinen II. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine s, 33, 262 - 264.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Shaw, S. (1961) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae). Exploration du Parc National de lʼUpemba - Mission G. F. De Witte (1946 - 1949), fasc. 63 (2), 9 - 37.","Fabricius, J. Ch. (1792) Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. I. Vol 2. 1 & 2. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Hafniae, XX + 330 pp. & 538 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125869","Borowiec, L. (1994 b) New synonyms in the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Genus, 5, 153 - 159."]}

Cassida capensis Borowiec, 2005 (figs. 8, 287–288) Cassida capensis Borowiec, 2005: 116. Description. L: 4.95–5.30 mm, W: 4.25 mm, Lp: 1.80–1.90 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.35 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.25, Wp/Lp: 1.76–1.83. Body almost circular (fig. 287). Pronotum and elytra yellow (figs. 287, 288). Clypeus yellow with brown basal corners. Thorax mostly black, only epimera and episterna partly yellowish brown. Abdomen black with broad yellow margin. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly in front of the middle, sides angulate. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc shallowly punctate, appears slightly irregular. Distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, its surface slightly irregular. Scutellum triangular, impunctate, without transverse rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra almost as wide as pronotum, in state of repose of beetle body outline forms almost regular circle. Humeri moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Anterior margin of elytron shallowly emarginate without denticles or crenulation. Disc in profile moderately, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 288). Postscutellar impressions distinct, deep, bordered externally by a fold thus postscutellar area with distinct H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, coarse and dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly as wide as half diameter of puncture, intervals mostly as wide as or slightly narrower than rows. Marginal row distinct, its punctures approximately twice smaller than punctures in submarginal row. Marginal interval broad, twice wider than central intervals. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, slightly wider than 1/3 width of disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly, densely punctate, punctures as coarse as on disc, almost touching each other, surface appears distinctly irregular. Head moderately broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in slightly angulate arch, surface of clypeus shiny, glabrous, with a few punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Prosternal process moderately broad, expanded apically, without impression along middle and on apex regularly elevated, with no special sculpture. Antennae stout, segments 8–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:70:70:70: 50:46:42:46:54:108, segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2, and as long as segment 4. Claws simple. Distribution. Western Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8). Remarks. Cassida capensis is unique with no close relatives in the Afrotropical Region. At first glance it is similar to circular species of the Cassida litigiosa species–group but they differ in an irregularly punctate elytra while in C. capensis the punctation forms regular rows. No species of the C. litigiosa group has a postscutellar H–shaped elevation as distinct as in C. capensis. Some species of the C. viridipennis group (e.g. C. viridipennis and C. devylderi) have a uniformly yellow body, mostly regularly punctate elytra, and distinct H–shaped postscutellar elevation but they differ in claws with large basal tooth while in C. capensis the claws are simple. Cassida sulphurago and C. sulphurea both have a uniformly yellow body, simple claws, mostly regularly punctate elytra, and a more or less evident postscutellar H–shaped elevation (figs. 259, 264) but they differ in a twice larger body and rounded pronotal sides while in C. capensis the sides of the pronotum are angulate. Types examined. Holotype: SOUTH AFRICA: Northern Cape Prov., Koerogapvlakte Richtersveld NP., 62 km NO Alexander Bay, Succulent –Karoo; BIOTA 18.080.2002.07.04.404, 28°14’01.8’’S / 17°01’35.9’’E, Malaise trap, 7.–11.x.2002, J. Deckert, K. Ebert & M. Uhlig (TM); two paratypes: South Africa, Cape, near Kamieskroon, 24/25. X.96, Werner (DS, LB)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Borowiec, L. (2005) New species and new records of Cassidinae from Southern Africa (Coleoptera,: Chrysomelidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 81, 115 - 130."]}

Cassida rothschildi Spaeth, 1922 (figs. 40, 234–235) Cassida Rothschildi Spaeth, 1922: 1002; Borowiec, 1999 a: 277; Borowiec & Sekerka, 2010: 377; Świętojańska & Borowiec, 2012: 382. Description. L: 3.70–4.40 mm, W: 2.85–3.30 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.55 mm, Wp: 2.40–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.29–1.39, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.83. Body distinctly more or less converging posterad (fig. 234). Pronotum and scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow, usually with small reddish to brown spots in postscutellar impression and along suture (fig. 234), in extreme case almost entire surface of postscutellar impression brown and suture mostly brown, occasionally elytral disc uniformly yellow. Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites and legs yellow, antennae uniformly yellow or last segment partly infuscate. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, area above head only slightly impressed. Surface of disc from slightly alutaceous to shiny, with moderately coarse and moderately dense punctation, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter.Area above head with punctures distinctly smaller than on top or sides of disc, sometimes impunctate. Interspaces mostly regular but in some specimens surface of disc appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin moderately broad, with small punctation, especially on sides, shiny, semitransparent to transparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc highly convex, with distinct postscutellar impressions but without principal impressions, angulate in postscutellar area but without H–shaped elevation (fig. 235). Punctation moderately coarse to coarse, mostly arranged in completely regular rows, only in postscutellar impressions and on slope punctures mostly irregular, rows not impressed thus sometimes punctures runs in not straight line, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals flat, second interval distinctly wider than first and third intervals, lateral intervals as wide as to twice wider than rows, marginal interval broad, in humeral area slightly wider than submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately six times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny with fine and dense punctation and more or less irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Eyes moderately large, gena slightly shorter than length of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in regular triangle surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum very shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:65:65:61:56:48:52:56: 56:65:109. Segment 3 approximately as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4. Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex convex, shiny with few small, setose punctures. Claws simple. Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium socotranum Wagn. & Vierh., Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult. (Świętojańska & Borowiec, 2012). Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, and Kenya (fig. 40). Remarks. Cassida rothschildi is the only member of the former subgenus Tylocentra known from Africa south of the Sahara. The most closely related species is C. pellegrini Marseul, 1868 recorded from Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia (Sekerka & Borowiec 2011). Both taxa belong to the group of species with regularly punctate lateral rows on the elytral disc but C. pellegrini distinctly differs in a more elongate body, less convex elytral disc and coarser and denser pronotal punctation. Cassida rothschildi is the smallest member of the subgenus with body length below 4.5 mm. Other species usually have a length above 4.7 mm, although the smallest specimens of C. pellegrini are 4.4 mm in length. Types examined. Syntype: [KENYA]: Rendilé, Lasami, M. de Rotschild (MNHN). Other specimens examined. KENYA: Elsamere, 7 IV 1998, 4 on Lycium shawii, ABD (TD, MNHW);. SAUDI ARABIA: BAC Camp, Khamis Mushayt, 2000 m, 17–18 IV 1976, 1, Wittmer & Buettiker (NMB). SUDAN: Kassala, Abend Pass, 5 XII 1962, 1, Linnavuori (MNHW). YEMEN: Soqotra Archipelago, Soqotra, Noged, Farmihin, Steroh, Wadi, 12.24.26 N 54.08.40 E, 24 X 2000, 1, T. Van Harten (NMB); Socotra Island, Firmihin plato, Dracena tree forest, 12°28′465′′N 54°00′89830′′E, 22.– 25.vi.2009, 21 spec. and 2 larvae, V. Hula leg. (7 spec. and 2 larvae in MNHW, rest in JBCB); Socotra Island, Dixam plateau, Firmihin (Dracaena forest), 12°28.6′N 54°01.1′E, 490 m, 15.–16.xi.2010, 28 spec., J. Bezděk leg. (JBCB); same data, but L. Purchart leg., 7 spec. (JBCB); same data, but J. Hájek leg., 8 spec. (NMP); same data, but J. Batelka leg., 3 spec. (JBCP); Socotra Island, Diksam plateau, 12°31′24′′N 53°58′29′′E, 850–920 m, 5.ii.2010, 20 spec., L. Purchart & J. Vybíral leg. (JBCB, 10 spec. in LSCL); Socotra Island, Wadi Zirik, 12°29.584′N 53°59.475′E, 12.vi.2010, 2 spec., V. Hula & J. Niedobová leg. (JBCB); Socotra Island, Noged, Farmihin, Steroh, Wadi, 12°24′26′′N 54°08′40′′E, 24.x.2000, 1 spec., T. Van Harten leg. (NHMB)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 137-139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1922) Coleopteres Chrysomelides, Cassidines. In: Rothschild, M. de (Ed.), Voyage de M. Le Baron Maurice de Rotschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique Orientale Anglaise (1904 - 1905). Resultats scientifiques. Animaux articules. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 997 - 1004.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Borowiec, L. & Sekerka, L. (2010) Cassidinae. In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6, Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 64 - 65 + 368 - 390.","Swietojanska, J. & Borowiec, L. (2012) Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Socotra Island. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 52 (Supplement 2), 381 - 394.","Sekerka, L. & Borowiec, L. (2011) New synonymy in Palearctic Cassidini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Genus, 22, 505 - 509."]}

Cassida shimba sp. nov. (figs. 42, 336–339) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 993C58FF-F5FD-4248-B384-116E4429BF0A Etymology. Named after its type locality, Shimba Hills in Kenya. Description. L: 3.90–4.60 mm, W: 3.00–3.70 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.45–2.95 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.24, Wp/Lp: 1.74–1.78. Body short–oval (figs. 336, 338, 339). Pronotum and scutellum uniformly yellow. Elytral disc black with yellow relief and yellow marginal interval (figs. 336–339). Yellow relief in dark specimens occupies less than half space of disc, in pale specimens occupies more than half space of disc but black always surrounds disc, forms black spot on top of postscutellar elevation and more or less complete transverse band in 2/3 of disc. Explanate margins always yellow. Head yellow, thorax from uniformly yellow to slightly infuscate central part of metathorax, abdomen always uniformly yellow. Legs yellow. Antennae from uniformly yellow or with one to three apical segments more or less infuscate. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners.Area above head only slightly impressed, lateral lobes indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc moderately, regularly convex (fig. 337), with well marked postscutellar and principal impressions, distinct postscutellar H–shaped elevation, yellow relief arranged as in figs. 336, 338, 339, elevated second interval and central part of fourth interval. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in regular rows partly interrupted by yellow relief, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals, except elevated parts of second and fourth interval, mostly linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal row, without humeral and with narrow lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, coarse and dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus flat or with shallowly apical impression, shiny, with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:54:85:73:69:46:58:50:50:54:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa deeply impressed, on sides with few punctures and thin oblique wrinkles, along middle shiny, central part of expanded apex slightly convex, punctate with shiny interspaces, sides impressed, with some thin wrinkles and small setose punctures. Claws with moderate basal tooth. Distribution. Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa (fig. 42). Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with the background of the elytral disc black and a pattern of more or less convex, partly coalescent yellow spots, (figs. 336, 338, 339). The complex includes also C. delenifica (fig. 156), C. depicta (figs. 128, 129), C. irregularis (figs. 138, 140, 141), C. natalensis (figs. 133, 134), and dark forms of C. humerosa (fig. 90) and C. lacrymosa (figs. 185, 186). Cassida shimba differs from most relatives in a completely yellow pronotum while in other species the pronotal disc is marked with a more or less distinct brown to black basal spot. Only C. humerosa has the pronotum immaculate but differs in larger size with, length 4.25–5.80 mm, elytral pattern regular, yellow spots spread regularly on top of disc, indistinct H– shaped elevation and ventrites mostly black. Cassida delenifica differs in the presence of a humeral spot on the explanate margin of elytra. Cassida shimba has the ventrites uniformly yellow or at most the metathorax slightly infuscate while most species of this complex have the ventrites partly black. Types examined. Holotype: [KENYA]: Kenya / Distr. Kwale / Shimba Hills R. / 25 VIII–’86 (MNHW); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, Nairobi District, Nairobi env., 28.II.–10.III.2000, Mauser leg. (MNHW); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, Coast Prov., Muhaka Forest, 41 m, 4.32664°S, 39.52462°E, Malaise trap, Indigenous forest, 5–18 May 2016, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, Coast Prov., Muhaka Forest, 52 m, 4.32530°S, 39.52345°E, 6 m Malaise trap, Indigenous forest, 30 May–19 June 2013, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [KENYA]: Kenya, Nyanza Prov., Gwazi Hills, foothils, nr Ungoye, c. 0.6160°S, 34.1000°E, c. 1350 m, Malaise trap, side of hill, next to woodland, 2–16 JUN 2005, R. Copeland (LS); paratype: [MOZAMBIQUE]: MOCAMBIQUE / PROV. SOFALA / 50 KM S INCHOPE / 17.– 18.12.2005 / A. KUDRNA JR. LGT. //COLLECTION Lukáš Sekerka / Liberec CZECH REPUBLIC (LS); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA, Kwa Zulu – Natal, Vryheid, 29/ 31.12.2008, P. Schüle leg. (LS); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RSA: Limpopo, Haenertsburg, Black Forest, 1500 m, 7.–9.I.2014, leg. W. Schawaller (LS); paratype: [TANZANIA]: A. d. Sammlung / Dr. Chr. Schröder / Bomole X. XII. 05 / 1100 m, D.– Ostafrika // Zool. Mus. / Berlin (ZMHU)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 145-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida benaadirensis sp. nov. (figs. 6, 262–263) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 59602F31-CFE0-4975-A934-079D354F3008 Etymology. Named after Benaadir distr. in Somalia which includes the city of Mogadishu, the type locality of this species. Description. L: 5.10–5.40 mm, W: 3.90–4.25 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.40 mm, L/W: 1.27–1.31, Wp/Lp: 1.65–1.70. Body short–oval (fig. 262). Entire body including legs and antennae yellow (figs. 262, 263). Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before middle, sides broadly angulate, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc shiny with very small, sparse punctures. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, surface regular to slightly irregular, slightly alutaceous to shiny, transparent with honeycomb structure. Scutellum triangular, without punctures, rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc in profile distinctly strongly convex with top of convexity at postscutellar point (fig. 263), H–shaped elevation in holotype low but well visible, whereas in paratype hardly marked in form of short, low transverse fold. Punctation of disc completely regular, coarse, dense, distance between punctures in rows mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope as dense as on other parts of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in submarginal row. Intervals on top of disc very narrow, linear, on sides as wide as rows, flat or slightly convex, smooth, shiny, surface of elytra appears regular. Marginal interval distinct, approximately as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, at the widest part approximately 3.1 times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular. Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.7 times as wide as long, with fine clypeal lines converging in obtuse angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, without setose punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/3–1/2 length. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:67:63:60:40:60:50:60:60:100, segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2, and only slightly longer segment 4. Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, smooth and shiny, rhomboidal apex flat in the middle, with 2–3 small hairy punctures, posterior margin close, with row of small, setose punctures. Claws with basal tooth. Distribution. Ethiopia and Somalia (fig. 6). Remarks. Uniformly yellow colouration, small size, strongly convex elytra, coarse, completely regular elytral punctation place this distinct species close to immaculate forms of species of the Cassida turcmenica group. Both C. pellegrini and C. rothschildi differ in size below 5 mm, pronotum with maximum width in the middle, punctation of elytra slightly finer and intervals slightly broader than in C. benaadirensis (figs. 232, 234), antennae shorter with antennomeres 9–20 distinctly wider than long (slightly longer than wide in C. benaadirensis), and longer clypeus 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long (1.7 times in C. benaadirensis). At fist glance, Cassida capensis from South Africa looks similar to C. benaadirensis but differs in distinctly angulate pronotal sides, higher H–shaped postsutellar elevation, mostly black ventrites and simple claws (fig. 287). Type examined. Holotype: [SOMALIA]: Somalia, Mogadiscio env., Marz 1974 leg.? (MNHW); paratype: [ETHIOPIA] ETHIOPIA South, 20 km SE of Konso, 05°15’N 37°32’E, 850 m, 11–13 V + 18–20 V 2015, A. Kudrna jr lgt. (LS)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec, 2005 (figs. 9, 324–325) Cassida drakensbergensis Borowiec, 2005: 117. Description. L: 6.00 mm, W: 5.00 mm, Lp: 2.10 mm, Wp: 3.35 mm, L/W: 1.20, Wp/Lp: 1.59. Body almost circular (fig. 324). Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow with black elongate spot in postscutellar area. Basal margin of pronotum and anterior margin of elytral disc narrowly black. Punctures in anterolateral and central part of disc with dark brown to black areola (figs. 324, 325). Ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width distinctly before middle, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc distinctly impunctate, shiny. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny. Scutellum triangular, without punctures, row or wrinkle. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, obtuse. Anterior margin of elytron shallowly emarginate with very fine crenulation. Disc in profile distinctly, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area, no postscutellar impressions (fig. 325). Punctation of disc regular, moderately coarse and sparse, distance between punctures irregular, in some parts of row punctures almost touching each other, in other distance between punctures twice to thrice larger than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope very sparse and punctation appears almost irregular. Intervals mostly twice wider than rows, interspaces on sides of elytra slightly convex, form a low folds and surface of elytral sides appears slightly irregular, also postscutellar area slightly elevated. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than in submarginal row. Marginal interval distinct, approximately 1.5 times as wide as lateral rows. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part thrice narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular. Apex of elytral epipleura with sparse, erect setae. Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in triangle, surface of clypeus shiny, impunctate. Labrum emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:46:46:64:66:44:50:53:53:50:93, segment 3 as long as segment 2, segment 4 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 3 (fig. 9). Prosternal process moderately broad, expanded apically, its central part flat, apex with round impression (fig. 8). Claws simple (fig. 10). Distribution. Northeastern part of South Africa (fig. 9). Remarks. A member of the Cassida unimaculata species–group. Cassida drakensbergensis is very close to C. unimaculata and C. emontinensis. All three species have almost circular body, strongly convex elytral disc, broadly rounded sides of pronotum with no lateral corners, impunctate disc of pronotum, regularly punctate elytral disc, yellow ventrites and antennae, and a characteristic elytral pattern with small black spot or stripe in the postscutellar area (figs. 322, 324, 326, 327). Cassida drakensbergensis differs in the following characters (in brackets characters of both relatives): elytral spot elongate (almost round in C. unimaculata or in form of narrow stripe not exceeding borders of sutural elevation in C. emontinensis), punctation of elytra coarse (fine to moderately coarse in both relatives), interspaces on sides of elytra slightly convex, form a low folds and surface of elytral sides appears slightly irregular (interspaces flat, surface of elytral sides completely regular in both relatives), punctures in anterolateral and central part of elytra with dark areola (without areola in both relatives), and surface of explanate margin of elytra strongly irregular (only slightly irregular in both relatives). Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: nördl. Drakensberge, Wolkberg, 2–7.xi.1999, 24°02’S / 30°00’E, U. Göllner (PPRIP)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Borowiec, L. (2005) New species and new records of Cassidinae from Southern Africa (Coleoptera,: Chrysomelidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 81, 115 - 130."]}

Cassida limpopoana Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2001 (figs. 18, 317–319) Cassida limpopoana Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2001: 158. Description. L: 6.10–7.60 mm, W: 4.50–5.60 mm, Lp: 2.30–2.60 mm, Wp: 3.70–4.50 mm, L/W: 1.26–1.39, Wp/ Lp: 1.61–1.73. Body short–oval, sides regularly rounded (figs. 317, 318). Uniformly yellow or yellowish green, including ventrites, legs and antennae (figs. 317–319). In some specimens on humeri and on slope there are irregular, pale yellow spots probably as effect of inappropriate maturation. Pronotum almost semicircular, with maximum width at base, sides angulate. Disc not bordered from explanate margin. Surface of disc finely, shallowly punctate, punctures much finer than those of elytral disc. Distance between punctures mostly as wide as to slightly narrower than puncture diameter. Surface between punctures appears slightly irregular. Explanate margin of pronotum appears impunctate, surface regular. Base of elytra as wide as base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc distinctly, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 319). Punctation completely irregular, moderate, quite dense, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter, but surface between punctures regular. Marginal row and marginal interval not marked. Explanate margin strongly declivous, moderately broad, in the widest part 4.5–5 times narrower than disc, its punctation slightly coarser than on disc but very sparse, in some specimens margins appear impunctate, their surface regular. Eyes short, the shortest in the group, gena elongate, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice longer than half eye width. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.7 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves very fine, run close to margin and at top converging in triangle. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly elongate. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:86:66:60:53:63:66:70: 70:113. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times longer than 2 and approximately 1.3 times longer than 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa, flat, shiny, Distribution. Malawi, Mozambique and S Zimbabwe (fig. 18). Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of large species with an almost semicircular pronotum. This complex comprises also C. distinguenda, C. pudens, and C. wittmeri. Cassida distinguenda next to C. wittmeri is the slimmest species of this complex, but differs in larger eyes, more coarse punctation of pronotal and elytral disc and less convex elytral disc (figs. 309, 310). Cassida wittmeri also differs in more elongate body and strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 307, 308). Cassida pudens differs in longer eyes, slightly coarser and denser elytral punctation, less convex elytral disc and less declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 333 – 335). Types examined. Holotype and 6 paratypes: [ZIMBABWE]: Beit Bridge, 500 m, 13V1958, 8, R. zur Strassen (SMF, MNHW); paratype: [MALAWI]: Nyasaland, Beua, VIII. 1929 (MNHW); paratype: [MOZAMBIQUE]: Lourenço – Marquès, Makulane (T.d.), G. Audeoud (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 101-102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Borowiec, L. & Swietojanska, J. (2001) Revision of Cassida litigiosa group from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Annales Zoologici Warszawa, 51, 153 - 184."]}

Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862 (figs.11, 158–161) Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862: 301; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1933 a: 347; Shaw, 1956: 269; Heron & Borowiec, 1997: 630; Borowiec, 1999: 254; Heron, 2003: 33, 2011: 135. Cassida (Cassida) guttipennis: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Cassida guttipennis ab. fenestralis Spaeth, 1933 a: 347, unavailable name. Cassida coloraria Boheman, 1862: 309; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3652; Spaeth, 1933 a: 347 (as syn. of guttipennis). Cassida (Cassida) coloraria: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Cassida romula Spaeth, 1911: 268. Cassida (Cassida) romula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Cassida guttipennis ab. romula: Spaeth, 1933 a: 348. Description. L: 4.65–5.50 mm, W: 3.55–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.70–1.90 mm, Wp: 2.95–3.3.45 mm, L/W: 1.18–1.31, Wp/ Lp: 1.64–1.82. Body from almost circular to short–oval, males slightly stouter than females (figs. 158, 160, 161). Polymorphic species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum uniformly yellow, scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with several black spots: four small at base of elytra, two large on humeri, two small between humeral spots and suture, four moderate in transverse row in 2/3 length of disc, and four on apex of disc including two large inside and two small outside. Explanate margin yellow (fig. 158). Sometimes spots are reduced to 12 very small spots arranged as in fig. 160. In intermediate form (= ab. romula) pronotum is yellow, elytral disc is yellow on top, black on sides and four large spot on yellow dorsum usually connected with lateral band, explanate margin yellow with broad humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot at least in external half runs in distance from anterior margin of elytra thus humeral angles always yellow. In the darkest form (= ab. fenestralis) elytral disc is mostly black, scutellum yellowish brown, elytral disc mostly black except yellow apex and two more or less visible yellowish ochraceous spots on top of disc, explanate margin of elytra in anterior 3/4 of space black, except yellow humeral angle, yellow extreme margin and yellow fenestrate spot in the middle, close to border of disc (fig. 161). Head usually black, sometimes with yellowish central spot of diffused borders. Thorax completely black, abdomen mostly black surrounded by yellow. Legs mostly yellow but usually coxa and trochanters more or less infuscate and extreme base of femora brown to black. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 5 from yellow to infuscate, apical segments black. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly, strongly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, surface of disc shiny, with very fine pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure, its surface shiny. Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 159), with very shallow postscutellar impressions and without or only hardly marked principal impressions, no H–shaped elevations and other sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice. Marginal row distinct, its punctures distinctly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals slightly convex, in sutural part of disc mostly as wide as rows but second interval in the middle slightly wider than first and third interval, on sides of disc intervals slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, inner half moderately declivous, external margin almost horizontal, surface shiny, very shallowly punctate, appears regular, yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately 1.1 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with angulate top, surface of clypeus with shallow apical impression, shiny with several very small punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/6 length.Antennae moderate, segments 9–10 approximately 1.2–1.3 as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:42:63:55:50:42:5 0:42:47:50:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa slightly convex, shiny, small, setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, with small, setose punctures centrally and row of coarser punctures across apical margin. Claws simple. Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. Maculate forms are similar to C. quatuordecimsignata. Both species have a very similar arrangement of black spots on the elytral disc but C. quatuordecimsignata differs in a smaller and slimmer body, with L 3.85–4.85, L/W ratio 1.35–1.51 and in the explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate, declivous (figs. 158, 160) while in C. quatuordecimsignata the body is larger and broader with L 4.65–5.50, L/W ratio 1.18–1.31 and the explanate margin of elytra is broader and more explanate (figs. 158, 160). The dark form of C. guttipennis has a dorsal pattern similar to the pattern of the darkest form of C. vespertilio but it differs in a smaller body with length les than 4.2 mm and a narrower explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136). Host plants. Asteraceae: Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessl., Berkheya speciosa (DC) O. Hoffm. (Heron & Borowiec 1997, Heron, 2003, 2011); Berkheya heterophylla O. Hoffm., Berkheya seminivea Harvey & Sond. (label data); Berkheya rhapontica (DC) Hutch. & Burtt Davy (H. Heron pers. comm.); Berkheya sp. (cobwebby) (= Berkheya sp. (Hilliards 2786) (H. Heron pers. comm.). Distribution. South Africa (fig. 11). Types examined. Lectotype of Cassida guttipennis Boheman, 1862, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 255: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Port Natal, (NRS); holotype of Cassida coloraria Boheman, 1862; [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Spei, Drege (NRS); holotype of Cassida romula Spaeth, 1911: 268: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal, Malvern, J.P. Cregoe (BMNH). Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape, Bushman’s River, 12 IX 1984, 4, on Berkheya, H. Zimmermann (NIC); Cape, Grahamstown, 10 XI 1985, 3 on Berkheya heterophylla, M.M. Clark (NIC, MNHW); Cape, Zuurberg n. Addo, 24 IX 1984, 1 on Berkheya sp., H. Zimmermann (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Bushman’s River, near Paterson, 33°23’S, 26°02’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., Grahamstown, 33°19’S, 26°31’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape Prov., Hogsback Mountain, 38 km W of Stutterheim, 32°35’S, 27°05’E, 1 (ARC); E Cape, Silaka Nat. Res., 36 m, 31.6511S / 29.5086E, night collectin, 27.11.2019, leg. M. Wanat (MNHW); Eastern Cape Prov., Umzamba River Mouth, northern Pondoland, 31°07’S, 30°10’E, 1 (HH); Eastern Cape Prov., Zuurberg, near Addo, 33°17’S, 25°48’E, 1 (ARC); KwaZulu-Natal, Umtavuna (Pont), Kigfisher trail, 10-15 m, -31.0639 / 30.1749, 2 XII 2019, 1, P. Jałoszyński (MNHW); Mpumalanga Prov., Boskrans Dam, 25°21’S, 30°01’E, 1 (ARC); Mpumalanga Prov., Houtenbeck Farm, NW of Dullstroom, 1 (ARC); Natal, Crowned Eagle Conservancy, Gillitts, 1 (HH); Natal, Drummond, 29°46’S, 30°53’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Everton Gorge Molweni River Trail, Pinetown Distr., 1 (HH); Natal, Glen Park station, Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Oribi Gorge Reserve, 8 km inland of Port Shepshtone, 30°42.11’S, 30°16.03’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Queensburgh, Escombe, XII 1986, 2, H. Heron (MNHW); Natal, Sarnia, 8 I 1912, 1, A,J, Janse (TM); Natal, Springside Nat. Reserve, Hillcrest, 29°46’S, 30°46’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, Tanglewood Farm Nat. Res., Pinetown, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., 8 km N of Umzinto, South Coast, 30°16’S, 30°35’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., Umzinto, 30°35’S, 30°16’E, 1 (HH); Transvaal, Nelshoogte, Knuckles grass veld, 4 XII 1986, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Transvaal, Tzaneen, Letaba Valley, 10–31 XII 1953, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 77-78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Spaeth, F. (1933 a) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 345 - 359.","Shaw, S. (1956) Some records of South African Cassidinae (Col. Chrysomelidae). Durban Museum Novitates, 4, 257 - 272.","Heron, H. & Borowiec, L. (1997) Host plants and feeding patterns of some South African tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: cassidoid Hispinae). Genus, 8, 625 - 658.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Heron, H. (2003) Tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) and their feeding patterns from the North Park Nature Reserve, Durban, KwaZulu - Natal, South Africa. Durban Museum Novitates, 28, 31 - 44.","Heron, H. (2011) Polymorphism in four tortoise beetles from Queensburgh, South Africa (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Genus, 22, 133 - 149.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Spaeth, F. (1911) Beschreibung neuer Cassididen nebst synonymischen Bemerkungen. VIII. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch - Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 61, 239 - 277."]}

Cassida sphaerula Boheman, 1854 (figs. 35, 165–167) Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: 434, 1856: 136, 1862: 335; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3658; Heron & Borowiec, 1997: 631. Cassida (Cassida) sphaerula: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Cassida Hottentotta Boheman, 1854: 435, 1856: 136, 1862: 335; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3654; Spaeth, 1914 b: 119 (as syn. of sphaerula). Description. L: 4.40–4.80 mm, W: 3.30–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.55–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.60–2.80 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.45, Wp/ Lp: 1.65–1.75. Body oval, male distinctly stouter than females (figs. 165, 166). Dorsum yellow, in the middle of eighth interval small, brown to black spot (figs. 165, 166), occasionally elytra uniformly yellow. Head form yellow to infuscate in basal corners and along sides, occasionally clypeal plate mostly dark brown with yellowish centre. Thorax usually completely black but sometimes with yellow lateral plates and basal corners of metasternum, abdomen mostly black surrounded by yellow. Legs completely yellow, or coxa black, or basal 1/3 to 1/2 of femora infuscate. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments brown, but sometimes antennae uniformly yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides from narrowly rounded to subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, mostly with fine and sparse punctation only area above head and oblique areas on sides impunctate. Distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Explanate margin moderately broad, impunctate but often with fine radial sculpture, from slightly alutaceous to shiny, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra not or slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded to subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 167), without impressions or elevated sculpture. Punctation moderately coarse arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures narrower than puncture diameter, often punctures almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly smaller than punctures in central rows. Intervals slightly convex, in sutural half slightly wider than rows, on sides narrower than rows to linear, surface shiny, marginal interval broad, twice wider than submarginal interval, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part approximately seven times narrower than disc, surface shiny, with shallow, fine but dense punctation, appears irregular. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse or angulate top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:84:48:58:32:48:55:5 2:55:97. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.7 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or shallowly impressed, shiny, with few small setose punctures, expanded apex slightly convex in the middle, with several small, dense, setose punctures, surface appears irregular. Claws simple. Host plants. Asteraceae: Arthoteca calendula (L.) Levyns. (Heron & Borowiec 1997); Berkheya sp. (label data). Distribution. South Africa (fig. 35). Remarks. A member of the Cassida sphaerula species–group. With the elytral pattern reduced to a single, very small brown to black spot or stripe on each side of elytral disc (figs. 165, 166) C. sphaerula is the less spotted species of this group. In body shape and size the most similar is C. quatuordecimsignat a but it differs in elytral disc with at least 12 small black spots (figs. 162, 163). Specimens of C. guttipennis with only few small black spots differ in their larger size and broader and more horizontal explanate margin of elytra (fig. 160), and C. vespertilio well differs in a more expanded elytral pattern with spots on the explanate margin of elytra (fig. 136). Specimens of two members of the C. andreinii species–group with a reduced elytral pattern have similar size and completely similar, regular elytral punctation but differ in claws with basal tooth and postscutellar area with more or less distuinct H–shaped elevation (figs. 236, 239). Type examined. Probably 7 syntypes of Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap B. Spei (NRS); syntype of Cassida Sphaerula Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]:Afr. mer. (ZMHU); holotype of Cassida hottentotta Boheman, 1854: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Africa merid., (NRS). Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Cape of Good Hope, 1 (NMP); Cap, 1, Staud (MM); Cape, Algoa Bay, 1, Brauns (TM); Cape, Grahamstown, 24 IX 1960, 1, A. Duff & McKoy (MM); Cape, Grootdrift farm, 27 X 1981, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Harkerville for. res., Knysna, 9–10 XI 1972, 1, van Reenen (MNHW); Cape, Hawequas, 5 XI 1973, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Helderfontein, 1150 m, 9 III 1979, 2, S. EndrödyYounga (TM); Cape, Heuningnes Riv., 28 X 1983, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Humansdorp, I 1961, 1, N. Leleup (MNHW); Cape, Knysna, 1911, 1, Rex (TM); Cape, Koornplanskloof, 10 km S Citrusdal, 32.40 S / 19.01 E, 200–270 m, 4–8 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (MNHW); Cape, Limietberge, 7 XI 1973, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape Prov., Plattenbergbaai, 17 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Cape, Port Elisabeth, 14 IV 1961, 1, A.C. van Bruggen (NNML); Cape, Tsitsikama, Witelsb., 10 XII 1978, 1, S. Endrödy – Younga (TM); Cape, Wellington, 20 VIII 1986, 4 on leaves of Arctotheca calendula, M. Way (NIC, MNHW); Cape, Zuurberg n. Addo, 24 IX 1984, 1, H. Zimmermann (NIC); Eastern Cape Prov., Zuurberg, near Addo, 33°17’S, 25°48’E, 1 (ARC); Natal, 1 (MRAC); Promot. b. sp., 1, W. Schaufuss (ZMHU); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 1896, 1, P.A. Krantz (TM); Zululand, 1905–1906, 1, J. Toppin (TM); Western Cape Prov., Cape Town, 33°59’S, 18°30’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., near Darling, 33°23’S, 18°23’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Hackerville, west of Plattenberg Bay, 34°03’S, 23°17’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Kirstenbosch, 33°59’S, 18°26’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Silvermine, Cape Peninsula, 34°06’S, 18°24’E, 1 (ARC); Western Cape Prov., Wellinghton, 33°30’S, 18°55’E, 1 (ARC)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 151-152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1854) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus secundus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 506 pp., 2 tabs.","Boheman, C. H. (1856) Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IX, Cassididae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 225 pp.","Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Heron, H. & Borowiec, L. (1997) Host plants and feeding patterns of some South African tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: cassidoid Hispinae). Genus, 8, 625 - 658.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182."]}

Cassida ghesquieri Spaeth, 1943 (figs. 19, 329–330) Cassida ghesquieri Spaeth, 1943: 60; Borowiec, 1999 a: 253. Description. L: 4.60–4.70 mm, W: 3.90–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.70 mm, Wp: 3.60–3.75 mm, L/W: 1.12–1.18, Wp/Lp ratio: 2.12–2.20. Body almost circular (fig. 329) Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow to reddish, explanate margin with reddish humeral and posterolateral spots (figs. 329, 330). Humeral spot runs slightly in distance from anterior margin of elytra. Elytral disc with small, brown spot on postscutellar elevation, two small, brown, elongate spots on second interval, first spot in 1/3, second in 2/3 length of the interval, and small elongate brown spot approximately in half length of fourth interval, sometimes disc only with spot on postscutellar elevation. Antennae yellow, last four segments infuscate. Clypeus at sides infuscate, in the middle yellowish. Thorax black, abdomen mostly black only margins yellow. Coxa and trochanters brownish black, femora yellow, only narrow ring at base brownish, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Pronotum broad, approximately 2.1 times as wide as long, with maximum width distinctly behind the middle, sides angulate. Pronotal disc regularly convex, distinctly, finely punctate, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Interspaces smooth, shiny. Explanate margin subhorizontal, at base distinctly but sparsely punctate than on disc, in anterior half punctation very shallow and distinctly sparser than at base, interspaces smooth and shiny, surface transparent with honeycomb structure. Base of elytra as wide as pronotum thus body outline without cleft between pronotal and humeral angles, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc irregularly convex in profile (fig. 330), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, with well marked H–shaped elevation forming low tubercle, interval 2 on entire length and interval 4 in the middle slightly convex. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, elevated second and partly fourth intervals from as wide as to slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row and interval combined, humeral fold usually absent, lateral fold short but distinct. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface from slightly alutaceous to shiny, yellow parts of surface transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, slightly wider than long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:78:75:63:50:59:50:53:56:125. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and only slightly longer than segment 4. Prosternum moderately in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa convex, shiny, along size with few coarse punctures, central part often with oblique, short grooves, expanded apex in the middle strongly convex, shiny with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, sides deeply impressed, with coarse, dense, setose punctures, surface appears irregular. Claws simple. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 19). Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. In body shape it looks very similar to C. troglodytes but differs in the presence of humeral and posterolateral spots on explanate margin (fig. 329) while in C. troglodytes the explanate margin of elytra is without spots, from yellow to dark red (figs. 229–231). Pronotal punctation in C. ghesquieri is slightly coarser and the pronotum slightly wider than in specimens of C. troglodytes. Maybe it is only a colour aberration of the variable and polymorphic C. troglodytes. In dorsal colour it is also similar to Cassida elgonensis and C. pernix but the first species differs in a more elongate and parallel sided body and lower postscutellar H–shaped elevation and the second species differs in size above 5 mm, lower postscutellar H–shaped elevation and yellow ventrites. Type examined. Holotype: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Rutshuru, IV 1937, J. Ghesquière (MRAC). Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kivu, Mulungu, 1939, 1 (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1943) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Phytophaga) Familie Chrysomelidae. Parc National Albert - I. Mission De Witte (1933 - 1935), 43, 47 - 62.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp."]}

Cassida penelope Boheman, 1862 (figs. 34, 320–321) Cassida Penelope Boheman, 1862: 324; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3657; Spaeth, 1933 a: 348; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272. Cassida (Cassida) Penelope: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Description. L: 5.40 mm, W: 3.80 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.25 mm, L/W: 1.42, Wp/Lp: 1.63. Body oval (fig. 320). Dorsum yellow (figs. 320, 321), head and thorax yellow only posterior corners of metathorax infuscate. Legs and antennae yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except short lateral impressions, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and sparse punctation. Distance between punctures two to four times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, indistinctly, shallowly punctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure its surface from slightly alutaceous to slightly shiny, slightly irregular. Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 321), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions, well marked H–shaped elevation and convex second interval. Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures twice coarser than punctures in submarginal rows. Intervals mostly linear, except convex second interval which is as wide as rows, marginal interval distinct, with broad humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow, but coarse and dense punctation, punctures of various size, surface appears irregular. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat apically with two small impressions, its surface shiny, impunctate. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:59:79:59:53:47:59:59:59:63:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, without special sculpture, expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, impunctate. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 34). Remarks. A very distinct species, at first glance more similar to some Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus than to any African species except C. oromiaensis. In general body shape and sculpture, C. penelope is similar to the East Palearctic species close to Cassida fuscorufa Motschulsky, 1866 but differs in an almost uniformly yellow body while Palearctic species have the dorsum reddish brown, brown to almost black and ventrites mostly black. Cassida oromiaensis at first glance is also similar to Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus but differs from C. penelope in the sides of the pronotum with irregular sculpture of punctures and wrinkles and explanate margin of pronotum and elytra deeply punctate with the surface appearing distinctly irregular while in C. penelope pronotal sides are only finely punctate without wrinkles, explanate margin of pronotum and elytra has very shallow punctures and the surface appears only slightly irregular. In C. penelope the posterolateral parts of the elytral disc are regularly punctate (fig. 321) while in C. oromiaensis additional punctures on the intervals disturb the regularity (fig. 253). Both species are separated geographically as C. penelope is known only from southern Africa while C. oromianesis occurs in Ethiopia. Type examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Spei, 1, Victorin. (NRS). Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: Waterberg Plateau Park, 21 III 1992, 1, C.W. & L.B. O’Brien & G.B. Marshall (LS)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 124-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Spaeth, F. (1933 a) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 345 - 359.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182."]}

Cassida sublesta (Weise, 1904) (figs. 43, 266–268) Odontionycha sublesta Weise, 1904 b: 173, 1910: 43; Spaeth, 1933 a: 346. Cassida sublesta: Spaeth, 1928: 10, 1933 a: 346, 1943: 58; Shaw, 1955: 237, 1956 a: 270, 1960: 370, 1961: 31; Nummelin & Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999 a: 286. Cassida (Cassida) sublesta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119, 1924: 332. Cassida (Odontionycha) sublesta Weise, 1910 d: 43, objective synonym and homonym. Cassida (Odontionycha) kilimana Spaeth, 1909: 269; Borowiec, 1999 a: 286. Cassida Kilimana: Spaeth, 1912 a: 497, 1924: 332 (as syn.). Cassida (Cassida) kilimana: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Description. L: 4.70–5.50 mm, W: 3.80–4.35 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.00–3.45 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.29, Wp/ Lp: 1.73–1.78. Body oval, more or less distinctly converging posterad, males stouter than females (figs. 266, 267). Body uniformly yellow or green, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae, some dry specimens preserve life green colour, especially on elytra (figs. 266–268). Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc almost flat, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin. Entire surface of disc with moderately coarse punctation and dense wrinkles, appears more or less irregular. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, coarse and dense punctation and with irregular interspaces, semitransparent with more or less well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc irregularly convex in profile (fig. 268), with distinct postscutellar and shallow principal impressions, often with very shallow posterolateral impressions, with H–shaped postscutellar elevation with short branches, second interval more or less convex, also central part of fourth interval convex. Punctation coarse and dense, partly regular and partly irregular, irregular punctation occupies postscutellar impressions, area laterally to the postscutellar impressions and posterolateral parts of disc, at least two sutural and two submarginal rows completely regular, distance between punctures mostly narrower or as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as or slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked, except first, second, central part of fourth, and two submarginal intervals more or less distinct, interspaces more or less convex thus surface of disc appears irregular, marginal interval distinct, broad, in humeral part as wides as two rows and one interval combined, no humeral or lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five times narrower than disc, surface coarsely, densely, irregular punctate, appears rugose, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena very short, as long as width of last palpomere. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.4 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:47:62:56:53:30:50:41:47:47:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat or only slightly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex flat, shiny, with several moderate, setose punctures. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. East Africa from Ethiopia to Zimbabwe (fig. 43). Remarks. A member of the Cassida viridipennis species–group. It belongs to the complex of three species with the punctation of the elytral disc in large part irregular. The complex comprises also C. franklinmuelleri and C. kantnerorum. Cassida franklinmuelleri well differs in elytral disc in profile forming a regular arch without a postscutellar elevation and a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.28–1.41 (figs. 269, 270). Cassida kantnerorum is very similar but differs in a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.31–1.40 (in C. sublesta 1.23–1.29) and the explanate margin of elytra slightly narrower and more declivous (figs. 276–278). Both relatives differ in the elytral disc less regularly convex with a well marked postscutellar angulation (figs. 268, 278) while Cassida sublesta differs also in a distinctly stouter body with L/W ratio 1.23–1.29 (1.28–1.41 in C. franklinmuelleri) and the explanate margin of elytra slightly broader and less declivous (figs. 266, 267). Cassida kantnerorum looks very similar, except for the irregular elytral convexity, differs also in a slightly broader explanate margin of elytra, especially in the posterior third of elytral length. Types examined. Lectotype of Odontionycha sublesta Weise, 1904, present designation: [TANZANIA]: Usambar., Schulz (ZMHU); holotype of Cassida (Odontionycha) kilimana Spaeth, 1909: [TANZANIA]: Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto, 1000–1200 m, 7 X, Sjöstedt (NRS). Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Bitshumbi, lac Edward, 27 IX 1933, 1, de Witte (IRSN); Albert Nat. Park, Bugazia, 912 m, 16 V 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ishango, 9 XII 1935, 1 H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Kabasha, Kanyabayongo, 1760 m, 7–15 XII 1934, 1, de Witte (IRSN); Albert Nat. Park, Kihubuma, rég. Mugando, 27 IV 1945, 1, G.F. de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Lac Kivu, I. Nyamarang, 9 X 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Lac Mokoto, Lukulu, 15 VIII 1935, 1, H. Damas (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Massif Ruwenzori, Moyenne Lume, Kiribata, Migeri, 1760 m, 10–15 IV 1953, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck and J. Kekenbosch (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, sur plantes basses, 1280 m, 7–15 VII 1955, 3, P. Vanschuytbroeck (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Mont Hoyo, grotte Yolohafiri, 1030 m, 8–9 VIII 1955, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Ngoma, 1460 m, 16 IX 1935, 3, H. Damas (2 MRAC, 1 MNHW); Albert Nat. Park, Nzulu, Sake, 9–14 II 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Nyakahera, affl. g. Mukandwe, 1220 m, 4 IV 1957, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MRAC); Costermansville, 3 VII 1937, 7, H.J. Brédo (MRAC); Haut Uele, Moto, VI–VII 1923, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Irumu–Mombassa, X 1931, 1, L. Lebrun (MRAC); Ituri, Bunia, VII 1937, 1, H.J. Brédo (MRAC), 1938, 2, P. Lefčvre (MRAC); Kafora, Irsak–Lwiro, 24 II 1967, 1 (SMNS); Kahuzi–Biega Park, VIII 1984, 1, L. Bartolozzi (MZUF); Kibali–Ituri, Lodjo, VIII 1939, 1, Mme Lepersonne (MRAC); Kivu, Lwiro, 23 XII 1966, 1, Dr. Jiily (SMNS); Kivu, Sake, 19–22 II 1934, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Kivu, Sange, Ruzizi, III 1957, 3, J. Decelle (MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Uvira, XII 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Rutshuru, 12 V 1936, 1, 26 V 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MRAC); Tanganika terr., Musosa, 980 m, XI 1953, 1, H. Bomans (MNHW); Uele, Dingila, 4 V 1933, 1, 1 VIII 1933, 1, H.J. Bredo (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Kalumogongo, 1780 m, 21 I 1948, 1, de Witte (MRAC). ETHIOPIA: Beda–Kesa, 5 III 1947, 1, G. Bexell (NRS); Gumma, V 1938, 1, C. Recchia (MZSNV); Shawa pr., mt. Managesha, 30 km SW Adis Ababa, 2700 m, XI 1990, 1, Medvedev & Samodrzhenkov (LM). KENYA: Elsamere, 27 III 1997, 3, 5 IV 1998, 1, ABD (TD, MNHW); Kaimosi, II 1949, 1, van Someren (BMNH); Kikuyu–Est, Kijabe, 2100 m, XII 1911, 9, Alluaud & Jeannel (MNHN); Meru Park, Upper Imenti Forest, VI 1973, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Molo, Mau Esc., 2150–2200 m, 1, P. Basilevsky and N. Leleup (MRAC); Mt Elgon, 2010 m, 19–25 I 1979, 1, T. Palm (LU); Naivasha, Joan Root, 8 IV 2002, 1, ABD (TD); Naivasha, Rift Valley, XII 1903, 1, Ch. Alluaud (MNHN); Nandi occ., Nyangueri, X 1904, 1, Ch. Alluaud (MNHN); Nyanza, Macalder, 9–11 XII 1973, 1, H. Silfverberg (MNHW); Yala River, Kisumu, IX 1916, 1, G. Babault (MNHN). MALAWI: Cholo. 1919–1920, 3, R.C. Wood (BMNH); Zomba Plateau, 1500 m, 16 III 1991, 1, C. Bayer (MS). RWANDA: Gatsibu, 1800 m, terr. Biumba, 6 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kagogo, Terr. Ruhengeri, 29 I 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kayove, terr. Kisenyi, 14 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kinazi, terr. Nyanza, 5–8 I 1953, 3, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Nyngwe, Mt. Muzimu, 2°20’S /29L17’E, 2750 m, 24 III 2007, 1, T. Wagner (TW); Rusumo, Ibanda, Makera, X 1993, 1 ex. Teclea nobilis (Rutaceae), T. Wagner (TW); SW Ruanda, 2000 m, 7 IX 1911, 1, H. Meyer (ZMHU). SUDAN: Equatoria, Lotti forest, 14–17 III 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH) TANZANIA: Moschi, 1000 m, V 1902, 1, Merker (ZMHU); N Nyassa, Kinga – Geb. n. Langenburg, I 1899, 1, Fülleborn (MNHW). UGANDA: Burindi Nat. Park, Nyaigura, 40 km NW Kabale, 2500 m., 30 XII 1995, 1, A. Freidberg & I. Yarom (TAU); Entebbe, 1, F.J. Jackson (BMNH); Kampala, 1930, 1 (LS); Kibale Forest, 1 XII 1983, 1, 19 I 1985, 1, 23 III 1985, 1, M. Nummelin (ZMUH); Kibale Forest, Toro Distr., 4 III 1973, 1, H. Gřnget (ZMC); Mabira, 1, R.A. Dummar (MNHW); Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 3.500 –3.800 ft., 16–25 VII 1911, 1, S. A. Neave (BMNH); Mujenje, IX 1913, 1, Katona (HNHM); Victoria–Nyanza, Sesse Is., Bugala, 1908, 1, E. Bayon (MZSNG). ZAMBIA: Musosa, IX 1939, 3, H.J. Bredo (IRSN, MNHW). ZIMBABWE: Matopos, Matabele, 1, G.A. Marshall (BMNH)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 154-156, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1933 a) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 345 - 359.","Spaeth, F. (1928) Neue Cassidinen aus dem Museum zu Stockholm. Arkiv for zoologi, 19 A, 30, 1 - 11.","Spaeth, F. (1943) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Phytophaga) Familie Chrysomelidae. Parc National Albert - I. Mission De Witte (1933 - 1935), 43, 47 - 62.","Shaw, S. (1955) LXV. Coleoptera Chrysomelidae. Cassidinae. Contributions a l'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda - Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, 40, 231 - 239.","Shaw, S. (1956) Some records of South African Cassidinae (Col. Chrysomelidae). Durban Museum Novitates, 4, 257 - 272.","Nummelin, M. & Borowiec, L. (1991) Cassidinae beetles of the Kibale Forest, western Uganda; comparison between virgin and managed forests. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 10 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.1992. tb 00474. x","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Spaeth, F. (1924) Insectes Coleopteres Cassidinae. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique orientale (1911 - 1912), Resultats scientifiques, Coleoptera XVIII, 1924, 275 - 363.","Weise, J. (1910) Chrysomelidae von Madagascar, den Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas. In: A. Voeltzkow Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903 - 1905 mit Mitteln der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann Wentzel - Stiftung ausgefuhrt. Band II. Heft 5. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 419 - 506.","Spaeth, F. (1909) 7. Coleoptera. 13. Cassidae. In: Sjostedt, I. (Ed.), Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massai - steppen Deutsch - Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Ingve Sjostedt. Band 1. Abteilung 7. Almoqvist & Wiksells, Uppsala, pp. 267 - 287.","Spaeth, F. (1912 a). Ostafrikanische Cassiden. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 10, 496 - 508."]}

Cassida calvaria (Weise, 1900) (figs. 7, 75–77) Odontionycha calvaria Weise, 1900: 215. Cassida (Cassida) calvaria: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Cassida calvaria: Borowiec, 1999: 241. Description. L: 4.90–5.00 mm, W: 3.95–4.10 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.65 mm, Wp: 2.95–3.05 mm, L/W: 1.22–1.25, Wp/ Lp: 1.84–1.85. Body almost circular (figs. 75, 76). Pronotum yellow in anterior half and brown in posterior half, the brown occupies also basal part of explanate margin. The dark spot is not colcolour but forms some paler coloured, yellowish to yellowish brown areas especially on top of disc and in front of scutellum. Scutellum yellow to yellowish brown, ground colour of elytral disc yellowish brown to brown with paler coloured, yellowish wrinkles, yellow part of marginal row below humerus, yellow lateral fold and yellow apical part of marginal interval. In pale forms postscutellar tubercle and posterior tubercles partly or completely yellowish, in dark forms the tubercles dark brown. Explanate margin yellow, in typical form with broad brown humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot extending to anterior margin of elytra and only humeral spine is yellowish (fig. 76). In pale form pattern of the explanate margin forms semicircular figure, inside with large fenestrate yellow spot, humeral angle largely yellow (fig. 75). Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Antennae yellow only apical segment partly infuscate. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Area above head slightly impressed, lateral lobes well marked, distinctly bordered from explanate margin by deep impression. Surface of disc shiny, with fine and very sparse punctation. Distance between punctures several times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces smooth. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, yellow part transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, margin of elytra behind humeral angle shallowly emarginate thus angles spiniform. Disc convex, strongly sculptured, with high postscutellar tubercle and high tubercles in posterior 2/3 length of the second interval (fig. 77), area between postscutellar and posterior tubercles, sides of disc and slop with several longitudinal and transverse folds or wrinkles, in dark coloured specimens the sculpture stronger than in pale coloured forms. Punctation coarse and dense, distance between punctures mostly smaller than puncture diameter. Punctures tend to form regular rows but the regularity is disturbed by elytral relief, especially on top of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures approximately twice coarser than punctures in central rows, interspaces convex, form short folds. Intervals when visible then slightly narrower than rows, marginal interval well marked, especially in anterior half, in humeral part twice wider than lateral intervals, no humeral fold but distinct lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, slightly declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface with some impressions, with shallow, but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, only yellow parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Entire surface of elytra shiny. Eyes very large in male slightly larger than in female, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, in female slightly longer than wide, in male 1.3 times as long as wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eye, converging in arch or obtuse angle, surface of clypeus shallowly impressed on entire length or only on apex, its surface shiny, without punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length.Antennae slim, segments 9–10 elongate, 1.2–1.3 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:55:73:61:64:55:55:55:58:55:127. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxae flat without special sculpture, central part of expanded apex slightly convex, shiny, without sculpture, lateral parts impressed with irregular surface. Claws with large basal tooth. Host plant. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes aspera L. var. pubescens (Moq.) Towns (Heron 2016); Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. (H. Heron letter inf.). Distribution. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia (fig. 7). Remarks. A very distinct species with no close relatives in the African fauna. It is recognized by the dorsal pattern with dark, brown to almost black patches on pronotal disc, base of pronotal explanate margin, humeral and posterolateral spots on elytral explanate margin sometimes coalescent with central, yellow fenestral spot, more or less dark elytral disc combined with a distinct postscutellar hump, and short, elevated, elongate folds on the slope of disc (figs. 75, 76). Both humeral and posterolateral dark spots on elytral explanate margin are found only in Cassida tarda (figs. 83, 84) and C. vespertilio (fig. 136) but both differ in elytral disc without a postscutellar hump and without folds on the elytral slope. A large, dark humeral spots on the elytral explanate margin and spots at the base of the pronotal margin combined with mostly dark elytral and pronotal discs is found in C. rogozinskii (fig. 107) but this species differs in the absence of posterolateral spots on the elytral explanate margin, the elytral disc behind scutellum only slightly convex, without hump, and slope of elytral disc without elongate folds. The darkest forms of C. guttipennis (fig. 161) have a mostly dark anterior part of elytral explanate margin with yellow fenestral spot, but they differ in the elytral disc regularly convex without a postscutellar hump and without elongate folds on the slope. Type examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: Mombo, VII 1899 (ZMHU). Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Albert Nat. Park, Secteur Nord, Ngokoi affl., Talya, 1080 m, 1, P. Vanschuytbroeck (MNHW). SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Palmiet Nat. Res., Westville, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Paradise Valley Nat. Res., Pinetown, 29°49’54’’S, 30°53’30’’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Nagle Dam, Umgeni Valley, near Cato Ridge, 29°35’S, 30°37’E, 1 (HH). UGANDA: Bwamba, 7 VIII 1946, 1, Van Someren (BMNH). ZAMBIA: Livingstone, 29 XII 1991, 1 (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Weise, J. (1900) Einige neue Hispinen und Cassidinen von Paul Weise in Usambara gesammelt. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1900, 213 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48019000128","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Heron, H. (2016) Possible mimetic relationships between South African spiders and tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae). SANSA News, 26, 9 - 10."]}

Cassida oromiaensis sp. nov. (figs. 23, 252–253) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A6A763CE-F239-4094-94F1-256967A8F17F Etymology. Named after Oromia Region in Ethiopia where the locus typicus Gembi village is placed. Description. L: 5.45 mm, W: 4.15 mm, Lp: 2.00 mm, Wp: 3.35 mm, L/W: 1.31, Wp/Lp: 1.68. Body elongateoval, almost parallel sided (fig. 252). Entire body, including head, ventrites, legs and antennae yellowish green (figs. 252, 253), only last antennal segment infuscate apically. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Area above head only slightly impressed, sides of disc distinctly bordered from explanate margin by thin sulcus. Surface of disc shiny, moderately coarse, area above head and top of disc with moderately coarse and sparse punctation, sides with punctures and irregular wrinkles. Explanate margin broad, with shallow, moderately dense punctation, surface appears slightly irregular, in the only known specimen not transparent thus honeycomb structure invisible. Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc slightly irregularly convex in profile with well marked but thin H–shaped elevation (fig. 253) and slightly elevated second interval, with distinct postscutellar, principal and shallow posterolateral impressions. Punctation moderately coarse and dense, on sides slightly coarser than on top of disc, mostly irregular but with regular first and posterior part of second row, and two submarginal rows, distance between punctures from twice narrower to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in central rows. Intervals mostly not marked except slightly elevated second interval, posterior half of first interval, and narrow submarginal interval, marginal interval broad, as wide as two submarginal rows and submarginal interval combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and punctation and numerous wrinkles, appears irregular, not transparent thus honeycomb structure invisible. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in obtuse angle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:59:56:53:44:59:50:50:62:106. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as wide as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly canaliculate, shiny, without special sculpture except few very small setose punctures, expanded apex shiny, slightly convex in central part, shallowly impressed laterally, shiny, with few moderately coarse, setose punctures, surface appears regular. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. Ethiopia, Oromia Region (fig. 23). Remarks. A very distinct species, at first glance more similar to some Palearctic members of the nominotypical subgenus than to any African species except C. penelope from southern Africa. Cassida oromiaensis differs in sides of pronotum with irregular sculpture of punctures and wrinkles and explanate margin of pronotum and elytra deeply punctate with surface appearing distinctly irregular while in C. penelope pronotal sides are only finely punctate without wrinkles, explanate margin of pronotum and elytra with very shallow punctation and surface appearing only slightly irregular. In C. penelope the posterolateral parts of the elytral disc are regularly punctate while in C. oromiaensis additional punctures on intervals disrturb the regularity. Both species are separated geographically, as C. penelope is known only from southern Africa while C. oromianesis occurs in Ethiopia. Type examined. Holotype: [ETHIOPIA]: Ethiopia / Gembi nr. Agaro / 15.6.1963 (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 117-118, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida delenifica Boheman, 1862 (figs. 13, 155–157) Cassida delenifica Boheman, 1862: 313; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3653; Borowiec, 1999: 246. Cassida (Cassida) delenifica: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Description. L: 5.15–5.70 mm, W: 4.20–4.65 mm, Lp: 1.80–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.30–3.65 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.23, Wp/ Lp: 1.78–1.89. Body short–oval (figs. 155, 156). Pronotum yellow, disc with large, brown M–shaped spot of widened bases of lateral branches. Scutellum yellow. Elytral disc yellow with brown to black pattern: always available round spot at top of postscutellar elevation, small stripe inside postscutellar impression, two short stripes at base of disc and two spots on second interval behind its half length (fig. 155). In darker forms postscutellar impressions mostly brown to black, humeral area dark, sides of disc with several patches, partly coalescent and top of disc with some small spots (figs. 156, 157). Explanate margin yellow with brown to black sutural spot. Head, ventrites legs and antennae uniformly yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded to subangulate, no basal corners, lateral lobes indistinct, sides indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except sort impression laterally. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, with very sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc moderately convex, with distinct postscutellar and shallow principal impressions and well marked H–shaped postscutellar elevation but not tuberculate in profile (fig. 157). Punctation coarse and dense, arranged in completely regular rows, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear, only second interval on slope as wide as rows and distinctly convex, marginal interval as wide as submarginal row and interval combined, no humeral fold, lateral fold short but distinct. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part slightly more than three times narrower than disc, surface shiny, shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.3 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, run close to margin of eye, converging in triangle with obtuse top, surface of clypeus flat or shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae moderately slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.2 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:67:67:63:50:53:57:57:60:120. Segment 3 approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4. Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny without special sculpture, expanded part slightly convex, shiny, with few small, setose punctures. Claws simple. Distribution. Cameroon and Nigeria. Specimen from Tanzania probably mislabelled (fig. 13). Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Its pronotal and elytral pattern is similar to patterns of several species of the group such as pale forms of C. depicta (fig. 129), C. natalensis (fig. 134), C. irregularis (fig. 140) and dark forms of C. lacrymosa (fig. 186) but C. delenifica distinctly differs from all species of the group in the presence of a sutural spot on the explanate margin of elytra (figs. 155, 156). Type examined. Holotype: [NIGERIA]: Old Calabar, Murray (NRS) Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Jaunde, X 1914, 1, Tesmann (MNHW); Joh.–Albrechtshöhe, 7 X–22 XI 1898, 1, L. Conradt (MNHW); Kamerunberg, 1 (MNHW); Mueli, N slope of Kamerungeb., 600 m, II 1858, 1, Hartwig (MNHW). TANZANIA: Victoria Nyansa, Ukerewe Is., 1, Conrads (ZMHU)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182."]}

Cassida pernix Spaeth, 1917 (figs. 28, 105–106) Cassida pernix Spaeth, 1917: 433; Shaw, 1961: 31; Borowiec, 1999 a: 272. Description. L: 5.10–5.15 mm, W: 4.20 mm, Lp: 1.90 mm, Wp: 3.50–3.55 mm, L/W: 1.21–1.23, Wp/Lp: 1.84– 1.87. Body almost circular (fig. 105). Pronotum reddish yellow to reddish, disc on sides with two darker reddish spots of diffused borders. Scutellum yellow reddish, elytral disc reddish, often top of disc paler reddish yellow and sides darker reddish. Explanate margin yellow reddish with broad, reddish humeral and posterolateral spots, humeral spot not extending to humeral angle (figs. 105, 106). Head, thorax, abdomen and legs yellow Antennal segments 1–7 yellow, segments 8–10 black, last segment black dorsally, ventral sides in basal half black, in apical half yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides angulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc shiny, with fine to moderately coarse, moderately dense punctation. Distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice times wider than puncture diameter, interspaces regular. Explanate margin broad, shiny, impunctate, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 106), with distinct postscutellar and principal impressions, and thin H–shaped elevation. Punctation moderately coarse, arranged in regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter and interspaces slightly convex but surface appears regular. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures in central rows. Intervals mostly linear except slightly convex second interval which is twice narrower than rows, marginal interval distinct, as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, with more or less distinct humeral and distinct lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part 4 times narrower than disc, surface with shallow and dense punctation and numerous wrinkles, appears irregular, on pale parts transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, run close to margin of eyes then converging in angle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/4 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wid. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100: 55:87:74:74:52:61:61:68:71:129. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, without special sculpture, expanded apex with several elongate punctures, surface appears irregular. Claws simple. Distribution. Eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 28). Remarks. A distinct species, its predominantly reddish colour of elytral disc and red humeral and posterolateral spots on explanate margin are unique. Only Cassida elgonensis and C. ghesquieri from the C. lacrymosa speciesgroup have similar colour but C. elgonensis differs in a more elongate and parallel sided body, mostly black ventrites, higher H–shaped postscutellar elevation and a more elevated second interval; C. ghesquieri differs in length below 5 mm and mostly black ventrites. Types examined. Three syntypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kapiri, IX 1912, Miss. Agric. (MRAC); four syntypes: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Elisabethville, IX 1911, Miss. Agric. (MM, MRAC, MNHW). Other specimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Katanga, La Kasepa, 23 IX 1923, 1, Ch. Seydel (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, galerie riv. Lusinga, 24 V 1945, 1, de Witte (MRAC)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1917) Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ost - und Zentralafrikanischen Cassidinen. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15, 422 - 444.","Shaw, S. (1961) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae). Exploration du Parc National de lʼUpemba - Mission G. F. De Witte (1946 - 1949), fasc. 63 (2), 9 - 37.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp."]}

Cassida schoutedeni Spaeth, 1932 (figs. 41, 80–82) Cassida schoutedeni Spaeth, 1932: 233; Shaw, 1955: 237; Nummelin & Borowiec, 1991: 14; Borowiec, 1999 a: 282. Description. L: 3.90–4.80 mm, W: 3.35–3.90 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.50–3.10 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.24, Wp/ Lp: 1.76–1.88. Body from almost circular to short–oval, males distinctly stouter than females (figs. 80, 81). In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc black sometimes with indistinct dark brown patches of diffused borders at top (figs. 80, 81), sometimes black occupies only central part of disc without lateral lobes and area above head, occasionally disc mostly yellow with brown to black V–shaped figure in front of the scutellum. Scutellum yellowish to yellowish brown, elytral disc in typically coloured specimens black except yellow marginal interval, in some specimens elevated sculpture of disc mostly or partly yellowish to yellowish brown. Explanate margin always yellow. Head yellow, usually with black basal corners, thorax black, abdomen mostly black more or less surrounded by yellow. Coxa black, rest of legs yellow. Antennae yellow, apical segments sometimes partly infuscate. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Disc on sides bordered from explanate margin by deep sulcus, lateral lobes more or less distinct. Surface of disc more or less alutaceous, often slightly irregular, microreticulate, with fine to moderate punctation. Distance between punctures varies from twice to five times wider than puncture diameter, specimens with black disc more dense punctured than specimens with mostly yellow disc. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately to much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate to rounded. Disc slightly depressed in profile (fig. 82), with deep postscutellar and principal impressions and high H–shaped elevation, also second interval on entire length and fourth interval in the middle elevated, sides of disc and slope with irregular folds and wrinkles. Punctation coarse and dense, tends to form regular rows, but regularity of rows interrupted by elytral relief, punctures in rows almost touching each other. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures in central rows. Intervals except elevated parts of second and fourth interval linear, marginal interval narrow, as wide as submarginal row, with short humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, surface shiny with shallow but coarse and dense punctation, appears irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat with small apical impression, its surface shiny with several very small, setose punctures. Labrum broadly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:57:75:75:54:57:50:46:50:54:143. Segment 3 approximately 1.3 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4. Prosternum broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa in the middle flat, along sides with row of coarse, setose punctures, central part shiny several small, setose punctures, expanded apex mostly flat, only slightly impressed on sides, central area shiny with few moderately coarse, setose punctures and some short grooves, impressed sides with dense, coarse, setose punctures. Claws with moderate basal tooth. Distribution. Mountain regions of Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (fig. 41). Remarks. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. Its almost compltetely black pronotal and elytral disc and immaculate explanate margins places this species close to similarly coloured forms of C. humerosa and C. depicta. The first of these two species distinctly differs in a yellow scutellum and usually completely yellow antennae (fig. 92). Cassida depicta is very similar and differs in the surface of the pronotal disc between punctures less distinctly microreticulate, appearing shiny and dark, elytral disc deep black, without small reddish spots (fig. 132) while in C. schoutedeni surface of the pronotal disc between the punctures is distinctly microreticulate, appearing more or less alutaceous and elytral disc is not deep black, at least with reddish diffused borders, often on the dorsal surface and elytral relief with small reddish spots with diffused borders (figs. 80, 81). Type examined. Lectotype and two paralectotypes, present designation: [RWANDA]: Kissenyi, 21 XII 1925, H. Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, Lulenga, 14 XI 1925, Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Kivu, Burunga, 7 XII 1925, H. Schouteden (MRAC); paralectotype, present designation: [DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, Tschibinda, XI 1932, 2, L. Burgeon (MM). Other specimens examined. Kivu, Butembe, vall. de la Musosa, V 1967, 1, Leieune (MRAC); Kivu, Goma, X 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Kivu, Loashi, VIII 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Kivu, Lulenga, 14 XI 1925, 2, Schouteden (MM, MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Tschibinda, XI 1932, 2, L. Burgeon (MNHW); W Ruwenzori, Beni, II 1908, 1, Herzog Exp. (ZMHU). KENYA: Kakamega Forest, Isiukhu River, IX 2001, 1, Freud, Wagner et al. (TW); Kakamega Forest, Kaimosi, IX 2001, 1, T. Wagner et al. (TW); Kikuyu Escp., Kijabe to Limoru, 6–10 III 1911, 1, S.A. Neave (MNHW); Mt. Elgon Nat. Park, near Chepnyalil Cave, dry evergreen montane forest, 2500 m, 24–28 I 1992, 1, O. Merkl and G. Várkonyi (HNHM); Mt. Elgon, E side of Kaptega River, 2050 m, 4 I 1965, 4, A. Holm (NRS); Mt. Elgon, Koitoboss, 2050 m, 22 I 1938, 1, A. Holm (MNHW). RWANDA: Kayove, 2000 m, terr. Kisenyi, 14 II 1953, 1, P. Basilevsky (MRAC); Kigali, 28–31 I 1976, 1, J. Decelle (MRAC). UGANDA: env. Entebbe, 8–13 XII 1994, 3, M. Snižek (MS, MNHW); Fort Portal, 15 km E Sebitoli, 1400 m, 23 XI–5 XII 1994, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Kabarole, Kibale Forest N.P., Kanyawara, 0°33’N, 30°21’E, 1200–1400 m, VIII 1997, 1, Chr. Häuser leg. (SMNS); Rwenzori Mt., Nyakalengija, 31 I 2006, 1, P. Machacek (MS)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1932) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 2 - 22 + 227 - 241.","Shaw, S. (1955) LXV. Coleoptera Chrysomelidae. Cassidinae. Contributions a l'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda - Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky). Annales du Musee Royal du Congo Belge, 40, 231 - 239.","Nummelin, M. & Borowiec, L. (1991) Cassidinae beetles of the Kibale Forest, western Uganda; comparison between virgin and managed forests. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 10 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2028.1992. tb 00474. x","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp."]}

Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2001 (figs. 10, 313–314) Cassida sp. 1: Kleinjan & Scott, 1996: 103. Cassida chrysanthemoides Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2001: 155. Description. L: 4.70–5.50, W: 3.60–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.90–3.20 mm, L/W: 1.23–1.38, Wp/Lp: 1.78–1.81. Body short–oval, sides moderately, regularly rounded (fig. 313). Uniformly yellow–green to yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, only apex of last antennal segment slightly infuscate (figs. 313, 314). Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width approximately in the middle, sides more or less angulate. Surface of disc with hardly visible, fine, very shallow punctation, punctures as coarse as those of elytral disc. On sides and on top of pronotal disc punctures sparse, distance between them from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Surface between punctures completely regular. Explanate margin of pronotum appears impunctate, its surface completely regular. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex in profile, without impressions (fig. 314). Punctation fine, shallow, and moderately dense, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to twice wider than puncture diameter, surface of elytral disc appears regular. Explanate margin moderately declivous, punctures as coarse as but slightly sparser than on disc. Eyes large, gena short, distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum more than twice shorter than eye length. Clypeus broad, approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves deep, converging in triangle with slightly concave sides, surface of clypeal plate flat, with several small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae short, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:60:60:62:63:67:73:70:63:64:113. Segment 3 approximately as long as 2 and only slightly shorter than 4. Prosternum narrow in the middle, moderately expanded apically, area between coxa deeply impressed, canaliculate, shiny, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, without special sculpture except several very small, setose punctures. Claws simple but with broad base. Host plants. Asteraceae: Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera (L.) Norlindh, Ch. monilifera pisifera (L.) Norlindh (Kleinjan & Scott, 1996). Distribution. Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 10). Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the group of species with broad body and strongly explanate elytral margins. At first glance C. chrysanthemoide is similar to C. spatiosiformis, C. spatiosa, C. diversepunctata and C. foveolatipennis. The last species distinctly differs in extremely coarse and dense elytral punctation and distinctly larger size (length 5.80–6.30 mm vs. 4.70–5.50). Cassida diversepunctata differs in slightly coarser elytral punctation, elytral disc more regularly convex (figs. 315, 316) and larger size with length 5.90–6.80 mm. Cassida spatiosa differs in sparser punctation with presence of two narrow impunctate stripes (in position of third and anterior half of fifth interval in regularly punctate species, fig. 311) while in C. chrysanthemoides elytra is densely punctate and punctures arranged completely irregular. Cassida spatiosiformis is the most similar but differs in base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum and coarser but sparser punctation of pronotum and elytra. Type examined. Holotype and 2 paratypes: SOUTH AFRICA: Lab. reared ex S, Africa, Cape, Brenton –on– Sea, 34.05 S 23.00 E, 24 XI 1988, reared on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); three paratypes: S. Africa, Cape, Silvermine, 34.06 S 18.24 E, XI 1987, on leaves of Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, M. Way (NIC); two paratypes: Africa, Cape, Brenton –on– Sea, 34.05 S 23.00 E, 24 XI 1988, reared on leaves Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. pisifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW). Other specimens examined. Lab. reared ex S, Africa, Cape, Brenton –on– Sea, 34.05 S 23.00 E, XI 1988, 1 ex. collected on Chrysanthemoides monilifera, J. Scott, Kleinjan (MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Borowiec, L. & Swietojanska, J. (2001) Revision of Cassida litigiosa group from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Annales Zoologici Warszawa, 51, 153 - 184.","Kleinjan, C. A. & Scott, J. K. (1996) Selection of Cassida spp. from southern Africa for the biological control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia. Annals of Applied Biology, 128, 94 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1996. tb 07099. x"]}

Cassida garambana sp. nov. (figs. 19, 282–283) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 91AA9F4C-A80F-4F35-B11B-C3D963EF7885 Etymology. Named after its terra typica, Garamba National Park in northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Description. L: 4.07 mm, W: 3.20 mm, Lp: 1.50 mm, Wp: 2.60 mm, L/W: 1.25, Wp/Lp: 1.73. Body almost circular (fig. 282). Pronotum uniformly yellow. Scutellum and elytra yellow, punctures in lateral rows 7–9 and few punctures on slope with indistinct reddish–brown areola, apical part of suture infuscate (figs. 282, 283). Clypeus brown with blackish basal corners and sides, thorax black, abdomen black narrowly surrounded by yellow. Coxa trochanters and extreme base of femora dark brown, rest of legs yellow. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segments 7–11 gradually brown to black. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width at basal 1/3, sides narrowly rounded. Disc moderately convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short furrow. Surface of disc shiny, with fine, shallow but dense punctation, distance between punctures from slightly narrower to as wide as puncture diameter, only area above head impunctate. Explanate margin smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly, moderately convex in profile (fig. 283), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions, and low and obtuse H–shaped elevation, in front not surrounding postscutellar impressions, and with short posterior branches. Punctation fine, regular, distance between punctures in rows mostly as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, with sparse punctures, distinctly coarser than punctures in lateral rows. Intervals mostly twice wider than rows, flat, microreticulate but shiny. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, with short humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part 3.5 times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin shallowly but densely punctate, appears slightly irregular, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, slightly longer than wide, frontal grooves fine, runs close to margin of eye, on top converging in angulation. Surface of clypeal plate flat, microreticulate bit shiny with several very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum distinctly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 approximately as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:79:63:58:42:50:50:46:50:96. Segment 3 approximately 1.6 times as long as segment 2 and 1.3 times as long as segment 4. Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa canaliculate with oblique wrinkles, central part of rhomboidal apex convex, sides impressed, surface with wrinkles and setose punctures, appears rugose. Claws with small basal tooth. Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo (Garamba National Park) (fig. 19). Remarks. A unique species. Its almost circular body, elytral disc without hump, only with a low H–shaped elevation, and elytral punctation completely regular (fig. 282) place it closer to the Oriental species of the C. nigriventris species–group especially to C. cognobilis Spaeth, C. fukhanica Medvedev & Eroshkina, C. nigriventris Boheman and C. subtilis Weise than to any of African species. All Oriental species distinctly differ in subangulate pronotal sides. Among small African species with a completely yellow dorsum it is similar only the C. capensis, C. senegalensis and the pale form of C. luxuriosa. First two species distinctly differ in subangulate or angulate pronotal sides (figs. 287, 280). Cassida luxuriosa differs in a less circular body (fig. 284) and completely yellow ventrites (in C. garambana partly black). Type examined. Holotype: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Congo Belge, P.N.G. / Miss. H. De Saeger / II/gd/10, 28–XII–1951 / H. De Saeger. 1954 // Cassida sp.? / near to / C. trepidula Sp. / det. S. Shaw 1965 (MRAC)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida emontinensis sp. nov. (figs. 8, 322–323) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AACC09E2-0DED-430C-8808-18878F690EEA Etymology. Named after its type locality East London which in Xhosa language is named eMonti. Description. L: 5.20–5.80 mm, W: 4.40–4.75 mm, Lp: 2.00–2.20 mm, Wp: 3.10–3.35 mm, L/W: 1.18–1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.52–1.60. Body almost circular (fig. 322). Pronotum yellow. Elytra yellow with black stripe in postscutellar area. Basal margin of pronotum and anterior margin of elytral disc narrowly black (figs. 322, 323). Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width slightly before middle, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc moderately convex, indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, with indistinctly separated area above head. Surface of disc impunctate, shiny. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with honeycomb structure. Scutellum triangular, without punctures, rows or wrinkles. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum. Humeri distinctly protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc in profile distinctly, regularly convex, with top of convexity in postscutellar area (fig. 323), without postscutellar and principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation. Punctation of disc regular, moderately coarse and moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to twice wider than puncture diameter. Punctures on slope as dense as on other parts of disc. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as in submarginal row. Intervals on op of disc twice wider than rows, on sides from as wide as to 1.5 times as wide as rows, interspaces on sides of elytra not convex, surface of elytral sides appears regular. Marginal interval distinct, approximately as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin of elytra moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part four times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly, densely punctate, appears distinctly irregular. Head broad, eyes large, gena very short. Clypeus approximately 1.2 times as wide as long, with distinct clypeal lines converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeus flat, shiny, with few very small setose punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate. Antennae slim, segments 8–10 distinctly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:53:58:58:53:44:56:53:53:61:108, segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2, and as wide as segment 4. Prosternal process moderately broad, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny with several small, hairy punctures, rhomboidal apex with round impression in the middle, shiny with several small hairy punctures. Claws simple. Distribution. East Cape Province in South Africa (fig. 8). Remarks. A member of the Cassida unimaculata species–group. Cassida emontinensis is intermediate between C. drakensbergensis and C. unimaculata The three species have an almost circular body, strongly convex elytral disc without impressions and H–shaped elevation, broadly rounded sides of pronotum with no lateral corners, impunctate pronotal disc of, regularly punctate elytral disc, yellow ventrites and antennae, and a characteristic elytral pattern with small a black marking in the postscutellar area (fig. 322, 324, 326). Like in C. drakensbergensis it has very narrow spot in the postscutellar area forming a stripe not extending behind sutural border (fig. 322) while in C. unimaculata the spot is broad, usually round, only occasionally elongate (figs. 326, 327), but unlike C. drakensbergensis its elytral punctation is moderately coarse and moderately dense like in C. unimaculata. Like in C. unimaculata the interspaces on the sides of the elytra are not convex, not forming a low folds thus the surface of elytral sides appears only slightly irregular, while in C. drakensbergensis the interspaces are slightly convex, form some folds thus the surface of elytral sides appears partly irregular). The surface of the explanate margin of elytra in Cassida emontinensis is distinctly irregular, like in C. drakensbergensis (regular to only slightly irregular in C. unimaculata), but punctures in the anterolateral and central part of the elytra without dark areola, like in C. unimaculata (with dark areola in C. drakensbergensis). Types examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: EAST LONDON / 4.–8.XII.1950 / R. M. Martin (MNHW); two paratypes: the same data as holotype (MNHW).

Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862 (figs. 17, 193–195) Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862: 319; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3653; Spaeth, 1939: 18; Borowiec, 1999: 250. Cassida (Cassida) eluta: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917: 433; Borowiec, 1999: 242, n. syn. Description. L: 4.30–4.70 mm, W: 3.20–3.50 mm, Lp: 1.60–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.70–2.90 mm, L/W: 1.34–1.35, Wp/ Lp: 1.62–1.71. Body oval, widest in the middle, on sides only slightly rounded (figs. 193–194). Pronotum and scutellum pale yellow. Elytra pale yellow, disc with brown pattern of small brown spots. Always is present spot on postscutellar elevation and two small spots in and behind the middle of elevated second interval. In the palest specimens also few punctures with brownish areola but disc appears mostly yellow. In the darkest specimens most punctures have brown areola, some areolae connected and form small, irregular patches thus elytral disc appears distinctly maculate (figs. 193, 194). Clypeus in the palest specimens uniformly yellow, in spotted specimens basal margin and corners brown but the brown colour occupies not more than 1/3 of surface of clypeal plate. Ventrites in the palest specimens mostly yellow only prosternum between coxae and basal part of metasternum brownish. In spotted specimens entire pro–, meso–, and metasternum brownish except yellow epimera and episterna. Abdomen always yellow. Antennae and legs completely yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc slightly convex, on sides separated from explanate margin by short furrow. Surface of disc glabrous, smooth and shiny. Explanate margin glabrous, smooth, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra moderately wider than base of pronotum, basal margin of disc with very small black crenulation, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, distinctly angulate to subacute. Disc only slightly convex in profile, almost depressed, with top of convexity in postscutellar point (fig. 195), with well marked scutellar and principal impressions, also on sides of disc punctures tend to form shallowly impressed fields. Postscutellar area with distinct H–shaped elevation, in front surrounding postscutellar impressions, behind prolongates to slightly elevated second intervals. Punctation moderately coarse, regular but appears slightly irregular because punctures tend to group 2–3 together with larger and partly convex intervals between groups. Marginal row distinct, with dense punctures, as coarse as punctures in lateral rows. Intervals narrow, on sides of disc linear, only intervals 1 and mostly and interval 3 on slope well marked, interval 2 on entire length and interval 3 on slope slightly convex. Regularity of intervals disturbed by arrangement of punctures and elevated interspaces. Marginal interval well marked on entire length, broad, in anterior half almost twice wider than lateral intervals, with well marked humeral and lateral folds. Surface of intervals glabrous, smooth and shiny. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part five times narrower than disc. Surface of explanate margin very shallowly punctate, appears almost regular, glabrous, shiny, transparent with well marked honeycomb structure. Eyes large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, 1.14 times as wide as log, frontal grooves very fine, converging in triangle. Surface of clypeal plate flat or with shallow impression apically, glabrous and shiny with several very small setose punctures. Part of clypeus between clypeal triangle and margin of eyes with a row of long hair. Labrum distinctly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae slim but short, segments 9–10 slightly wider than long. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:86:75:64:57:50:50:54:57:107. Segment 3 approximately 1.34 times as long as segment 2 and 1.15 times as long as segment 4. Prosternal process broad, moderately impressed along lateral margins, very broad apically, along sides with row of setose punctures, central part of rhomboidal apex convex, with few setose punctures. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tanzania (fig. 17). Remarks. We have examined the holotype of Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862 and two syntypes of Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917 and both taxa are conspecific. A member of the Cassida lacrymosa species–group. It is one of the smallest and the most elongate species of the group with length below 4.8 mm and L/W: 1.34–1.35. The immaculate pronotal disc and predominantly yellow elytra with scarce pattern of small brown spots place C. eluta close only to C. voiensis and especially to C. namibiensis. The first species differs in elytral pattern on elytral sides reduced only to dark centres of punctures andwith central part of disc without pattern except spot on postscutellar elevation and few very small reddish brown spots in posterior half of disc. The second species differs in finer elytral punctation, with distance between punctures in lateral rows mostly as wide as or only slightly smaller than puncture diameter and sides of elytra slightly less rounded; both species are broadly separated geographically. Cassida eluta occurs only in north-eastern Africa south to northern Tanzania, while C. nambiensis is known only from Namibia. Type examined. Holotype of Cassida eluta Boheman, 1862: [ETHIOPIA]: Abyssin., Thorey (NRS); two syntypes of Cassida cherenica Spaeth, 1917: [ERITREA] Erithraea, Cheren (MM). Other specimens examined. ETHIOPIA: Sabata, 25 km S Addis –Ababa, 2000 m, 28 VII 1988, 1, L. Medvedev (MNHW); Tigra, 1 (MNHW). TANZANIA: Kirumba n. Mwansa, 6 IV 1916, 1, Holtz (MM)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Spaeth, F. (1939) Mitteilungen ueber Afrikanische Cassidinen. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 33, 18 - 21.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Spaeth, F. (1917) Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ost - und Zentralafrikanischen Cassidinen. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 15, 422 - 444."]}

Cassida andreinii Spaeth, 1933 (figs. 5, 236–238) Cassida andreinii Spaeth, 1933 b: 48; Borowiec, 1999: 237, 2005: 122. Cassida (Cassidulella) torrida Spaeth, 1939: 20; Borowiec, 1994 b: 156 (as syn.). Description. L: 3.65–4.55 mm, W: 2.75–3.10 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.80 mm, Wp: 2.25–2.6 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.47, Wp/Lp: 1.44–1.50. Body oval (figs. 236, 237). Pronotum yellow. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow, in most specimens with reddish to brown pattern: small stripe on humeral callus, small spot behind scutellum, and small stripe in posterolateral parts of disc, usually also punctures in postscutellar impression, base of disc and in apex of sutural row with dark centre, apex of suture narrowly reddish to brown (fig. 237). In pale specimens only humeral callus with small reddish spot and punctures in postscutellar impression with reddish centre (fig. 236). Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc slightly alutaceous, with well marked and impressed area above head. Punctation of elevated parts of disc moderately coarse but dense, distance between punctures as wide as puncture diameter, in northern populations punctation much dense, punctures almost touching each other then surface appears irregular. Punctation of area above head smaller and sparser than on elevated parts of disc. Explanate margin broad, slightly alutaceous, with shallow, sparse punctation in southern populations surface appears regular in northern populations appears slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex (fig. 238), with shallow postscutellar impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar transverse fold. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows, submarginal row incomplete, starts from posthumeral area. Intervals flat to slightly convex, on top of disc approximately as wide as rows on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval in anterior 1/4 length twice wider than submarginal one in posterior part only slightly wider than submarginal interval, no distinct lateral fold but interspaces in posterior half of the interval more or less convex. Surface of intervals alutaceous, regular. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part 5.5 times narrower than disc, surface alutaceous with shallow but coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, semitransparent, honeycomb structure often invisible. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine, run close to margin of eye with row of setose punctures, at top of clypeus converging in angle, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few very small punctures. Labrum minutely emarginate to 1/6 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:58:81:54:54:42:42:46:46:50:100. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed without special sculpture, expanded part with several moderately coarse, setose punctures. Claws with large basal tooth. Distribution. Known from dry localities in almost all of eastern Africa; a single locality is also known from north–eastern Nigeria (fig. 5). Remarks. A member of the Cassida andreinii species–group, Cassida andreinii with Cassida heroni, form a group of small cassids with length below 4.6 mm; dorsum predominantly green to yellow with at most small reddish to brown spots, ventrites yellow; body oval to broadly–oval; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, disc regularly convex, without hump, elytral rows regular, explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous and claws with large basal tooth. Cassida heroni differs in stouter body with L/W ratio 1.22–1.30 and explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 239, 240) while in C. andreinii the L/W ratio is 1.33–1.47 and explanate margin of elytra are narrower and less explanate (figs. 236–238). The elytral pattern in C. andreinii is usually more distinct with small reddish spots on the postscutellar elevation, humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc (fig. 237) while in C. heroni the postscutellar elevation is never spotted and spots on humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc look like srtripes (fig. 239). Both species have pale forms with more or less reduced elytral spots but in in the palest form of C. andreinii there is a small spot on the postcutellar elevation while in C. heroni elytra is completely yellow. Types examined. Holotype of Cassida andreinii Spaeth: [ETHIOPIA]: Eritrea, Cheren, IV 1903, D’A. Andreini (MZUF); holotype of Cassida torrida Spaeth: [ZAMBIA]: Lukanga Distr., Yiafusa R., VII 1915, H.C. Dollman (MM). Other specimens examined. NIGERIA: Bauchi St., Yankari Game Res., 11 XII 1979, 1, University of Łódź Exp. (MNHW). SOUTH AFRICA: Kruger Nat. Park, Sataro, 15–17 XII 1985, 2, M. Sanborne (MZSNV, MNHW); Limpopo Prov., Thabazimbi, 12 XII 2006, 1, M. Snižek (MNHW); Lydenburg, 1896, 1, Krantz (MNHW); Transvaal, 15 km E Klaserie, 19–31 XII 1985, 1, M. Sanborne (MZSNV); Vereeniging, 16 XI 1924, 1, G. v. Son (MNHW). ZAMBIA: Batoka, XII 1895, 1 (MCZC); Chilanga, 10 VII 1913, 1 (LS). ZIMBABWE: env. Kotwa, Chimana Causeway, 8 IX 1986, 1, M. Lillig & S. Potel (NKE). TANZANIA: Kirumba n. Mzansa, 6 IV 1916, 1, Holtz (MM)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 31-33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1933 b) Una nuova Cassida dell Eritrea. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 65, 48.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Borowiec, L. (2005) New species and new records of Cassidinae from Southern Africa (Coleoptera,: Chrysomelidae). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 81, 115 - 130.","Spaeth, F. (1939) Mitteilungen ueber Afrikanische Cassidinen. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 33, 18 - 21.","Borowiec, L. (1994 b) New synonyms in the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Genus, 5, 153 - 159."]}

Cassida leleupi sp. nov. (figs. 15, 126–127) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A88E62B6-9924-4281-BFC5-C479973B3C3A Description. L: 4.30–4.90 mm, W: 3.55–4.10 mm, Lp: 1.40–1.65 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.85 mm, L/W: 1.15–1.29, Wp/ Lp: 1.69–1.79. Body oval to almost circular, males slightly stouter than female (fig. 120). Pronotum yellow, disc with large, black, triangular spot occupying almost entire surface of disc except sides, insides the black spot close to scutellum two large, yellow spots closed or open laterally.Apex of the triangular black spot acute. Scutellum black. Elytral disc with black ground colour and pattern of yellow or orange spots. In humeral area the black ground colour extending to marginal row in posterolateral area extending to submarginal row but in the middle and on apex margin of the black spot emarginate. Yellow pattern forms two small, round spots close to base of scutellum, two very small spots at apex of scutellum, small spot in anterolateral part of disc, two large, spots at sides of postscutellar point, two smaller spots in the mid length of disc close to suture, oblique band in ¾ length of disc close to suture, and two small spots in posterolateral part of disc (fig. 120). In some specimens anterolateral spots and at least external half of posterior bands orange. Ventrites, legs and antennae usually uniformly yellow, only apex of last antennal segment infuscate but in some specimens central part of abdomen infuscate to black but broadly surrounded by yellow. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width in the middle, sides broadly rounded. Disc indistinctly margined from explanate margin, without distinct lateral lobes, surface smooth and shiny. Explanate margin broad, with honeycomb structure, surface smooth and shiny. Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate, elytral margin behind humeral angle shallowly but distinctly emarginate thus humeral angle form minute spine. Disc moderately, regularly convex in profile (fig. 121), with shallow postscutellar and principal impressions emphasized by yellow spots. Punctation fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter. Rows regular but interrupted by yellow spots. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than in submarginal row, dense with distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Intervals 1.5–2.5 times as wide as rows, flat, their surface slightly alutaceous to shiny. Marginal interval without humeral fold, lateral fold very narrow, hardly visible or obsolete. Explanate margin moderately declivous, broad, in the widest part approximately three times narrower than disc, its surface shallowly and densely punctate, appears slightly irregular. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as long as wide, flat. Clypeal grooves fine, in basal part run very close to margin of eye, apically converging in arch. Surface of clypeal plate impunctate, shiny. Labrum emarginate to ¼ length. Antennae slim, segment 9 approximately 1.8 times as long as wide, segment 10 twice longer than wide, segment 11 very long, 1.8 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:51:63:63:60:57:57:54:57:60:120. Segment 3 from 1.2 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4. Prosternal process narrow, flat and impunctate between coxae, very broad apically, central part of rhomboidal apex shiny with few punctures. Claws simple. Distribution. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda (fig. 15). Remarks. General shape, dorsal colouration and sculpture brings this species close only to Cassida benguelica but it differs in the body less circular, humeral angles rather angulate than acute with elytral margin very shallowly emarginate behind the humeral angle, base of elytra at apex of scutellum without yellow spots (in C. leleupi with two small spots), central elytral spots distinctly elevated and marked with 1–2 coarse punctures (in C. leleupi all spots are not elevated and impunctate), pronotal spot with rounded apex (in C. leleupi apex of pronotal spot is acute) and a black ground colour behind the humeral callus extending to submarginal row (in C. leleupi extending to marginal row). Pronotal sides in C. leleupi are more broadly rounded than in C. benguelica, punctures of the disc ae approximately twice smaller than in C. benguelica, and the surface of the disc is more shiny with mirror brilliance while in C. benguelica the surface is slightly alutaceous. Types examined. Holotype: [ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, T. Uvira, Mulenge, 2500 m, VIII 1959, N. Leleup (MRAC); paratype: [ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Zaire, Kivu, Lwiro (110 km W Bukavu), 27.8.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS); paratype: [ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE)]: Kivu, Irangi, 18.2.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS); paratype: [RWANDA]: Pref. Cyangugu, Umg. Nyakabuye, 12 V 1985, leg. H. Mühle (MNHW); paratype: [RWANDA]: Rwanda, Nyungwe, Pindura, 2°29’S / 29°14’E, 2750 m, 24.III.2007, T. Wagner (MNHW); paratype: [RWANDA]: Afrika, Ruanda, Pref. Cyangugu, Umg. Nyakabuye, 24.2.1984, leg. H. Mühle (LS)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 100-101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207

Cassida melanophthalma Boheman, 1854 (figs. 29, 300–302) Cassida melanophthalma Boheman, 1854: 480, 1856: 145, 1862: 348; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3655; Borowiec, 1995: 371, 1999 a: 264, 2005 a: 127; Heron & Borowiec, 1997: 631; Borowiec & Świętojańska, 2001: 160. Cassida (Odontionycha) melanophthalma: Spaeth, 1914 b: 93; Shaw, 1956: 271, 1963: 458. Description. L: 4.70–6.20 mm, W: 3.10–4.50 mm, Lp: 1.60–2.20 mm, Wp: 2.50–3.70 mm, L/W: 1.33–1.65; Wp/ Lp: 1.56–1.68. Body oval to elongate–oval, distinctly converging posterad (figs. 300, 301). Uniformly yellow, including ventrites, legs and antennae, apex of last antennal segment often infuscate (figs. 300– 302). Pronotum reversely trapezoidal, with maximum width before the middle, sides angulate. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes. Surface of disc coarsely punctate, punctures only slightly finer than those of elytral disc. Distance between punctures smaller than puncture diameter, surface of disc often appears irregular, especially in front of scutellum. Punctation of explanate margin very shallow, surface appears rather slightly irregular than punctate, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra not or only slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate. Disc strongly, regularly convex in profile, without impressions or elevations (fig. 302). Punctation completely irregular, coarse but rather sparse, distance between punctures usually slightly narrower than puncture diameter, between large punctures often sparse fine secondary punctation, but surface appears regular. In some specimens punctation more dense, with distance between punctures approximately half wide puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures as coarse as punctures of disc. Only marginal interval well marked, without humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin narrow, in the widest part slightly more than five times narrower than disc, strongly declivous, almost perpendicular to surface, with punctation distinctly finer but as dense as on disc, surface appears regular. Eyes moderately large, gena quite elongate but distance between under margin of eye and lateral angle of labrum shorter than half eye width. Clypeus broad, 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long, clypeal grooves fine but distinct, converging in regular triangle, surface of clypeal plate flat to shallowly impressed, shiny, with several small, setose punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 slightly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:64:88:68:64:64:68:64:66:70:121. Segment 3 approximately 1.4 times longer than 2 and approximately and 1.3 times longer than 4. Prosternal process very narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, shiny, with several small, setose punctures. Claws simple. Host plants. Solanaceae: Lycium ferocissimum Miers (Heron & Borowiec 1997); Salvadoraceae: Azima tetracantha —adults only (Heron & Borowiec 1997, Borowiec & Świętojańska 2001). Distribution. Namibia and South Africa (fig. 29). Remarks. A member of the Cassida litigiosa species–group. It belongs to the complex of species with a more or less elongate body, elytra distinctly converging posterad and with a strongly declivous explanate margin of elytra (figs. 300–302). The complex comprises also C. lycii, C. litigiosa and C. reticulipennis. The two latter species distinctly differ in very fine, hardly visible punctation of pronotum while in C. melanophthalma the punctation of the pronotum is moderately coarse, well visible. Cassida lycii differs in pronotal punctation much coarse and denser than punctation of the elytral disc (in C. melanophthalma punctation of pronotum is finer than punctation of elytra) and elytra more distinctly converging posterad (fig. 291). Cassida melanophthalma has the pronotum the most reversely trapezoidal within the complex. Cassida oxylepiformis has the body also elongate but almost parallel sided, with an extremely declivous explanate margin of elytra, cylindrical (fig. 293). Types examined. Lectotype, designated by Borowiec, 1999: 264: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Cap. B. Sp. ” “Chevr.” “TE” (NRS). Other specimens examined. NAMIBIA: Abachaus, Damaraland, XII 1951, 1, G. Hobohm (TM); Kalidona, 30 XII 1957, 1 (WM), Kamanjab, 24 II 1960, 4, F. Gaerdes (ZSM); Okahandja, 3 IX 1950, 1 (WM), 1–4 II 1972, 2 (BMNH); Windhoek, 15–17 XII 1973, 1 (WM), 14–23 I 1974, 1 (WM), 1 III 1974, 1, 20 III 1974, 1, R. Oberprieler, 5 IV 1985, 1 on Aloe littoralis (NIC), 22–25 II 1992, 1, M. Uhlig (ZMHU); Windhoek, Richfontein, 1–31 VIII 1978, 1, S. Louw & M.L. Penrith (WM). SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Colony, 1 (MRAC); Cape of Good Hope, 1 (NMP); Eastern Cape, Alexandria Forest, 22 XI 1961, 1, A.C. van Bruggen (NMM); Eastern Cape, Alexandria, Woody Cape, 10–13 XII 1997, 1, R. Cmeco (MS); Eastern Cape, Bathurst, 9 II 1966, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Eastern Cape, Fort Beaufort, 19 VIII 1953, J. S. Taylor (LS); Eastern Cape, Grahamstown, 13–20 X 1970, 1, H. and S. Townes (CMN); Eastern Cape, Hankey, 33.49 S 24.20 E, 17 XI 1989, 3, Scott & Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); Eastern Cape, King Williams Town, 23 III 1965, 1, A.L. Capener (NIC); Eastern Cape, Komga, 28.35 S 27.53 E, 17 XI 1989, 4, Scott & Kleinjan (NIC, MNHW); Eastern Cape, Oudtshoorn, 33°32’S, 22°08’E, 1 (ARC); Eastern Cape, Port Elisabeth, 3 II 1961, 2, 3 XI 1961, 2 (BMNH, NIC); Eastern Cape, Roadside 22 km WNW Alexandria, approximately 200 m, 29 V 1996, 2, Grobbelaar et al. (NIC); Eastern Cape, Steytlerville, 25 X 1964, 1, A.L. Capener (MNHW); Eastern Cape, Uitenhage, 30 XII 1970, 3, N.W. Strydom (NIC), E Cape, Van Stadens Resort, 20 m, -33.9675 / 25.2227, beating, 18.11.2013, leg. m. Wanat (MNHW); Eastern Cape, 20 mls W Willowmore, 23 X 1964, 3, A.L. Capener (NIC); Free State, W of Bothaville, Vaal river, 24 XII 2008, 7, M. Snižek (MS); Limpopo Prov., Nylsvlei, 24°39’S, 28°42’E, 1 (ARC); North West Prov., 20 km W Bothaville, Klerksdorp, 31 I 2001, 3, M. Snižek (MS); North West Prov., Bothaville, Vall riv., 16 I 2003, 3, M. Snižek (MS); Oranje F. State, N of Fickburg, 17 I 2003, 2, M. Snižek (MS); Oranje F. State, Voorspoed, Boshof, 21–28 III 1977, 1, A. Strydom (BM); Willowmore, 22 I 1982, 1, J.G. Theron (CTM); Oranje F. State, Hendrik Verwoerd, 20–29 XI 1969, 3, A.L. Capener (NIC); Port Elizabeth, 16, Dr. Martin (MKB); N Transvaal, 20 km N Pietersburg, Rt. N1, 24 XII 1994, 1, A. Freidberg (TAU); Transvaal, Lydenburg, 1896, 1, P.A. Krantz (TM); Transvaal, Pienaars, 1898, 3, X–XI 1900, 2, v. Jutrzencka (TM); Western Cape Prov., 10 km S Citrusdal, 200–270 m, 4–8 X 1994, 1, R. Danielsson (LU); Western Cape, Heidelberg, I 1979, 1, S. Noser (NIC); Western Cape, K. Karoo mer., Langberg env., 24 XI 2002, 1, M. Snižek (MS); Western Cape Prov., 23 km E Port Nolloth, 250 m, 16 IX 1985, 1, Bellamy and Evans (ER); Western Cape Prov., 8 km SW of Three Sisters, 31°57.462’S, 23°01.702’E, 1050 m, M. Říha leg. (BMNH)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 109-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1854) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus secundus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 506 pp., 2 tabs.","Boheman, C. H. (1856) Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IX, Cassididae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 225 pp.","Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Borowiec, L. (1995) Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Namibia. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 71, 435 - 438.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Heron, H. & Borowiec, L. (1997) Host plants and feeding patterns of some South African tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: cassidoid Hispinae). Genus, 8, 625 - 658.","Borowiec, L. & Swietojanska, J. (2001) Revision of Cassida litigiosa group from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Annales Zoologici Warszawa, 51, 153 - 184.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Shaw, S. (1956) Some records of South African Cassidinae (Col. Chrysomelidae). Durban Museum Novitates, 4, 257 - 272.","Shaw, S. (1963) Records of African Cassidinae (Col., Chrysomelidae) from the Museum G. Frey. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 14, 456 - 461."]}

Cassida heroni sp. nov. (figs. 20, 239–240) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DA79FB5C-7BB1-41D8- BAC 5-85027DA04C0F Etymology. Dedicated to Hugh Heron, an amateur entomologist from Queensburgh, South Africa, who prepared several interesting papers on biology of southern African cassids and sent us very interesting data on host plants of many species. Description. L: 3.90–4.10 mm, W: 3.00–3.30 mm, Lp: 1.50–1.60 mm, Wp: 2.50–2.70 mm, L/W: 1.22–1.30, Wp/Lp: 1.68–1.74. Body short–oval (fig. 239). Pronotum yellow. Scutellum yellow, elytral disc yellow with reddish to reddish brown small stripe on humeral callus, and two small stripes in posterolateral parts of disc, sometimes some punctures between posterolateral spots and suture with reddish to reddish brown centre, apex of suture narrowly reddish to brown, occasionally entire elytra yellow (figs. 239, 240). Explanate margin always yellow. Head, ventrites, legs and antennae uniformly yellow or last 2–4 antennal segments slightly infuscate. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum slightly in front of the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides rounded to subangulate, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin with short and shallow lateral impressions. Surface of disc slightly alutaceous, with well marked and shallowly impressed area above head. Punctation of elevated parts of disc fine and sparse, distance between punctures mostly wider than puncture diameter, in some specimens surface appears impunctate. Area above head impunctate. Explanate margin broad, slightly alutaceous, impunctate, regular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra slightly to moderately wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, angulate. Disc regularly convex (fig. 240), with shallow postscutellar impressions, without principal impressions, without H–shaped elevation but sometimes on top of disc with rudimental elevated transverse fold. Punctation coarse, arranged in completely regular rows, dense, distance between punctures mostly narrower than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures slightly coarser than punctures in central rows, submarginal row complete. Intervals flat to slightly convex, on top of disc approximately as wide as rows, on sides narrower than rows to linear, marginal interval in anterior 1/4 length twice wider than submarginal one in posterior part only slightly wider than submarginal interval, no distinct lateral fold but interspaces in posterior half of the interval more or less convex. Surface of intervals alutaceous, regular. Explanate margin moderately broad, strongly declivous, in the widest part 4.5 times narrower than disc, surface alutaceous with shallow but coarse and moderately dense punctation, appears more or less irregular, semitransparent, honeycomb structure more or less visible. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus moderately broad, approximately as wide as long. Clypeal grooves fine, converging in angle, between groove and margin of eye runs row of setose punctures, surface of clypeal plate flat, shiny, with few very small punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae stout, segments 9–10 distinctly transverse. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:88:71:58:54:54:50:50:50:117. Segment 3 approximately 1.7 times as long as segment 2 and approximately 1.2 times as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa shallowly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture, expanded part with several moderately coarse, setose punctures. Claws with large basal tooth. Host plant. Acanthaceae: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson (Heron & Borowiec 1997, Heron 2003 under Cassida sp. nov. 1 = Cassida sp. nov. near C. andreinii: Spaeth 1933 b: 48). Distribution. Mozambique and South Africa (Natal) (fig. 20). Remarks. A member of the Cassida andreinii species–group. Cassida heroni with C. andreinii Spaeth form a group of small cassids, with length below 4.6 mm; dorsum predominantly green to yellow with at most small reddish to brown spots, ventrites yellow; body oval to broadly–oval; pronotum elliptical, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners; base of elytra not or only slightly wider than pronotum, disc regularly convex, without hump, elytral rows regular, explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous and claws with large basal tooth. Cassida andreinii differs in a slimmer body with L/W ratio 1.33–1.47 and the explanate margin of elytra narrower and less explanate (figs. 236–238) while in Cassida heroni the ratio is 1.22–1.30 and the explanate margin of elytra broader and more explanate (figs. 239, 240). The elytral pattern in C. andreinii is usually more distinct with small reddish spots on the postscutellar elevation, humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc (fig. 237) while in C. heroni postscutellar elevation is never spotted and spots on humeral calli and posterolateral parts of disc look like srtripe (fig. 239). Both species have pale forms with more or less reduced elytral spots but in C. andreinii the palest form has a small spot on the postcutellar elevation while in C. heroni the elytra are completely yellow. Types examined. Holotype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal / Umkomaas / 9–13.3.57 / AL Capener (MNHW); paratype: Natal / Umkomaas / 8.II.1962 / leg. A. L. Capener (MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: Natal 8.II.1962 / Umkomaas / leg. A. L. Capener (MNHW); paratype: [SOUTH AFRICA]: RPA, Natal, Durban / Umbilo valley / ARC Trail 12–X–92 / H. Heron (MNHW); three paratypes: [MOZAMBIQUE]: MOC: 10 km O Rio das / Pedras Morrugula–Camp / 23°13’52’’S / 35°29’26’’O / 15.III.2010, leg. U. Heinig (MNHW). Other specimens examined. SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Beachwood Mangroves Reserve, Durban, 29°48’S, 31°02’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Bluff Nat. Res., Bluff, Durban, 31°00’S, 29°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Escombe, Queensburgh, 29°51’S, 30°59’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Kenneth Stainbank Nat. Res., Yellowwood Park, Durban, 29°54’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Mariannhill Monastery, Pinetown, 16 km W of Durban, 30°53’S, 30°50’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Maywille, Durban, 1 (HH); Natal, Montclair, Durban, 29°55’S, 30°58’E, 1 (HH); Natal, North Park Nat. Res., Northdene, 29°51’S, 30°54’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Palmiet Nat. res., Westville, 29°49’S, 30°56’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Shongweno Resources Reserve, Umlaas valley, 29°51’S, 30°43’E, 1 (HH); Natal, Umbilo, Durban, 29°36’S, 30°23’E, 1 (HH)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Heron, H. & Borowiec, L. (1997) Host plants and feeding patterns of some South African tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: cassidoid Hispinae). Genus, 8, 625 - 658.","Heron, H. (2003) Tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) and their feeding patterns from the North Park Nature Reserve, Durban, KwaZulu - Natal, South Africa. Durban Museum Novitates, 28, 31 - 44.","Spaeth, F. (1933 b) Una nuova Cassida dell Eritrea. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 65, 48."]}

Cassida weinmanni Chapuis, 1880 (figs. 32, 179–181) Cassida Weinmanni Chapuis, 1880: 30; Spaeth, 1922: 1002; 1938 b: 63; Borowiec, 1986: 806, 1999 a: 296. Cassida (Cassida) Weinmanni: Spaeth, 1914 b: 119. Cassida choana Fairmaire, 1893: 49; Spaeth, 1914 b: 119 (as syn. of weinmanni). Description. L: 5.20–6.10 mm, W: 3.60–4.20 mm, Lp: 1.70–2.00 mm, Wp: 3.05–3.55 mm, L/W: 1.41–1.49, Wp/ Lp: 1.72–1.87. Body elongate, almost parallel sided (figs. 179, 180). Pronotum yellowish brown to brown, disc usually with three small dark brown to black spots, one in front of scutellum and one of each sides of disc, sometimes spot before scutellum obsolete, occasionally pronotum unspotted. Scutellum yellowish brown to brown, elytra the same colour with numerous dark brown to black spots and stripes arranged as in figs. 179–181, the number of spots varies and in the palest aberrations occur only stripes on elevated intervals 2 and 4. Explanate margin yellowish brown to brown always with narrow, dark brown to black sutural spot. Head yellowish to yellowish brown, usually with infuscate basal corners and elevated anterior margin of clypeal plate, thorax and abdomen black, sternites sometimes narrowly surrounded by yellow. Coxa, trochanters and basal half of femora black, rest of legs yellowish, fore tibiae sometimes in the middle with brownish ring. Antennal segments 1–6 yellow, segment 7 more or less infuscate, apical four segments gradually infuscate to mostly black. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides broadly rounded, no basal corners. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin, without lateral lobes, with short lateral impressions, area above head indistinctly marked. Surface of disc alutaceous, with fine irregular wrinkles, appears irregular to rugose. Explanate margin broad, alutaceous, with irregular sculpture of fine wrinkles or radial groove, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra slightly wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, rounded. Disc regularly convex in profile (fig. 181), with distinct postscutellar and principal and shallow posterolateral impressions, without H–shaped elevation or it is indistinct with only slightly elevated transverse fold but with elevated second interval, central part of fourth elevation, and posthumeral part of sixth interval, surface of disc more or less irregular with some elevated interspaces. Punctation moderately coarse, dense, irregular, only submarginal row more or less regular, distance between punctures from twice smaller to as wide as puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures not coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals except elevated parties invisible, marginal interval distinct, in humeral part as wide as submarginal interval and two submarginal rows combined, without humeral but with narrow lateral fold. Explanate margin narrow, strongly declivous, in the widest part five to six times narrower than disc, surface irregular with shallow punctures, wrinkles and grooves, semitransparent with more or less visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves well marked, converging in arch, anterior margin of clypeal plate elevated, surface of clypeus with shallow apical impression, surface microreticulate but shiny with few very small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/3 length. Antennae moderately stout, segments 9–10 slightly longer than wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:44:67:67:61:56:50:47:47:53:103. Segment 3 approximately 1.5 times as long as segment 2 and approximately as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat, shiny, without special sculpture except few small, setose punctures, expanded apex convex in the middle, impressed laterally, central part shiny with few small punctures and oblique grooves but appears regular, impressed lateral lobes with dense punctation and grooves appears more or less irregular. Claws simple. Distribution. Ethiopia and Eritrea (fig. 32). Remarks. Cassida weinmanni and C. thomsoni form a group of moderately sized species (length above 5 mm, below 7 mm) with a slightly elongate body (L/W 1.29–1.49), alutaceous surface of dorsum, colouration of pronotum and elytra mostly from ochraceous to brown forming a marbled pattern or numerous, small dark spots (figs. 176 –181). Cassida thomsoni differs in the angulate pronotal sides (broadly rounded in C. weinmanni), surface of pronotum almost regular (more or less irregular and finely granulate in C. weinmanni), elytral disc rather with marbled pattern or with only few dark spots (with numerous small brown spots in C. weinmanni) and claws with a large basal tooth (simple in C. thomsoni). Both species are widely separated geographically as C. thomsoni is distributed in southern Africa north to south Malawi while C. weinmanni is known from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Types examined. Holotype of Cassida Weinmanni Chapuis, 1880: [ETHIOPIA]: Homasen, Raffray (MZSNG); holotype of Cassida choana Fairmaire, 1893: [ETHIOPIA]: Choa (MNHN). Other specimens examined. ERITREA: Saganeiti, 1924, 1, L. Fossati (MCSNM). ETHIOPIA: Arsi, Assella, 2400 m, 1 XI 1988, 1, S. Persson (LU); Bulin riv., riv. Bouli Boulo, 11, Le Moult (IRSN); Doukham, 20 X 1926, 1 (LS); Eli, Masocco, VII–IX, 1 (ZMHU); Erer Valley, 14, Kovács (HNHM, MNHW); Harar, 5 (LS, NMP, ZMHU), 1, H. Babault (MRAC); Lake Tana, 5, coll. Le Moult (IRSN); Machi, 9 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Maraco, 40 (IRSN, MNHW); Scioa, Cialalaki, 1881, 1, Antinori (MZSNG); Scioa, distr. Marelia, 1880, 1, Antinori (MZSNG); Shoa, debre Zeyt, V 1989, 1, K. Werner (MZUF); Shoa Prov., Lake Langano, V–VI 1971, 7, G. de Rougemont (MRAC, MNHW), IV 1994, 1, Werner (DS)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Chapuis, F. (1880) Phytophages Abyssiniens du Musee Civique d'Histoire Naturelle de Genes. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, 15, 5 - 31.","Spaeth, F. (1922) Coleopteres Chrysomelides, Cassidines. In: Rothschild, M. de (Ed.), Voyage de M. Le Baron Maurice de Rotschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique Orientale Anglaise (1904 - 1905). Resultats scientifiques. Animaux articules. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 997 - 1004.","Spaeth, F. (1938) Note sulle Cassidinae dell Africa Orientale Italiana (Coleopt. Chrysomel.). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, 14, 59 - 64.","Borowiec, L. (1986) Contribution to the knowledge of African Cassidinae, 3 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 1985, 55, 791 - 809.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Fairmaire, M. L. (1893) Note sur les Coleopteres du Choa. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 37, 9 - 65."]}

Cassida blanda Spaeth, 1933 (figs. 2, 67–68) Cassida blanda Spaeth, 1933 a: 350; Borowiec, 1999: 241. Description. L: 8.65 mm, W: 6.80 mm, Lp: 2.80 mm, Wp: 5.40 mm, L/W: 1.27, Wp/Lp: 1.93. Body short–oval (fig. 67). Pronotum and scutellum ochraceous, disc rusty yellow, all punctures with darker centre and some with ochraceous areola, especially in postscutellar impression, half length of disc and on slope (figs. 67, 68). Explanate margin rusty yellow. Head, ventrites and legs yellow. Two basal antennal segments yellow, rest of antennae broken in the only known specimen. Pronotum transverse, with maximum width behind the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly angulate, no basal corners but apices of angulate sides placed close to humeral angle. Disc indistinctly bordered from explanate margin except small lateral impressions, lateral lobes absent. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate, only with sparse pricks. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra not wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles moderately protruding anterad, subangulate. Disc strongly convex in profile, with postscutellar impressions and high, tuberculate X–shaped postscutellar elevation and some relief (fig. 68). Punctation fine, arranged in regular rows but interrupted by elytral relief, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, its punctures only slightly coarser than punctures in central rows. Intervals on slope slightly convex, on sides flat, in sutural half of disc thrice wider, on sides twice wider than rows, marginal interval broad, as wide as submarginal interval and submarginal row combined, with broad and only slightly convex humeral and lateral folds. Explanate margin moderately narrow, moderately declivous with external part tend to be subhorizontal, in the widest part six times narrower than disc, surface shiny with very shallow and sparse punctation and transverse grooves, appears regular, semitransparent but with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus very broad, approximately 1.8 times as wide as long. Clypeal grooves very fine, in basal part hardly marked, run close to margin of eye, on apex converging in broad arch, surface of clypeus convex before antennal insertions, shiny, impunctate, clypeal grooves with row of small, setose punctures. Labrum narrowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae broken in the only known specimen. Prosternum narrow in the middle, strongly expanded apically, between coxae shallowly impressed, shiny, without special sculpture but with very small sparse, punctures armed with long hair, expanded apex slightly convex centrally, with several punctures armed with hair and slightly irregular surface. Claws simple. Distribution. Tanzania (fig. 2). Remarks. A very distinct species. The large size, narrowly angulate pronotal sides, base of elytra not wider than pronotum, and strongly convex elytral disc with a distinct postscutellar hump (figs. 67, 68) distinguish this species from all African members of the genus Cassida. A similar size and more or less distinct postscutellar hump are known only in species of the Cassida tosta group (C. altiuscula, C. inaequalis, C. overlaeti and C. tosta) but they differ in pronotum broadly rounded and base of elytra distinctly wider than pronotum. Individuals are usually dark coloured, black, reddish brown, or mixed reddish brown and black. Only C. inaequalis occasionally has the dorsum rusty reddish while in C. blanda the dorsum is ochraceous to rusty yellow (figs. 63, 67–68). No members of the C. tosta species–group has the postscutellar hump as high as in C. blanda. Type examined. Holotype: [TANZANIA]: D. O. Afrika, Ndanda, coll. Ertl (ZSM)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Spaeth, F. (1933 a) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 345 - 359.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp."]}

Cassida ancorifera Boheman, 1856 (figs. 4, 147–154) Cassida ancorifera Boheman, 1856: 130, 1862: 319; Gemminger & Harold, 1876: 3652; Shaw, 1961: 27; Borowiec, 1986: 805, 1999: 237; Rice, 2003: 80. Cassida (Cassida) ancorifera: Spaeth, 1914 b: 118. Cassida insignis Spaeth, 1924: 359, 1933 a: 345; Shaw, 1972: 75; Borowiec, 1999: 237 (as syn. of ancorifera). Cassida ancorifera ssp. insignis: Spaeth, 1943: 59. Cassida insignis ab. Seydeli Spaeth, 1933 a: 345, unavailable name. Cassida comtula Spaeth, 1924: 361; Borowiec, 1999: 237 (as syn. of ancorifera). Description. L: 3.90–4.60 mm, W: 3.35–3.85 mm, Lp: 1.45–1.70 mm, Wp: 2.45–2.8 mm, L/W: 1.16–1.22, Wp/Lp: 1.65–1.86. Body almost circular (figs. 147, 148, 150–153). Very variable species. In typically coloured specimens pronotum yellow, disc with large, fungiform black spots; scutellum black, elytral disc with black humeri and postscutellar impressions, black stripe around disc and black transverse band in 2/3 length of disc interrupted on suture, area on top of disc reddish with yellow elevated U–shaped figure on top of disc (fig. 150). In dark forms black on disc increases and only marginal interval, lateral fold and two spots on top of disc yellow, and black spot on pronotum covers almost entire pronotal disc except size (fig. 151). In extreme dark form entire elytral disc black except yellow marginal interval (fig. 152). In pale forms dark pattern is reduced, band around disc mostly brown or reddish brown, top of disc mostly yellow only punctures with dark centre, pronotal spot reduced to a small brown to black patch in front of scutellum (figs. 148, 153). In very pale specimens pattern of dorsum is reddish, including pronotal spot (fig. 147), in extreme case dorsum uniformly yellow (only one such coloured specimen was examined). Explanate margin always yellow. Head yellow, sometimes basal corners reddish, thorax, abdomen and legs yellow, antennae yellow, in northern populations usually only last segment infuscate to brown, in southern populations two to four apical segments more or less infuscate to almost black. Pronotum elliptical, with maximum in the middle, anterior margin regularly convex, sides narrowly rounded, no basal corners. Surface of disc shiny, impunctate. Explanate margin broad, impunctate, shiny, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum, humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, angulate, margins of elytra behind humeral angle usually very shallowly emarginate. Disc depressed in profile (fig. 149), with shallow postscutellar and posterolateral and deep principal impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar Hshaped figure. Punctation variable, from fine in northern populations to moderately coarse in southern populations, tends to form regular rows but they are often interrupted by pale elytral sculpture, punctation in rows from sparse to moderately dense, distance between punctures from as wide as to thrice wider than puncture diameter. Marginal row distinct, but its punctation forms rather shallow impressions than regular punctures. Intervals when well marked than on top of disc thrice on side twice wider than rows, flat, shiny, marginal interval always complete with more or less marked yellow lateral fold. Explanate margin broad, moderately declivous, in the widest part three times narrower than disc, surface shiny, slightly irregular, transparent with well visible honeycomb structure. Eyes very large, gena obsolete. Clypeus narrow, slightly longer than wide. Clypeal grooves fine but well marked, runs close to margin of eye then converging in triangle, surface of clypeus flat or very shallowly impressed, its surface shiny with few small punctures. Labrum shallowly emarginate to 1/5 length. Antennae slim, segments 9–10 approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Length ratio of antennal segments: 100:50:53:53:53:47:53:44:50:50:112. Segment 3 approximately 1.1 times as long as segment 2 and as long as segment 4. Prosternum moderately broad in the middle, strongly expanded apically, area between coxa flat without special sculpture, expanded part with several dense punctures, often appears irregular. Claws simple. Distribution. Central Africa from Cameroon to Ethiopia, south to Mozambique and Zimbabwe (fig. 4). Remarks. A very distinct species not belonging to any defined group of species. The combination of characters: extremely variable dorsal pattern with a basal spot on the pronotum always present (figs. 147–154) but ventrites yellow, depressed elytral disc with shallow postscutellar and posterolateral and deep principal impressions and slightly elevated postscutellar H–shaped figure, shiny and impunctate pronotum, base of elytra much wider than base of pronotum with angulate humeral angles distinctly protruding anterad, elytral punctation sparse, from fine to moderate, arranged in more or less regular rows but regularity often disturbed by pale elytral sculpture, and simple claws is unique. A form with a completely black elytral disc (fig. 152) at first glanc is similar to the similarly coloured form of Cassida amorifica (fig. 118) but this species differs in base of elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, pronotal disc punctate, pronotum with two black spots, small triangular anteriorly and large, transverse at base, body more elongate (L/W ratio 1.33–1.43 vs. 1.16–1.22) and ventrites mostly black. Maculate forms of C. ancorifera (figs. 150, 151) are similar to C. bamendana and C. flavosignata but both congeners distinctly differs in coarsely and densely punctate elytral disc, numerous yellow relief spots on elytral disc and ventrites partly brown to black (figs. 122, 124). Pale form of C. ancorifera (fig. 147) differs from all small species with reddish dorsal pattern in simple claws. Types examined. Syntype of Cassida insignis Spaeth: [MALAWI]: Zomba, Nyassaland, H.S. Staunus (syntype of insignis, BMNH); syntype of Cassida insignis Spaeth: [TANZANIA]: Victoria See, Ukerewe Is., Conrads (MM); Holotype of Cassida comtula Spaeth: [EQUATORIAL GUINEA]: Fernando Poo, Basile, 400–600 m, VIII–IX 1901, L. Fea (MZSNG). Other specimens examined. CAMEROON: Douala, 1, David (NMP); Yaunde, 27 III 1923, 1 (CMNH). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (ZAIRE): Bas Congo, Mangembo, 1932, 1, Zwolakowski (MRAC); Garamba Nat. Park, km 17, 6 VII 1950, 1, 25 V 1951, 1, De Saeger (IRSN, MRAC); Kivu, Ibanda, 1951–1952, 4, M. Vandelannoite (MRAC, MNHW); Kivu, Irangi, 26 I 1957, 1, Dr. Jilly (SMNS), 24 VIII 1985, 1, H. Mühle (HK); Kivu, Rutshuru, riv. Kanzarue, 1200 m, 16 VII 1935, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Kivu, Tshibinda, XI 1932, 1, L. Burgeon (MRAC); Leopoldville, 20 IX 1950, 1, M. Leclerq (MNHW); Mayumbe, Kuni, 23 V 1925, 1, A. Collart (MRAC); Nioka, VII 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Rutshuru, I 1937, 1, J. Ghesquière (MRAC); Stanleyville, 13 VII 1929, 1, A. Collart (IRSN); Tanganika, Moba, 780 m, XI 1953, 1, H. Bomans (MNHW); Uele, Gangala na Bodio, 15 IV 1936, 1, L. Lippens (MNHW); Upemba Nat. Park, Kamitungulu, af. Lusinga, 1700 m, 4–7 III 1947, 2, Miss. de Witte (IRSN, MM); Upemba Nat. Park, Kenia, 1700 m, 28 III 1947, 1, de Witte (MRAC); Upemba Nat. Park, Lusinga, 1760 m, 19 III 1947, 1, de Witte (MRAC). ERITREA: Erithrea, 1 (NRS). ETHIOPIA: Belleta Forest, 13–14 VI 1963, 1, R. Linnavuori (ZMUH); Kaffa, Gore–Tepi, 6 V 2002, 1, K. Werner (MS). KENYA: Nairobi, II 1943, 1, Meneghetti (LS). MALAWI: Masenjere env., 50 km S Blantyre, 21 XII 2001, 1, F. & L. Kantner (FK); Mulanje Mts., 23–26 XII 2001, 1, F. & L. Kantner (FK). MOZAMBIQUE: Zambesia prov., Mount Lico, 921 m, V 2018, 3, G. Bittencourt (BMNH). REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AFRICA: Fort Crampel, 4 (IRSN); Uamgeb., Bosum, 21–30 IV 1914, 1, Tesmann (MNHW). TANZANIA: Kilimandjaro, 1905–1906, 1, Sjoestedt (NRS); SW Tanganyika, Mt Mbize, 12 mls NE Sumbawanga, VI 1960, 1, N. Leleup (MRAC); Victoria See, Ukerewe Is., 3, Conrads (, BMNH, MNHW). UGANDA: Victoria–Nyanza, Sesse Is., Bugala, 1908, 1, E. Bayon (MZSNG). ZAMBIA: NW Province, 50 km E of Mwinilunga, 28 X 2008, 1, M. Snižek (MNHW). ZIMBABWE: 21 km N Centenary, Miware Raffia Palm Reserve, 26 VIII 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER); Mazowe, Dam, 17°31’06’’S / 30°59’13’’E, 19 VI 1998, 1, 20 VI 1998, 2, 23 VI 1998, 6, 9 VII 1998, 3, 14 VII 1998, 2, 19 VII 1998, 2, M. Rice (MER); 40 km N Mhangura, Chipiri lake, 16°37’31”S, 30°06’42”E, 19 IX 1998, 1, M. Rice (MER, MNHW)., Published as part of Borowiec, Lech & Świętojańska, Jolanta, 2022, A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 6. Revision of the tribe Cassidini 3, the genus Cassida L., pp. 1-250 in Zootaxa 5171 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5171.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966207, {"references":["Boheman, C. H. (1856) Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IX, Cassididae. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 225 pp.","Boheman, C. H. (1862) Monographia Cassididarum. Tomus quartus. Officina Norstedtiana, Holmiae, 504 pp.","Gemminger, M. & Harold, E. B. von (1876) Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom XII. Chrysomelidae. Pars II. Languridae, Erotylidae, Endomychidae, Coccinelidae, Corylophidae, Platypsyllidae. Accedit index generum universalis. Theodor Ackermann, Monachii, 344 + lxxiii pp. [pp. 3479 - 3822 + i - lxxiii]","Shaw, S. (1961) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae). Exploration du Parc National de lʼUpemba - Mission G. F. De Witte (1946 - 1949), fasc. 63 (2), 9 - 37.","Borowiec, L. (1986) Contribution to the knowledge of African Cassidinae, 3 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 1985, 55, 791 - 809.","Borowiec, L. (1999) A world catalogue of the Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biologica Silesiae, Wroclaw, 476 pp.","Rice, M. E. (2003) New host plant associations and distribution records for tortoise beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from southern Africa. Coleopterists Bulletin, 57, 79 - 83. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X (2003) 057 [0079: NHPAAD] 2.0. CO; 2","Spaeth, F. (1914 b) Chrysomelidae: 16. Cassidinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 62. Dr. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 182.","Spaeth, F. (1924) Insectes Coleopteres Cassidinae. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique orientale (1911 - 1912), Resultats scientifiques, Coleoptera XVIII, 1924, 275 - 363.","Spaeth, F. (1933 a) Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Afrikanischen Cassidinen (Col. Chrys.). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 22, 345 - 359.","Shaw, S. (1972) Cassidinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Parc National de la Garamba - Mission H. De Saeger (1949 - 1952), 56 (4), 59 - 81.","Spaeth, F. (1943) Cassidinae (Coleoptera Phytophaga) Familie Chrysomelidae. Parc National Albert - I. Mission De Witte (1933 - 1935), 43, 47 - 62."]}