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In 2001, Rutgers University Libraries (RUL) accepted a substantial donation of Roman Republican coins. The work to catalog, house, digitize, describe, and present this collection online provided unique challenges for the institution. Coins are often seen as museum objects; however, they can serve pedagogical purposes within libraries. In the quest to innovate, RUL digitized coins from seven angles to provide a 180-degree view of coins. However, this strategy had its drawbacks; it had to be reassessed as the project continued. RUCore, RUL's digital repository, uses Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS). Accordingly, it was necessary to adapt numismatic description to bibliographic metadata standards.With generous funding from the Loeb Foundation, the resulting digital collection of 1200 coins was added to RUCore from 2012 to 2018. Rutgers's Badian Roman Coins Collection serves as an exemplar of numismatics in a library environment that is freely available to all on the Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeytinliada is located 250 m offshore of Erdek District of Balikesir Province in the Sea of Marmara. The excavations on the island, known as Artake and Arteceon in Antiquity, started in 2006 and were completed in 2016. The Church of the Virgin Mary, located in the northeast of the island, was unearthed during the excavations carried out in 2006-2009. The church, dating to the Early Byzantine Period, has a basilica plan with 3 naves. In this study, 44 coins, among the small finds unearthed during the excavations in the church, were examined. Of the 44 coins found in the church, 36 were identified, and 8 could not be identified due to excessive deterioration. The coins described belong to the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empire Periods. Coins were minted during the dynastic years of 10 different emperors. The coins found in the Virgin Mary Church in Zeytinliada belong to 4 different mints and are in 7 different units. The earliest dated coins belong to AD 276-282, and the latest dated 1861. The majority of the coins are Byzantine coins, which are contemporary with the church, with 32 coins. 16 Byzantine coins are dated to the Early Byzantine Period and 2 Middle Byzantine Period. The coins we examined provide important information about the dating of the building and the coin circulation of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the British Mandate of Palestine ended in 1948, the fledgling State of Israel was immediately in need of circulation coins and banknotes. Attempts to strike coins in makeshift factories in Israel failed: the production rate was low, and the coin quality was poor. Coin production was therefore outsourced to the ICI Mint in Birmingham, U.K. Years later, a few pruta-series coins were found with the inscription SPECIMEN in raised letters. This brings the questions of how and why these coins came to be, how many exist, and how some of them ended up in the hands of collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a Byzantine-period coin hoard found during the excavations at Ramat Raḥel, near Jerusalem. Based on its location and content, we believe that the hoard is a foundation deposit, buried very early in the fifth century CE. The function of the building in which it was found is discussed in light of this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a small bronze coin hoard found during recent salvage excavations at Tel Bet Shemesh (East). As of this writing, this hoard is unique in that its Hasmonean coins are all of the same general type: double cornucopias/inscription within wreath. In addition, its concealment date, during the reign of Alexander Yanai, probably before mid-80s BCE, is so far unknown from other hoards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the cities of Carian, the ancient City of Myndos, is one of the cities at the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean crossing, which, as ancient authors often mention, is a major location due to its geographical location. As a result of the archaeological excavations carried out on Asar Island between 2009 and 2013, 15 coins were found and evaluated. The coins included in the study cover the period starting from the earliest finds until the acceptance of Christianity as the only legitimate religion of the empire in 391 AD. The earliest coin finds found on the island belong to the Mausolos Period. The city, which Mausolos rebuilt, was planned in accordance with Greek urbanism understanding, and the entire settlement area was enclosed within the walls. In addition, it is thought that the fortification structure surrounding the city and the Apollo Archegetes altar were built during the Mausolus Period. Coin finds dating before this period could not be identified. The increase in the welfare level of the city in the Hellenistic Period played an important role in the minting of coins. Among the coins that may belong to the Hellenistic Period, 1 Halikarnassos coin, 3 Myndos' own coin, and 1 Thessaloniki coin were identified. Among the coins of the Roman Period, 3 Great Constantine, 1 Constantine I, 5 II. Constantius, 1 Valens, and their coins are among the finds. Although the density of the coin finds is low, it represents a wide period from the Mausolus Period to the 4th century AD. Especially in coins II. Constantius coins show a little more density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions of current stimuli are sometimes biased toward or away from past perceptions. This phenomenon is called serial dependence. However, it remains unclear whether serial dependence originates from lower-order perceptual processing, higher-order perceptual processing or cognitive processing. We examined the effects of serial dependence when participants estimated the total number of coins or the monetary value of coins displayed and found attractive effects in both tasks. The attractive effect observed in the value estimation task suggests that serial dependence occurs through higher-order cognitive processes during calculation. We also examined the effect of response history (i.e., the responses of participants on previous trials), with multiple regression analyses that simultaneously evaluated the effects of the previous stimuli and responses. In both number and value estimation tasks, the immediately prior response had an attractive effect on current responses, while the immediately prior stimuli exerted a repulsive effect. This pattern suggests that the attractive serial dependence found in the single regression analysis was due to the correlation between stimulus and response in the previous trials and that the effect of past stimuli per se may be an adaptation that increases sensitivity to current stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Roman emperor' Sponsian is known only from an assemblage of coins allegedly found in Transylvania (Romania) in 1713. They are very unlike regular Roman coins in style and manufacture, with various enigmatic features including bungled legends and historically mixed motifs, and have long been dismissed as poorly made forgeries. Here we present non-destructive imaging and spectroscopic results that show features indicative of authenticity. Deep micro-abrasion patterns suggest extensive circulation-wear. Superficial patches of soil minerals bound by authigenic cement and overlain by oxidation products indicate a history of prolonged burial then exhumation. These observations force a re-evaluation of Sponsian as a historical personage. Combining evidence from the coins with the historical record, we suggest he was most likely an army commander in the isolated Roman Province of Dacia during the military crisis of the 260s CE, and that his crudely manufactured coins supported a functioning monetary economy that persisted locally for an appreciable period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents recent discoveries made by the French Archaeological Mission to the Eastern Desert of Egypt in two Ptolemaic forts occupied in the second half of the 3rd century b.c., Bir Samut and Abbad, located along the road leading from Edfu to Berenike on the Red Sea Coast at the southern fringes of the Ptolemaic Empire. These artifacts, three copper-alloy arrowheads marked with the monogram BE and four Ptolemaic coins minted in Joppa, were recovered in contexts securely dated to the last decades of the 3rd century b.c. Due to the sealed stratigraphy and the discovery of thousands of ostraca and dozens of coins in the same deposits, it is clear that the forts and these objects were abandoned on the eve of the Great Theban Revolt in Egypt, around 207–206 b.c. These discoveries offer an occasion to reassess the corpus of similar arrowheads and coins found in the Eastern Mediterranean. The catalog presented here includes 45 BE arrowheads and 18 Joppa coins and a careful reassessment of the corpus suggests that they were probably produced by the Ptolemaic regime in direct association with the Fourth Syrian War, which ended with the Battle of Raphia in 217 b.c. The geographic distribution of the arrowheads and coins discussed in the article demonstrates the mobility of the Ptolemaic troops after this intense period of conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research is focused on the 3-Polker coins issued during 1619–1627 by Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. A major financial crisis took place at that time due to the 30-year War, which started in 1619. There are two theories among historians concerning the silver depreciation of these coins. The most common theory (generally accepted without proof) is that the later years of issue are depreciated below 60% Ag. The second theory is based on the medieval sources that indicate inflation during the years from 1621–1625, but the medieval source only refers to the inflation of the type of coins and does not mention the issuer. Therefore, in this study, we use modern investigation techniques and materials science methods to help historians elucidate the aforementioned aspects regarding the medieval period. The XRD investigation results are in good agreement with the SEM-EDX elemental analysis. The coins from 1619 and 1620 have high silver content, namely, 86.97% and 92.49%, which corresponds to good silver. The amount of Ag found in the coins from 1621–1625 issituated in the range of 63.2–74.6%. The silver titleis suddenly restored in 1626 at about 84.3% and is kept in a good range until the end of this decree under Sigismund III in 1627. In conclusion, the second theory was partly validated by our experimental results, certifying the currency depreciation during 1621–1625, but the silver title was not lower than 54.2%. Notably, even this depreciated silver title assures a good quality of the 3-Polker coins compared to similar coins issued in other countries that were copper–silver-plated. Therefore, the 3-Polker coins were preferably hoarded at that time.Small alterations in the mint mark's design were observed in all the depreciated coins compared to the good ones. This might be a sign for an expert to identify the depreciated coins, a fact which requires supplementary investigations. The silver title's restoration in 1626 also came with a complete change of the mintmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coins were used to maintain the commercial activities on a specific standard. They are significant written sources that enlighten the political, economic, and cultural life of the period they were produced. It is possible to find the coin collections belonging to different periods of Turkish history in museums. One of the important groups of these coins belongs to the Ottoman period. Although there are studies covering the periods of some Ottoman sultans by using advanced analysis techniques in the literature, no scientific study has been carried out covering all periods. The most extensive information that can be found about the coins is from the Ottoman archive and inventory records. In this study, twenty-six Ottoman Empire coins from Sakarya Museum dated between the 14th-19th centuries were evaluated stylistically, physically, and chemically. The non-destructive analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to identify the elemental composition of the coins. The chemical analysis of coins showed the connection between the political situation in the Ottoman Empire and the decline in the value of the money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coins are commonly ingested foreign body (FB) in children, particularly the area just below the cricopharyngeus muscle, being the most common site of lodgement. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the upper airway as an investigation arm to guide and assist the clinical management of foreign body coin in children with expectant management for spontaneous passage. A total of 50 children with coin in upper oesophagus were chosen and POCUS was done in the preoperative area. Those in whom coin was visualised on POCUS were taken for retrieval under general anaesthesia and in whom coin was not visualised were taken for 2nd X-ray to confirm passage. In 50 children with a coin in upper oesophagus, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) showed the presence of coin in 44 children (confirmed on esophagoscopy) and spontaneous passage in 6 children (confirmed on 2nd X-ray), thus resulting in the reduction of approximately 88% of 2nd check X-ray to demonstrate the position of coin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to approach a study about the ongoing process of Romanization during the period of government of Tiberius by means of a provincial coin emission from Calagurris in the territory of the Vasconians. To achieve this objective we present an analysis of important elements shown on the coin: the imperial title on the obverse, the iconography and the two duoviri mentioned on the reverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the publication of the plates compiled by N.N. Murzakevich, secretary of the Odessa Society for History and Antiquities. It contains tracings of 241 Classical coins and lists of coin finds from the island of Fidonisi (known as Leuke in antiquity), which had been excavated in the 1840s and early 1850s. Recent data have led to a doubling of the list of Greek centres (up to 202) and the rulers of a number of states and peoples, whose coins made their way to the island. Details of these finds and the dates of the emissions illustrate clearly the development and chronological framework of the religious and economic ties between the northern coast of Pontus with the various regions of the Classical oikumene. The geographical range of the coin finds (from Magna Graecia, Sicily and the Levant to the Aegean, the Balkans, the Pontic region and Asia and as far away as Mesopotamia) demonstrates that the sanctuary of Achilles on the island of Leuke situated at a meeting point of Black Sea trade routes, enjoyed enormous popularity in the Classical world. The publication of these plates compiled by N.N. Murzakevich makes available new information on the maritime trade in the Pontus area between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This preliminary report is based on the archaeological investigations conducted by the Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, at the Hayatabad site for the third field season from February to May 2019. The Department of Archaeology has already executed field explorations and excavations at the same site in 2017 and 2018, whose reports have been published in this journal (Khan et al. 2019, 2020). These excavations brought into light structural remains and numerous archaeological finds like coins, terracotta figurines, stone and terracotta beads, stone tools, pottery and iron objects. The evidences reveals that the site under discussion had been occupied from the second century BCE to the end of second century CE. Accordingly, it was founded during the time of the Indo-Greeks and remained in occupation until the rule of the Great Kushans. The characteristic features of this site are the smith workshops systematically built in a sequence at different levels of occupation. In addition, a group of workshops within proper enclosures was found in a compound area bounded by massive walls. These workshops were equipped with working platforms, furnaces, fixed crucibles, grinding stones, stone anvils and large quenching pots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All cases presented show a concentration of finds which permits us to imagine people using the liturgical space, attending mass, offering coins to collection boxes or placed on the altar or by/in a grave, with some coins likely deliberately inserted into spaces as permanent votives. Coins and the Church interior") shows how coins were present in medieval churches in many ways - as offerings, images (e.g. Magi) and theological writings (bread/host as coin; Christ as the true coin). The information provided is relevant from a numismatic point of view, since the numbers of coin finds from medieval churches in Northern Europe are greater than from any other site-types including from urban excavations (in part due to the fact that many churches here had wooden floors through which coins were more easily lost - or voluntarily inserted - between planks). [Extracted from the article]

A silver coin recently found by detectorists in the environs of Trilj can be attributed to Issa, a Greek city on the island of Vis, on cogent epigraphic, iconographic, and stylistic grounds. It is the first example of an Issaean silver coin on record and may be dated between 200 and 175 BC. The coin's weight (4.84 g) suggests that it could have circulated as a reduced Corcyraean didrachm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Illyrian king Mytilos is mentioned in Pompeius Trogus' Philippic History, while his name, accompanied by a royal title, also appears on coins. The coins in question are the earliest Dyrrhachian bronzes with the head of Heracles on the obverse and the hero's attributes and the inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΥΤΙΛΟΥ on the reverse. A total of five coins bearing the king's name are known, including the specimen in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. However, the results of the recent conservation-restoration and analytical research of the Zagreb coin have shown that it is actually a replica and not an original coin, as hitherto believed. A hypothesis postulating the Archaic date and attributing the KOPKYPAIΩN-issues to the Knidian colony on Korčula is analysed and dismissed in the appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample four-page section (50-53) serves as an illustration: it jumps from Byzantine iconography to dates on the Roman coins of Alexandria, then onward to the weight of Athenian silver coins and the fiduciary nature of ancient bronze coins, via the story of Jesus and the moneychangers, before ending up with Indian punch-marked coinage and Chinese cast coins. Frank L. Holt is best known for his work on the coinage of the Bactrian Kingdom and, given that very little can be said about Bactrian history except through the coins, can draw on plenty of experience of making "money talk." This quirky little book aims to promote a broader awareness of the role that coins can play (and have played) in the study of history. [Extracted from the article]

The Imam-caliph al-Mu'izz al-Dīn Allah undertook a series of monetary changes which were to have a monumental impact on all future Faṭimid coinage, would lead to many imitations even after the dynasty had fallen, and create an easily identifiable pattern that attracted medieval merchants and modern collectors. The fact that al-Mu'izz's coinage went through three stages with slight variations in the wording and layout indicates that he was determined to create a new model for Faṭimid coinage which would distinguish it from the Aghlabid and 'Abbasid coinage that preceded and competed with it. In contrast, Sijilmasa coinage was so conservative in layout due to its role in the African trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history and the composition of the collection that belonged to the Gruzhevsky (Gruževskiai, Gruzewskie), a family of Lithuanian social elite of the late 18th - early 19th century, the landowners of Kelme Estate in Samogitia. The provenance of the collection is also specified. The collection was first mentioned in the sources in 1788 when it presumably belonged to Martin Gruzhevsky (1700-1775), subsequently passed into care of his sons, Major Jacob Gruzhevsky (1755-1829) and General Georges Gruzhevsky (1753-1807) of the Army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The fate of the collection is unknown. It was in 1909 that it was last mentioned as family property stored in Kelme manor house. The article presents a list of the collection drawn by General Gruzhevsky in 1807 of the objects divided into 26 groups: it starts with coins, proceeds to medals and other items (Fig. 2; Appendix 1). The list records gold, silver and copper coins from Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, Prussia, the Teutonic Order, Italy, the Vatican, Sardinia, Venice, Portugal, Spain, France, England, Turkey, the Arabic countries, silver coins from the Holy Roman Empire, different ecclesiastical and secular realms in Germany, the Baltic lands occupied by Sweden, also from Denmark, Switzerland and Holland, as well as silver and copper coins from Curland. The collection included also antique (Roman) silver and copper coins, yet the antique part seems not to have been directly collected. The French coins included some French style token coins. The medals were grouped on the basis of secular and religious occasions and dedications. Some of the medals were Russian or Polish. The collection included banknotes too, it is very probable that those were treasury notes of the Greater Polish Uprising of 1794, as well as copies of the medals cast in tin. The entire collection was built by acquiring individual items or pre-formed collections. The satirical medals recorded as part of the collection of Kelme estate in 1909 is likely to have been collected or purchased by more recent owners of the manor, members of the Gruzhevsky family. To date the Gruzhevsky family's numismatic collection is a unique specimen of such a high level known to have been in the possession of estates located in the territory of modern Lithuania at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Separate groups of coins and medals of the collection reflect the changes in the focus of interest in history after the Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth as it shifted from the interest in Classical history to the historical and cultural heritage of the lost state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]