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This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Langholz, P.L., Strand, B.H., Cook, S. & Hopstock, L.A. (2018). Frailty phenotype and its association with all-cause mortality in community-dwelling Norwegian women and men aged 70 years and older: The Tromsø Study 2001–2016. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 18(8), 1200-1205, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13447. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. Aim: There is a lack of studies on the prevalence of frailty, and the association between frailty and mortality in a Norwegian general population. Findings regarding sex differences in the association between frailty and mortality have been inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the frailty phenotype and all‐cause mortality in men and women in a Norwegian cohort study. Methods: We followed 712 participants (52% women) aged ≥70 years participating in the population‐based Tromsø 5 Study in 2001–2002 for all‐cause mortality up to 2016. The frailty status at baseline was defined by a modified version of Fried's frailty criteria. Cox regression models were used to analyze the association between frailty and mortality with adjustment for age, sex, disability, comorbidity, smoking status and years of education. Results: In total, 3.8% (n = 27) of participants were frail (women 4.4%, men 3.2%) and 38.1% (n = 271) were pre‐frail (women 45.8%, men 29.9%). During follow‐up (mean 10.1 years), 501 (70%) participants died. We found an increased risk of mortality for frail older adults (multivariable‐adjusted HR 4.16, 95% CI 2.40–7.22) compared with non‐frail older adults. In sex‐stratified analysis, the adjusted HR was 7.09 (95% CI 3.03–16.58) for frail men and 2.93 (95% CI 1.38–6.22) for frail women. Results for pre‐frailty showed an overall weaker association with mortality. Conclusions: While frailty was more prevalent in women than in men, the findings suggest that the association between frailty and mortality is stronger in men than in women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1200–1205.

Published version available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-108 . Large population studies are important sources for medical research. These studies are well planned, well organized, and costly. However, people record health data themselves using different sensors, which are mostly unplanned, unorganized and inexpensive. Nevertheless, self-recorded data might be an important supplement to population studies. The question is how to access and use this data. In the seventh survey of the Tromsøcohort study, questionnaires and accelerometers were used to collect data on physical activity (PA). We now plan to collect historical PA data from these participants, using mobile sensor data already stored in the cloud. We will examine the feasibility of this approach and the quality of this data. Objectively measured historical data will provide valuable insights in the potential and limitations of mobile sensors as new data collection tools in medical research.