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Introduction: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination induces long-lasting effects on the adaptive and innate immune systems and prevents development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and possibly also inflammatory disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The objective is to examine if BCG given in early adulthood decreases MS risk. Methods: From 791,369 (52% females) Norwegians participating in a national tuberculosis screening program from 1963 to 1975, we collected information on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis disease status. Later, MS disease was ascertained through both the Norwegian MS Registry and Biobank and the Norwegian Death Registry. We used logistic regression models to assess the relationship between BCG vaccination and MS risk. Results: In those BCG vaccinated, mean age at vaccination was 15.6 (standard deviation (SD) = 5.5) years. A total of 2862 (65% females) MS cases were retrieved. Overall, we found no association between MS risk and BCG vaccination. Compared to non-BCG-vaccinated individuals with no signs of tuberculosis infection, odds ratio (OR) for MS was 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80–1.25) in the BCG-vaccinated group. In those not BCG vaccinated because of latent tuberculosis infection, the corresponding OR was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.66–1.13). Conclusion: We found no evidence of BCG vaccination or latent tuberculosis infection in young adulthood being linked to MS risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the association of disease activity and retinol in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study repeatedly assessed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and serum-retinol. The result of the study shows that serum retinol was inversely linked with subsequent and simultaneous MRI outcomes in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMs).