50 results on '"sesgos cognitivos"'
Search Results
2. Actitudes, sesgos cognitivos y sentimientos ante la desinformación a través de redes sociales.
- Author
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Alfonso, Ignacio Blanco, Altaba, María Solano, and Luque, Cristina Rodríguez
- Subjects
CONFIRMATION bias ,FAKE news ,COGNITIVE bias ,DISINFORMATION ,SOCIAL media - Abstract
Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. LA ECONOMÍA FOLK Y LA CIENCIA ECONÓMICA.
- Author
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Ortiz Gutiérrez, Luis Enrique
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
4. Habilidad lógica y mecanismos motivacionales en la evaluación de argumentos.
- Author
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Massolo, Alba and Traversi, Mariel
- Subjects
- *
CONFIRMATION bias , *TASK analysis , *COGNITIVE bias , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *ARGUMENT - Abstract
The main objective of this research is to analyze the myside bias in two argument evaluation tasks: one linked to the paradigm of formal reasoning and the other linked to the paradigm of informal reasoning. For this, we develop and apply a reasoning test that combines formal reasoning tasks with informal reasoning tasks. The test was administered virtually to a total of 138 participants. The results confirmed the two hypotheses of the study, namely, that motivational mechanisms prevail over logical ability in the tasks of evaluating arguments (both deductive and non-deductive) and that the myside bias is significantly accentuated in the task of informal reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. La formulación de un estándar normativo de imparcialidad que incorpore la imparcialidad objetivo-cognitiva en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano: un estudio sobre la repercusión de la jurisprudencia de los tribunales internacionales de derechos humanos
- Author
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HIGA, CÉSAR, SOTOMAYOR TRELLES, JOSÉ ENRIQUE, and CAVANI, RENZO
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COGNITIVE bias , *JUDICIAL independence , *FAIRNESS , *DUTY , *HUMAN rights - Abstract
This article is a case study on the configuration of the duty of impartiality in the jurisprudential development of human rights courts and its influence on Peruvian domestic courts. In this line of reasoning, the way in which the distinction between subjective and objective impartiality --identified with the "theory of appearances"--has been constructed is analyzed and, later, the relationship between impartiality and cognitive bias is determined. This is done with the aim of criticizing the theory of appearances and proposing the formulation of a standard in which three dimensions of the guarantee of impartiality are distinguished: subjective, objective-functional and objective-cognitive. Finally, the distinction between external and internal judicial independence is addressed, and its difference with impartiality is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. EXPLORING THE INTERPLAY OF SOCIAL CAPITAL, COGNITIVE BIASES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR IN ALBANIA.
- Author
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Guga, Eduina and Peta, Etleva
- Subjects
COGNITIVE bias ,SOCIAL capital ,INFORMED consent (Medical law) ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP education ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,CONTROL (Psychology) ,ONLINE social networks - Abstract
This article presents the findings of a study on the factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior in Albania. The research examines the role of social capital, cognitive biases, and environmental factors in shaping entrepreneurial activity. The study reveals that social capital, including professional networks and financial support, has a positive impact on entrepreneurial engagement. Cognitive biases, particularly overconfidence, also play a significant role in entrepreneurial behavior. The study highlights bureaucratic hurdles and limited funding as challenges faced by entrepreneurs, while motivational factors like incentives and training have positive influences. The research emphasizes the importance of nurturing social capital, addressing cognitive biases, and improving the business ecosystem to promote entrepreneurship in Albania. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Límites y posibilidades del uso de algoritmos en la determinación de la previsibilidad (y evitabilidad) en los delitos imprudentes: ¿un posible correctivo a los sesgos cognitivos que afectan a este juicio?
- Author
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Florio, Marco Edgardo
- Subjects
COGNITIVE bias ,JUDGMENT (Psychology) ,ALGORITHMS ,NEGLIGENCE ,PROGNOSIS ,NOISE - Abstract
Copyright of IDP: Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica is the property of Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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8. Sesgo de creencia en el razonamiento deductivo con silogismos.
- Author
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Massolo, Alba and Traversi, Mariel
- Subjects
TASK analysis ,SYLLOGISM ,MODEL theory ,COGNITIVE bias ,PREDICTION models - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Psychology (UNLP) / Revista de Psicología (UNLP) is the property of Facultad de Psicologia Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Decisión, racionalidad, metodología Lean.
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Iris Cortez, Estela, Alejandra Morales, Patricia, and Bazanini, Roberto
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DECISION making ,COGNITIVE bias ,EMOTIONS ,INTUITION ,BUSINESSMEN - Abstract
Copyright of Ad-gnosis is the property of Ad-gnosis Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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10. Behavioral Economics: its influence on the prediction of sports results.
- Author
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Pérez-Martínez, Armenio and Rodríguez-Fernández, Aimara
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SPORTS forecasting ,BEHAVIORAL economics ,COGNITIVE bias ,STATISTICS ,SPORTS officiating - Abstract
Copyright of Retos, Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Económicas is the property of Universidad Politecnica Salesiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Behavioral Economics: Theoretical Conception to Understand Economic Behavior.
- Author
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Pérez, Armenio and Rodríguez, Aimara
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BEHAVIORAL economics ,HEURISTIC algorithms ,COGNITIVE bias ,HYDROGEN ,RENEWABLE energy transition (Government policy) - Abstract
Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Campaña de prevención COVID-19 en México: análisis de contenido desde la Economía del Comportamiento.
- Author
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Valeria Vázquez-Herrera, Nayeli and Maldonado Reynoso, Norma Patricia
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COVID-19 , *BEHAVIORAL economics , *COVID-19 pandemic , *COGNITIVE bias , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission - Abstract
During the Covid-19 pandemic, in order to reduce infections and consequences, various public policies are implemented, including messages to develop desirable prevention behaviors. Behavioral economics theory points out the importance of considering people's cognitive biases that distance them from rational decisions and have a negative impact on the implementation of suitable behaviors. The present research work carried out a qualitative content analysis in messages to combat the spread of the COVID-19 disease, which the Government of Mexico transmitted through the internet. Infographics and official videos were analyzed to identify if the contributions of behavioral economics were considered. The analysis made it possible to identify the biases that were most present and the behavioral tools that sought to mitigate them, but still in a limited way. The benefits of considering this theoretical approach when designing and evaluating these messages are recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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13. Decisões financeiras à luz da economia comportamental: estudo comparativo dos alunos dos cursos de Economia e Administração de uma universidade federal brasileira.
- Author
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Pena Lima Kaizer, Débora Cristiane, Leitão Rodrigues, Eduardo de Sá Fortes, and Moreira Rodrigues Ferreira, Ariele da Silva
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COGNITIVE bias ,COGNITIVE interference ,DECISION making ,BEHAVIORAL economics ,HIGHER education - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigacion y Reflexion is the property of Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. POSTVERDAD Y PANDEMIA DE LA COVID-19: DIÁLOGOS CON LA EDUCACIÓN CIENTÍFICA.
- Author
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Gomes da Silva, Mayara, Gomes da Silva, Maria Ruthe, da Silva Dias, Márcia Adelino, and de Oliveira Luna, Karla Patrícia
- Subjects
SARS-CoV-2 ,SCIENCE education ,COVID-19 pandemic ,ANTI-vaccination movement ,COGNITIVE bias ,SOCIAL networks - Abstract
Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. ¿Alguien quiere una rebanada de pizza? Los sesgos cognitivos en la contratación de servicios digitales: el punto ciego de la regulación en México.
- Author
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García-Tejeda, Enrique
- Subjects
HERFINDAHL-Hirschman index ,PIZZERIAS ,DIGITAL technology ,ECONOMIC competition ,HUMAN behavior models ,COGNITIVE bias ,DIGITAL media - Abstract
Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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16. Ideología y razonamiento: un estudio sobre el sesgo a mi favor.
- Author
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Alba, Massolo, Mariel, Traversi, and Patricia, Scherman
- Subjects
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CONFIRMATION bias , *IDEOLOGY , *ABORTION laws , *REASONING , *DEBATE , *LOGIC , *COGNITIVE bias - Abstract
Myside bias has been characterized as the tendency for people to produce and evaluate arguments in a manner biased towards their ideology. The main objective of this paper is to analyze myside bias in an argument evaluation task. We constructed a test composed of two parts: a Likert-style questionnaire about personal attitudes and an argument evaluation task. Two controversial topics were employed for constructing this reasoning test namely, legalizing abortion and lowering the minimum age of criminal responsibility. Participants (N=247) were recruited from a secondary school and two universities in Córdoba, Argentina. We found a significant correlation between opinions regarding legalizing abortion and the assessment of arguments about abortion. However, we found a weak correlation between the Likert-score obtained regarding the age of criminal responsibility and the argument evaluation task towards that topic. Besides, we analyze the relation among myside bias and two variables of interest: educational level and formal instruction in logic. Regarding educational level, we haven't found a significant difference between the results obtained by secondary students participants and by university students participants. Regarding formal instruction in logic, we found that myside bias diminishes among participants with more training in logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
17. Sesgos cognitivos en la comunicación y prevención de la COVID-19.
- Author
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Prieto, Marta Cerezo
- Subjects
- *
BEHAVIORAL sciences , *COGNITIVE bias , *COVID-19 pandemic , *DECISION making , *SOCIAL contact , *LOSS aversion , *NUDGE theory - Abstract
Introduction: For governments to promote public health effectively in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, they must encourage measures and restrictions on the behaviour of their citizens without falling into a police state. Behavioural science provides a number of explanations, such as cognitive bias, that can serve as a starting point for understanding non-compliance with health measures. Methodology: To do so, a review of cognitive biases that disrupt the decision-making process is carried out, including loss aversion, carry-over effect, optimistic self-perception or availability. Likewise, some measures such as the design of communications or nudge tools to face them are presented. Results: Despite the attempts to raise awareness through informative and educational campaigns, it is possible to include other tools that respond to the problems of attention or decision making of the population, based on the simplification, framing and adaptation of the contents of the messages to the target audience, as well as the inclusion of elements that facilitate the adoption of new habits. The progressive return to habits that require social contact means that public agents are reinventing themselves in the process of promoting new lifestyles, including hand disinfection, the use of masks or interpersonal distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. USO DE VIESES COGNITIVOS EM ATIVAÇÕES DE MERCHANDISING E O EFEITO NAS VENDAS NOS SUPERMERCADOS.
- Author
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AVANZI, DANTE, ANGOTTI GUISSONI, LEANDRO, MATEUS RODRIGUES, JONNY, and D'ANDREA, RAFAEL
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SUPERMARKET sales , *BEHAVIORAL economics , *CONSUMER goods , *COGNITIVE bias , *LOSS aversion - Abstract
Competition among different brands in supermarkets motivates consumer goods companies to develop and implement and activate merchandising materials at the point of sales (POS). These merchandising materials attempt to influence shoppers and promote sales. On the other hand, behavioral economics studies the decision-making of individuals based on their preferences and beliefs, influenced by cognitive bias. This study attempts to understand the effect of loss aversion and mental accounting in POS materials on supermarket sales. We conduct two experiments with a consumer brand in a supermarket chain. The results reveal a positive and significant effect on sales only for the cognitive bias of loss aversion, applied to the POS materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. SESGOS COGNITIVOS Y DESEMPEÑO LABORAL: ASPECTOS RACIONALES Y NO RACIONALES.
- Author
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Pérez M., Jesús R. and Ibañez de Castillo, Neyda
- Subjects
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LOSS aversion , *SELECTIVITY (Psychology) , *COGNITIVE bias , *JOB performance - Abstract
The objective of this research is to identify qualitatively and quantitatively the important cognitive biases for the work performance of the small and medium industries of the Valencia municipality, Carabobo state, Venezuela, in order to be able to solve and give indications of which are the elements that These companies must take into account, to redefine, achieve and seek better results, representative of a good job performance, in their rational and non32 rational aspects. Methodologically, the research conforms to the quantitative positivist paradigm; being an exploratory, field and 33 descriptive study, adjusted to the deductive method, using direct observation and a questionnaire; processing the data with Descriptive Statistics, for empirical evidence. The results have shown that the experts selected 15 elements, grouped into 4 cognitive biases: illusion of control (key bias), aversion to losses, selective perception, and overconfidence. It is concluded that the cognitive biases in order of importance, for the work performance of the SMEs addressed and their better productivity are: aversion to losses, excess of confidence and excess of illusion of control, considering these biases in non-rational aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Los sesgos cognitivos en la función de control fiscal: la naturaleza humana, un aspecto a considerar.
- Author
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ROJAS ARIAS, JUAN CAMILO
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COGNITIVE bias , *SETTLEMENT of structures , *COGNITIVE development , *DECISION making , *HUMAN experimentation - Abstract
Studies on the influence of heuristic pathways and cognitive biases in the development of public functions, specifically in the development of fiscal control and surveillance are underdeveloped in Colombia. Consequently, the objective of this article is to carry out a descriptive analysis on the main findings that mark the study on the architecture of human decisions, demarcating them within the framework of fiscal control. For this objective, special emphasis will be placed on settling the structure of fiscal control and surveillance and some results. This analysis will detect the invisible effects of some heuristic paths and biases on the decision-making process in development of fiscal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. IMPACTO DEL EFECTO HALO EN EL JUEGO DEL ULTIMÁTUM: ¿ES UNA BUENA IMPRESIÓN SUFICIENTE PARA TOLERAR OFERTAS ECONÓMICAS INJUSTAS?
- Author
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Balassiano, Diogo, Labianco, Michela, Martínez-Horta, Saül, Rodríguez, Geraldine, Rodríguez, Valeria, and Treco, Dario
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,PERSONALITY ,DECISION making ,BEHAVIORAL economics ,COGNITIVE bias - Abstract
Copyright of Palermo Business Review is the property of Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
22. Susceptibilidad cognitiva a las falsas informaciones.
- Author
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Sanz Blasco, Rubén and Carro de Francisco, Cristina
- Abstract
Copyright of Historia y Comunicación Social is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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23. Scientific ignorance: Probing the limits of scientific research and knowledge production.
- Author
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FERNÁNDEZ PINTO, Manuela
- Subjects
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SCIENTIFIC knowledge , *SCIENTIFIC community , *FRAUD in science , *COGNITIVE bias , *RESEARCH bias , *KNOWLEDGE acquisition (Expert systems) , *RESEARCH - Abstract
The aim of the paper is to clarify the concept of scientific ignorance: what is it, what are its sources, and when is it epistemically detrimental to science. While some sources of scientific ignorance come inevitably with the process of knowledge acquisition, others are deliberately created. The former includes selection processes, inductive reasoning, and cognitive biases, while the latter includes scientific fraud. Another important source of scientific ignorance appears when scientists introduce methodological biases through micro-decisions in the research process. I provide three examples from medical research to illustrate this point. I argue further that methodological biases present a challenge, in so far as they are no easily classifiable as deliberate: they might also be the result of entrenched research practices within a scientific community. Strategies to identify and prevent methodological biases in research should take into account such difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Sesgos cognitivos en anestesia, una causa latente de error humano.
- Author
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Rubio-Martínez, Rodrigo, Espino-Núñez, Sebastián, Espinoza-Tadeo, Aldo, Romero-Guillén, Priscila, Eduardo Medina-Pérez, Mario, and Coronado-Ávila, Sergio
- Abstract
A concept that has gained attention in the last years is the existance of cognitive biases and their influence in decision making and behaviour of human beings. Teams in the operating room are formed by different medical specialities with varied levels of experience, everyone has a role and every one can make decisions that have an impact in the patient. This decision making process might be based in previous experience, clinical reasoning, and context; the need to make a rapid diagnosis and treatment in some situations makes the anesthesiologist especially vulnerable to cognitive bias. We present different types of cognitive bias that might be present in the operating room for example the attention bias in which a relevant stimulus like the airway management could make the hemodynamic aspect go unnoticed. The goal of this paper is to aware anesthesiologists in particular about this cognitive biases, their presence in the decision making process in the operating room and to share a couple of ways to prevent them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
25. The endowment effect on entrepreneurs: A risky attachment.
- Author
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PEÑÓN, ISABELA ECHEVERRY and ORTEGA, SANTIAGO REYES
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ENDOWMENT effect (Economics) , *COGNITIVE bias , *ENTREPRENEURSHIP , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *INVESTMENTS - Abstract
This paper presents evidence on the role of the endowment effect in shaping the risk-taking behavior of entrepreneurs, and how the potential of losing their firms lead them to take higher risks. This study uses an experimental design with 466 entrepreneurs in Cali, Colombia. Results show that entrepreneurs are more likely to accept riskier bets when those are related to the possession of their companies than in non-framed lotteries. The data shows that the existence o f the endowment effect increases the certainty equivalent o f a lottery, for the median entrepreneur, by 36.5%. This could explain why many entrepreneurs prefer to continue operating their underperforming firms, as well as why many entrepreneurs overvalue their firms during investment processes. This paper presents an alternate view on the drivers behind entrepreneurs' risk-taking behavior and opens a door for future research on the role o f biases on entrepreneurs ' decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
26. BREXIT, PAZ Y TRUMP: ENSEÑANZAS PARA LOS ECONOMISTAS.
- Author
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García Molina, Mario and Alejandra Chicaíza, Liliana
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMICS & psychology , *BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 , *PEACE treaties , *UNITED States presidential election, 2016 , *COGNITIVE bias , *DECISION making - Abstract
This essay analyzes three elections that had unexpected results: the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the rejection of the peace agreement in Colombia and the election of Trump as president of the United States. It emphasizes three aspects: the predictions were made in a situation of uncertainty based on rules or conventions, the campaigns involved strong emotional elements and the results were affected by cultural factors (identity and religious) and not only economic ones. Standard economics omits such factors although it should take them into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Incertidumbres del análisis dimensional de la inteligencia.
- Author
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Payá Santos, Claudio Augusto and Delgado Morán, Juan José
- Abstract
Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. LA VISIÓN DIRECTIVA EN LA TOMA DE DECISIONES BAJO EL ENFOQUE DE LA TEORÍA COGNITIVA DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN.
- Author
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Lorena Camaran, María and Mirabal, Alberto
- Abstract
Copyright of Ciencia y Sociedad is the property of Ciencia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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29. Cognitive process implicit in protectional behaviors facing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Author
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Ávila-Toscano, José Hernando, Hernández-Chang, Emilio Ariel, Marenco-Escuderos, Ailed, Herrera-Bravo, Maura, and Rambal-Rivaldo, Laura
- Subjects
comportamentos de risco ,vacinação ,Risk behavior ,Prevention ,intenção comportamental ,Vaccination ,Conductas de riesgos ,Vacunación ,COVID-19 ,Itención conductual ,Behavior intention ,prevenção ,Preconceitos cognitivos ,Prevención ,Sesgos cognitivos ,Cognitive bias - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and the Use of Violence-Revised (IPDMUV-R): Psychometric properties.
- Author
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Echeburúa, Enrique, Amor, Pedro J., Sarasua, Belén, Zubizarreta, Irene, and Holgado-Tello, Francisco Pablo
- Subjects
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PSYCHOMETRICS , *PSYCHOLOGY of women , *VIOLENCE , *COGNITIVE ability , *COGNITIVE bias , *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) - Abstract
Men who batter are often affected by cognitive distortions relat ed to gender roles and the legitimization of violence as a valid way to solve conflicts. The objectives of this research were: to analyze the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and the Use of Violence-Revised (IPDMUV-R), to delete non-updated items and to compare the predictive ability of the revised version (IPDMUV-R) with other measures of the nomological network. The sample consisted of 463 men (241 batterer men and 222 men of the normative population), with a mean age of 41.22 years (SD-- 11.34). The results showed acceptable fit indices for a unidimensional structure of IPDMUV-R (new version of 21 items) with an alpha of .74 (higher than the original version of 29 items). The score of IPDMUV-R showed statistically significant correlations with self-reports which measure social desirability and ambivalent sexism. When analyzing the cutoff points to differentiate between batterer men and the normative group, the IPDMUV-R had a higher discriminative ability compared to 1PDMUV and hostile and benevolent sexism dimensions. To conclude, an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to detect cognitive biases in violent men against the partner is presented. This instrument is useful for clinical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. DE LA FACILIDAD COGNITIVA EN LAS REDES SOCIALES. EL PRIMING CONSPIRATIVO DE LOS MEXICANOS: #FUEELESTADO.
- Author
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Torres Nabel, Luis César
- Abstract
Copyright of Aposta is the property of Aposta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
32. Intuition and Reason: Re-Assessing Dual-Process Theories with Representational Sub-Activation.
- Author
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Trafford, James and Tillas, Alexandros
- Subjects
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INTUITION , *REASON , *COGNITIVE bias , *ATTENTION , *COGNITION - Abstract
There is a prevalent distinction in the literature on reasoning, between Type-1 processes (fast, automatic, associative, heuristic and intuitive); and Type-2 processes (rulebased, analytical and reflective). In this paper, we follow up recent empirical evidence [De Neys (2006b); Osman (2013)] in favour of a unitary cognitive system. More specifically, we suggest that intuitions (T1-processes) are sub-activated representations, which are in turn influenced by the weightings of the connections between different representations. Furthermore, we explain biases by appealing to the role of attention in thinking processes. The suggested view explains reasoning and bias whilst dealing with extant problems facing dual-process accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
33. Sesgos cognitivos: análisis del Sistema 1 de Kahneman, heurísticas y ejemplos de aplicación en el mercado
- Author
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Salmerón-Riquelme, Laura
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Kahneman ,economía conductual ,cognitive bias ,heuristic ,sesgos cognitivos ,toma de decisiones ,heurísticas ,behavioral economic ,decision making ,Máster Universitario en Neuromarketing - Abstract
Until recently, the rationality of human actions has been accepted in various fields of work, including economics, however, studies carried out for almost forty years by psychologists, neuroscientists and economists have unleashed the irrationality of people and with it, a nonrational economic behavior, full of mental shortcuts that lead to cognitive biases which are used by companies to plan marketing strategies that allow them to be chosen over the competition. In the present master's final academic work, I carry out a bibliographic review of the different researchers who have contributed to the understanding of consumer economic behavior, including two great psychologists who will be mentioned throughout this work, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, epicenters of the rest of the research on this field. On the other hand, an analysis of different cognitive biases that are used by companies and that we can find in the market is carried out. To do this, an academic description of these biases is made and exemplified. La racionalidad de las acciones del ser humano ha sido hasta hace poco aceptada en diversos campos de trabajo, entre ellos la economía sin embargo, estudios realizados desde hace casi cuarenta años por psicólogos, neurocientíficos y economistas han desatado la irracionalidad de las personas y con ello, un comportamiento económico nada racional, lleno de atajos mentales que conllevan a sesgos cognitivos los cuales, son aprovechados por empresas para planear estrategias de comercialización que permitan ser la elegidas frente a la competencia. En el presente trabajo académico final de máster, realizo una revisión bibliográfica de los diferentes investigadores que han contribuido al entendimiento de la conducta económica del consumidor, entre ellos dos grandes psicólogos que serán mencionados a lo largo de este trabajo, Daniel Kahneman y Amos Tversky, epicentros del resto de investigaciones sobre este ámbito. Por otro lado, se lleva a cabo un análisis de diferentes sesgos cognitivos que son aprovechados por las empresas y que podemos encontrar en el mercado. Para ello, se hace una descripción académic
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- 2021
34. Incidentes viales en Medellín : una propuesta para su reducción desde la economía conductual
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Algarra Alzate, Melissa, Wachter Espitia, Johann Eduardo, and Silva Jaramillo, Santiago
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Economía conductual ,Nudge ,Arquitectura de las decisiones ,Incidentes viales ,POLÍTICA PÚBLICA ,Road incidents ,Sesgos cognitivos ,SEGURIDAD VIAL ,ACCIDENTES DE TRANSPORTE ,ACCIDENTES DE TRÁNSITO ,Behavioral economics ,Choice architecture ,Cognitive bias ,SALUD PÚBLICA - Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo proponer un instrumento de acción pública basado en 'nudges' como alternativa que contribuya a mitigar el problema público de las muertes y lesiones por incidentes viales en la Carrera 64C (Autopista Norte – Medellín). Se propone un cambio semántico que considere las lesiones y muertes en las vías como incidentes, y no como accidentes, ya que los primeros se entienden como un problema de salud pública y no se generan de manera accidental, sino que sus causas corresponden a errores humanos, fallas en la infraestructura vial, excesos de velocidad, etc. Dado lo anterior, se realizó una revisión de literatura y estudios de casos, para determinar las conexiones entre las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Políticas Públicas y Seguridad Vial. Finalmente, se presentan una serie de recomendaciones para la realización de intervenciones públicas específicamente en la Carrera 64 C (Autopista Norte – Medellín) y algunas conclusiones del trabajo de investigación., This investigation aims to propose a public action as an instrument based on 'nudges' as an alternative that contributes to mitigating the public problem of injuries and deaths due to road incidents on Avenue 64C (North highway, Medellín). A proposed semantic change is that it considers injuries and deaths on the road as incidents, and not as accidents since the former are understood as a public health problem and are not generated accidentally, but their causes correspond to human errors, failures in road infrastructure, speeding, etc. Given the above, a review of literature and case study was carried out to determine connections between the behavioral sciences, public policy and road safety. Finally, a series of recommendations are presented for the public interventions specifically in Avenue 64 C (North highway, Medellín), and some conclusions of set research.
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- 2021
35. EPISTEMOLOGÍA, RAZONAMIENTO Y COGNICIÓN EN EL DEBATE HISTORIOGRÁFICO CONSTRUCTIVISMO VS. RECONSTRUCTIVISMO.
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NAVARRO, MARÍA GONZÁLEZ
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CONSTRUCTIVISM (Philosophy) , *THEORY of knowledge , *HISTORIOGRAPHY , *COGNITIVE bias , *SOCIAL perception , *HISTORICAL research - Abstract
Some authors sustain that historical research is an effect of a specific historiographical context (Jenkins, 1991; González de Oleaga, 2009). An approach to the historiographical debate between constructivism and recontructivism is presented in this paper. Two theses are here defended. The first one affirms that the above mentioned debate is deeply related to epistemological questions (study of mental representations, different conceptions about historical reasoning functions, historical reasoning, cognitive bias, and informal falacies). The second thesis affirms that each historiographical conception can be understood as the effect of assuming a specific perspective about these epistemic questions. As an evidence of this, some connections between historiography and epistemology will be analysed through the analogy between the reconstructivism vs. constructivism debate, and the epistemological debate detectivism vs. constitutivism (Finkelstein, 2003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
36. Diferencias en el estilo atribucional y de la autoestima en una muestra de pacientes delirantes.
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Fernández Prieto, Montserrat, Quevedo-Blasco, Raúl, and Buela-Casal, Gualberto
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- *
COGNITION disorders research , *DELUSIONS , *SELF-esteem testing , *RESEARCH , *PATIENTS - Abstract
Introduction The attributional style along with the self-esteem (that plays a central role in the development and maintenance of the pathological state) is a very important mediating element in the delusion, so we find the necessity to realise basic studies of these processes. In the field of psychology, and mainly in the personality area, the atributional style has a great relevance, when understanding the causal attributions like mechanisms of facing that guide the conduct of the subject. In this way, we see the importance that supposes the study of the dysfunctional attribution to be able to replace it on the other adaptive, mainly in the pathologies where delusions beliefs exist. In the present investigation the influence has been analyzed that carries out the variable attributional style and the self-esteem in the delusional ideas (defined by the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] as «false belief based on the realization of incorrect inferences about external reality, beliefs that are held firmly believe despite of almost everyone else, and despite of constitutes an obvious proof or evidence otherwise indisputable») in a sample of delusional patients in comparison with a group control. Most of the research, focus on the dimension of «Internal» in this study (following previous research), is to examine attributional biases in the reasoning of delirious patients. Therefore, the departure hypotheses are the following: a) the delusional patients, more than the normal subjects, will realise in their social reasoning more external attributions for the negative events that stop the positives; b) the delusional patients, like the control group, tend to realise global and excessively stable attributions, as much for positive events as for negative events; and c) the delusional patients in comparison with the control group will indicate a high self-esteem. Patients and methods To carry out this research both self-esteem and attributional style have been tested in a sample of 20 delusional in-patients (85% are men and 15% women of average age of 36.20 years) entered the unit of Rehabilitation of a Psychiatric Hospital of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) and have been compared to 40 normal control subject in age and sex with the experimental group that do not own psychiatric history, no upheaval that requires treatment. The criteria of inclusion have been the following: a) all of the patients were entered the unit of Rehabilitation, b) the patients had delusional ideas at the moment of the tests, c) their diagnosis fulfilled the criteria according to DSM-IV for paranoid schizophrenia (16 patients) and delusions upheaval (paranoid) (4 patients), d) the ages of the patients had to be included between 20 and 50 years, e) none of the patients had a history of drug use, f) patient did not show evidence of organic brain disorders, g) all of them had a score in items 1 (delusion), 5 (magnitude), and 6 (mistrust/damage) in the positive scale of PANSS (PANSS-P) of more than 3, and h) all the patients had more than 5 years of disease. One is comparative, observational, and cross-sectional and homodemic a study according to the propose classification by Feinstein and with a design of cases and controls. The instruments applied in the study were: a) Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (EA), is an instrument for assessing the patient's global self-esteem; b) Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), which is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of twelve situations, six positive (success) and six negative (failure), against which the subject must indicate the causes they attribute its occurrence; and c) Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), suitable for evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Of the thirty items included in the PANSS, seven are positive scale (PANSS-P), seven the negative scale (PANSS-N), and the sixteen remaining general psychopathology scale (PANSS-PG). All the instruments used for the study, count on their corresponding data of reliability and validity. In this investigation a descriptive analysis of the object of study has been carried out variable, which provided us the frequency allocation, percentage, averages, medians and standard deviations for each of them. Results The results of this investigation show that the delusional patients realised more external attributions for the negative events that the group normal control, and more internal for the positives. The delusional patients realised a causal attribution in stability and globality for the negative events similar to the one of the normal ones. Nevertheless, before positive events have been significant differences between both groups in relation to the stability, not thus for the globality. Also the delusional patients, like the group normal control, indicated a high self-esteem. In the statistic analysis has not been significant differences in self-esteem between the delusional group and the group control that the hypothesis supports that the delusional ones have a high selfesteem with respect to the normal ones. Conclusion The hypothesis raised by Bentall has not been able to state in this investigation, since when analyzing the variable self-esteem we observed that their scores are similar to the group control of normal. According to the atribucional style, one concludes that the delusional subjects tend to blame their failures and errors to the other people or other circumstances. On the other hand, when they are successful in some situation, they consider that it must to them themselves, attributing the favourable events to internal level. The conclusions of the analysis of the globality dimension, which determines the temporary generalization of the expectation, do not fulfil the hypothesis in which it affirmed that the delusional subjects, like the normal ones, excessively realised global attributions as much for positive fads as for negative, but do not indicate an exaggerated slant towards the excessive globality. The hypothesis raised by Bentall that the delusion reflect a defensive atribucional style, which protects the individual against feelings of low self-esteem, has not been possible to state in this investigation, since when analyzing the variable self-esteem we observed that significant differences in the delusional patients do not exist, since their scores are similar to the group control, showing a both high self-esteem. By all this, it is possible to be concluded that it enters the delusional patients and the group control only exists significant differences taking care of the atribucional style of each group. However, such studies contribute along with other made in the understanding of these disorders and consequently to the development of effective psychological program with the aim of improving the symptoms of these patients and even in other pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
37. El efecto de la preocupación y la rumiación en los sesgos de atención e interpretación. Un estudio experimental
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Martín Díez, Jaime, Blanco Chacón, Iván, Universidad de Alcalá, and Blanco Martínez, Iván
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Depression ,Atentional bias ,Anxiety ,Interpretation bias ,Sesgos atencionales ,Ansiedad ,Worry ,Depresión ,Sesgos cognitivos ,Sesgos de interpretación ,Rumination ,Rumiación ,Cognitive bias ,Preocupación - Abstract
39 p., El trastorno de depresión mayor y los trastornos de ansiedad son dos de las dolencias con mayor impacto en la salud mental de todo el mundo, dos elementos claves en el mantenimiento y la etiología de ambos trastornos son la preocupación y la rumiación. Estos dos estilos cognitivos de respuesta juegan un papel crucial en el curso de estas patologías, además, serian importantes mecanismos subyacentes al funcionamiento de la ansiedad y la depresión. La preocupación está más compuesta de pensamientos negativos orientados hacia el futuro y ligados a la ansiedad, la rumiación está orientada hacia el pasado y ligada a la depresión. Estudios previos sugieren que la preocupación ayuda a evitar emociones intentas, mientras que la rumiación las enaltece. Estudiar como los estados de preocupación y rumiación afectan los procesos atencionales y de interpretación puede ayudarnos a entender el papel de estos estilos cognitivos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto de una inducción a un estilo cognitivo de rumiación o preocupación en los sesgos de atención e interpretación. Los resultados no mostraron efectos estadísticamente significativos que apoyasen la hipótesis de que tras la inducción los sesgos de atención e interpretación aumentarían. Es necesario seguir investigando en esta línea para una mejor comprensión., Major depression disorder and anxiety disorders have one of the greatest impact on mental health worldwide, two key elements in the maintenance and etiology of both disorders are worry and rumination. These two cognitive response styles play a crucial role in the course of these pathologies, in addition, they would be important mechanisms underlying the functioning of anxiety and depression. Worry is more composed of negative thoughts oriented towards the future and linked to anxiety, rumination is oriented towards the past and linked to depression. Previous studies suggest that worry helps avoid intense emotions, while rumination enhances them. Studying how states of worry and rumination affect attentional and interpretation processes can help us understand the role of these cognitive styles. This study aims to analyze the effect of an induction to a cognitive style of rumination or w on attention and interpretation biases. The results did not show statistically significant effects that support the hypothesis that attention and interpretation biases would increase after induction. It is necessary to continue investigating in this line for a better understanding., Máster Universitario en Psicología General Sanitaria (M169)
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- 2020
38. SESGOS DE RAZONAMIENTO, LENGUAJES FORMALES Y ENSEÑANZA DE LA LÓGICA
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Alba Massolo
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Syntactic methods ,Existential quantification ,Information processing ,Formal methods ,enseñanza de la Lógica ,Logical consequence ,Cognitive bias ,lenguajes formales ,Argument ,Sesgos cognitivos ,Formal language ,modelos mentales ,consecuencia lógica ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
RESUMEN Los estudios empíricos provenientes del ámbito de la psicología cognitiva han mostrado que el razonamiento humano no se guía por las prescripciones de la lógica. Por el contrario, estos estudios advierten que el razonamiento humano se apoya en la construcción de modelos mentales de baja demanda computacional y que existen ciertos patrones de procesamiento, denomi nados sesgos cognitivos, que están directamente vinculados a los típicos errores de razonamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar de qué manera estas características del razonamiento humano están vinculadas con la aprehensión del concepto de consecuencia lógica. Para esto, realizamos un estudio exploratorio en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de un curso introductorio de lógica de primer orden, a fin de observar si existe alguna relación entre el uso de lenguajes formales y la evaluación de argumentos. Encontramos que existe una correlación significativa entre el uso de lenguajes formales, por un lado, y de métodos sintácticos, por otro, y la capacidad para establecer la validez de un argumento. Estos resultados apoyarían la hipótesis de que los métodos y lenguajes formales constituyen una herramienta indispensable para la enseñanza de la lógica. Si bien las propuestas pedagógicas más cercanas al razonamiento intuitivo pueden ser útiles en una primera aproximación a conceptos centrales en lógica, nuestro estudio advierte algunas consecuencias negativas de estas propuestas didácticas que estarían vinculadas a la activación de algunos sesgos de razonamiento.
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- 2019
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39. Priming y prejuicio: el efecto de sesgo de la información de origen, el juicio y la evaluación
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Luiz Victorino, Ronaldo Pilati, and Alexandre Linhares
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cognitive bias ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Judgmen ,juicio ,Agency (sociology) ,Psychology ,sesgos cognitivos ,priming ,judgment ,media_common ,vieses cognitivos ,General Medicine ,Scientific article ,revisión por pares ,Cognitive bias ,BF1-990 ,Bias effect ,juízos ,revisão por pares ,Scientific publishing ,Prejudice ,Phd students ,Priming (psychology) ,Social psychology - Abstract
El sistema de revisión por pares es un principio básico de la publicación científica, que ha sido estudiado a lo largo de los años. Las discusiones recientes sobre sesgos en los juicios y las evaluaciones han destacado la importancia de los efectos de priming en esos procesos. Hemos realizado dos experimentos con tareas de evaluación (una evaluación de un artículo científico, con profesores y estudiantes de doctorado como participantes, y una degustación de chocolates, con estudiantes universitarios) en las que estuvieron expuestos a una nota a pie de página que reconocía el apoyo financiero de una agencia ficticia. En una condición, el nombre de la agencia se asoció con el continente africano, mientras que en otra condición, fue asociado con el continente europeo. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los juicios en ambas pruebas, tales que los individuos en la condición europea evaluaron mejor el artículo y el chocolate, a pesar de que los estímulos fueron lo suficientemente sutiles como para no ser recordados por el 92.5% de todos los participantes. También encontramos evidencia de un efecto moderador de la experiencia académica en el proceso de priming.Palabras clave: revisión por pares, priming, sesgos cognitivos, juicio. The peer review system is a core tenet of scientific publishing, and has been studied throughout the years. Recent discussions on judgment and evaluation biases have highlighted the importance of priming effects on those processes. We have conducted two experiments with evaluation tasks (a scientific article evaluation, with professors and PhD students as participants, and a chocolate tasting, with undergraduates) in which they were exposed to a footnote acknowledging financial support from a fictional agency. In one condition, theagency's name was associated with the African continent, while in another condition, it was associated with the European continent. There were statisticallysignificant differences in judgments on both tests, with individuals on the European condition giving better evaluations of the article and the chocolate, even thoughthe stimuli were subtle enough not to be remembered by 92.5 % of all participants. We also found evidence of a moderating effect of academic experience on thepriming process.Keywords: Peer review, priming, cognitive bias, judgment. O sistema de revisão por pares é um princípio básico da publicação científica, e tem sido estudado ao longo dos anos. As discussões recentes sobre viés nos juízos e as avaliações têm destacado a importância dos efeitos de priming nos processos. Temos realizado dois expe rimentos com tarefas de avaliação (uma avaliação de um artigo científico, com professores e estudantes de doutoramento como participantes, e uma degustação de chocolates, com estudantes universitários) na que estiveram expostos a uma nota de rodapé que recon hecia o apoio financeiro de uma agência fictícia. Em uma condição, o nome da agência associou-se com o continente africano, enquanto que em outra condição, foi associado com o continente europeu. Houve dife renças estatisticamente significativas em juízos em ambas as provas, com indivíduos na condição europeia dando melhores avaliações ao artigo e ao chocolate, apesar de que os estímulos foram o suficientemente sutis como para não serem lembrados pelo 92.5% de todos os participantes. Também encontramos evidência de um efeito moderador da experiência acadêmica no processo de priming.
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- 2019
40. FACILITACIÓN DE ESCENARIOS COLABORATIVOS PARA LA MEDIACIÓN EN CONTEXTOS LEGALES: IMPORTANCIA DE LOS PROCESOS PSICOSOCIALES.
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RUIZ-GARCÍA, MARÍA-JOSÉ, NAVARRO-ABAL, YOLANDA, CLIMENT-RODRÍGUEZ, JOSÉ A., and DÍAZ-GÓMEZ, MANUEL-JESÚS
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CONFLICT management ,MEDIATION ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,COGNITIVE bias ,MEDIATION & conciliation services ,MEDIATORS (Persons) - Abstract
Copyright of Portularia: Revista de Trabajo Social is the property of Universidad de Huelva, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2013
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41. Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia: revisado (IPDMUV-R): propiedades psicométricas
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Echeburua, Enrique, Amor, Pedro J., Sarasua, Belén, Zubizarreta, Irene, and Holgado-Tello, Francisco Pablo
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maltratadores ,validation ,reliability ,validación ,Sesgos cognitivos ,IPDMUV-R ,fiabilidad ,Cognitive bias ,batterer men ,psychometric properties ,propiedades psicométricas - Abstract
Los hombres violentos contra la pareja muestran numerosos sesgos cognitivos relacionados con los roles de género y la legitimación de la violencia. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Pensamientos Distorsionados sobre la Mujer y el Uso de la Violencia-Revisado (IPDMUV-R), depurar sus ítems y comparar la capacidad de predicción de esta versión revisada con otras medidas de su red nomológica. La muestra constó de 463 hombres -241 maltratadores y 222 hombres de la población normativa-, con una edad media de 41.22 años (DT=11.34). Los resultados mostraron índices de ajuste aceptables para una estructura unidimensional del IPDMUV-R (nueva versión de 21 ítems), con un alfa de .74 (superior a la versión inicial de 29 ítems). La puntuación total del IPDMUV-R mostró correlaciones estadísticamente significativas con autoinformes que miden deseabilidad social y sexismo ambivalente. Al analizar los puntos de corte para diferenciar entre agresores y grupo normativo, se observó una mayor capacidad discriminativa del IPDMUV-R en comparación con el IPDMUV y las dimensiones de sexismo hostil y benévolo. En conclusión, se presenta un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que permite detectar sesgos cognitivos en hombres maltratadores y que es de utilidad para el ámbito clínico. Men who batter are often affected by cognitive distortions related to gender roles and the legitimization of violence as a valid way to solve conflicts. The objectives of this research were: to analyze the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Distorted Thoughts about Women and the Use of Violence-Revised (IPDMUV-R), to delete non-updated items and to compare the predictive ability of the revised version (IPDMUV-R) with other measures of the nomological network. The sample consisted of 463 men (241 batterer men and 222 men of the normative population), with a mean age of 41.22 years (SD=11.34). The results showed acceptable fit indices for a unidimensional structure of IPDMUV-R (new version of 21 items) with an alpha of .74 (higher than the original version of 29 items). The score of IPDMUV-R showed statistically significant correlations with self-reports which measure social desirability and ambivalent sexism. When analyzing the cutoff points to differentiate between batterer men and the normative group, the IPDMUV-R had a higher discriminative ability compared to IPDMUV and hostile and benevolent sexism dimensions. To conclude, an instrument with adequate psychometric properties to detect cognitive biases in violent men against the partner is presented. This instrument is useful for clinical purposes.
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- 2016
42. Modificación de Sesgos Cognitivos (MSC) en depresión: Una revisión crítica de nuevos procedimientos para el cambio de sesgos cognitivos
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Duque, Almudena, López-Gómez, Irene, Blanco, Iván, and Vázquez, Carmelo
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intervenciones cognitivas y depresión ,Cognitive bias modification (CBM) ,cognitive bias ,Modificación de sesgos cognitivos (MSC) ,depression ,sesgos cognitivos ,cognitive interventions - Abstract
Los sesgos cognitivos juegan un papel importante como factores de vulnerabilidad en los trastornos emocionales. Recientemente se han empezado a desarrollar intervenciones para la Modificación de Sesgos Cognitivos (MSC), con el objetivo final de mejorar los síntomas clínicos. Aunque estos procedimientos innovadores se han utilizado más en los problemas de ansiedad, existe una investigación creciente sobre su uso en la depresión. En este trabajo efectuamos una revisión del marco teórico, los procedimientos utilizados y los principales resultados de la MSC en la depresión, en especial en la corrección de sesgos atencionales y de interpretación. Finalmente se analizan las limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas de estas nuevas intervenciones y se discuten sus implicaciones clínicas, teóricas y aplicadas. Cognitive biases play an important role as vulnerability factors in emotional disorders. Interventions for Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) have recently begun to be developed with the ultimate goal of improving clinical symptoms. Although these innovative procedures have been applied mainly in anxiety problems, there is increasing research on the application in depression. This work reviews the theoretical framework, the procedures used, and the main results of CBM in depression, especially in the modification of attention and interpretative bias. Finally the conceptual and methodological limitations of these promising interventions procedures are analyzed as well as the clinical, theoretical and applied implications.
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- 2015
43. Interpretación del régimen de reservas en tratados internacionales y sesgos cognitivos. Nuevos enfoques.
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Téllez-Núñez, Andrés
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INTERNATIONAL law , *COGNITIVE bias , *PUBLIC law , *STATUTORY interpretation - Abstract
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (CV) represents one of its most complex sections from the legal interpretation standpoint. The question this Note seeks to answer is the following one: why do States ultimately behave as they do when formulating reservations and accepting or objecting (to) them? In trying to answer this question, we suggest that the International Law Commission (ILC) may be benefitted from behavioral economics approaches, thereby reducing the negative impacts that the current legal reservations regime represents vis-à-vis public international law. This review Note is the result of an ongoing research project on contemporary international law and puts forth a working hypothesis by which we state that the current reservations legal regime is both complex and weak, and therefore, that the ILC could take into account some findings of behavioral economics for the purpose of harmonizing legal interpretations dealing with reservations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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44. LAS DECISIONES DE LOS ECONOMISTAS: COASE Y LOS SESGOS COGNITIVOS EN EL TRABAJO TEÓRICO
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García Molina, Mario and Chicaíza Becerra, Liliana
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metodología ,cognitive bias ,economía del comportamiento ,sesgos cognitivos ,methodology ,behavioral economics ,Coase ,Kuhn - Abstract
RESUMEN Este artículo revisa las ideas de Coase sobre la metodología en economía a partir de su crítica de Friedman y las compara con ideas provenientes de otros campos. Argumenta que su adaptación de Kuhn es más apropiada para la economía en su forma actual que para la época de la que Coase tomó sus ejemplos. Examina algunos trabajos de Coase en términos del sesgo de confirmación y contrasta sus ideas sobre el manejo del sesgo de confirmación motivado con el manejo de los conflictos de interés en medicina. Finalmente, resalta la importancia del pluralismo en economía. ABSTRACT The paper reviews Coase's ideas on methodology as explored in his criticism of Friedman, and compares them with concepts from other fields. Coase's adaptation of Kuhn is shown to be more accurate for current economics than for the examples Coase presents. Some of Coase's work is examined in terms of confirmation bias, and his ideason motivated confirmation bias are contrasted with protocols used in medicine to deal with conflicts of interest. Finally, the need for pluralism in economics is stressed.
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- 2013
45. EPISTEMOLOGÍA, RAZONAMIENTO Y COGNICIÓN EN EL DEBATE HISTORIOGRÁFICO CONSTRUCTIVISMO VS. RECONSTRUCTIVISMO
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González Navarro, María
- Subjects
historiography ,cognición social ,defeasible inferences ,cognitive bias ,inferencias rebatibles ,historiografía ,historical reasoning ,sesgos cognitivos ,social cognition ,razonamiento histórico - Abstract
Algunos autores sostienen que la investigación histórica es un producto de un contexto historiográfico específico (Jenkins, 1991; González de Oleaga, 2009). En este artículo se propone una aproximación al debate historiográfico entre los partidarios del modelo constructivista y el reconstructivista. Se presentan dos tesis. La primera es que dicho debate está profundamente relacionado con cuestiones epistemológicas (estudio de las representaciones mentales, desarrollo de concepciones distintas sobre las funciones del razonamiento histórico, sesgos cognitivos y falacias discursivas). La segunda tesis es que cada corriente historiográfica es el resultado de asumir una perspectiva propia acerca de dichos problemas epistémicos. Como una evidencia de ello se analiza la conexión entre historiografía y epistemología comparando el debate reconstructivismo vs constructivismo con el debate epistemológico detectivismo vs constitutivismo (Finkelstein, 2003). Some authors sustain that historical research is an effect of a specific historiographical context (Jenkins, 1991; González de Oleaga, 2009). An approach to the historiographical debate between constructivism and recontructivism is presented in this paper. Two theses are here defended. The first one affirms that the above mentioned debate is deeply related to epistemological questions (study of mental representations, different conceptions about historical reasoning functions, historical reasoning, cognitive bias, and informal falacies). The second thesis affirms that each historiographical conception can be understood as the effect of assuming a specific perspective about these epistemic questions. As an evidence of this, some connections between historiography and epistemology will be analysed through the analogy between the reconstructivism vs. constructivism debate, and the epistemological debate detectivism vs. constitutivism (Finkelstein, 2003).
- Published
- 2011
46. Sesgos de Memoria en los Trastornos de Ansiedad
- Author
-
Sanz Blasco, Rubén, Miguel-Tobal, Juan José, and Casado Morales, M.ª Isabel
- Subjects
anxiety disorders ,Sesgos cognitivos ,memory bias ,trastornos de ansiedad ,Cognitive bias ,sesgos de memoria - Abstract
En la actualidad existen un gran número de modelos teóricos que defienden la importancia de la valoración cognitiva en el inicio y mantenimiento de la respuesta de ansiedad. La investigación acerca de los procesos cognitivos que subyacen a la respuesta de ansiedad ha puesto de manifiesto de manera bastante sólida cómo los sujetos ansiosos en comparación con sujetos normales muestran una tendencia a atender de manera selectiva y a interpretar de un modo catastrofista información congruente con su estado emocional. Sin embargo, existiría un tercer sesgo para el cual los datos de las distintas investigaciones han arrojado resultados difusos en los distintos trastornos y tareas experimentales. Nos referimos al sesgo de memoria, que puede definirse como la tendencia a recordar preferentemente estimulación negativa presentada previamente en comparación con estimulación neutra. Se presenta un trabajo de revisión teórica sistemática que tiene como objetivo fundamental determinar la existencia del sesgo de memoria a lo largo de los diferentes trastornos de ansiedad y de las diferentes tareas experimentales utilizadas en la evaluación de dicho sesgo. There are currently a large number of theoretical models that defend the importance of cognitive appraisal in the onset and maintenance of anxiety response. Research into the cognitive processes underlying anxiety response have clearly shown that, in comparison to normal subjects, anxious subjects display a tendency to selectively pay attention and catastrophically interpret information that is congruent with their emotional state. However, there is a third bias about which the data from the various investigations have yielded diffuse results in the different disorders and experimental tasks. This is the case of memory bias, which can be defined as the tendency to preferentially recall previously presented negative stimulation in comparison to neutral stimulation. Atheoretical review is presented with the main goal of determining the existence of memory bias across diverse anxiety disorders and the different experimental tasks used to assess this bias.
- Published
- 2011
47. L'incertitude environneentale: cet obscur objet de perception
- Author
-
Santos Álvarez, María del Valle and García Merino, María Teresa
- Subjects
incertidumbre estratégica ,cognitive bias ,percepción ,incerteza estratégica ,incertitude stratégique ,dérives cognitives ,perception ,diversidade ,diversity ,percepção ,diversidad ,sesgos cognitivos ,strategic uncertainty ,distorções cognitivas ,diversité - Abstract
This research was aimed at gaining a deeper insight into perception linked to environmental uncertainty and the strategic significance of perceptual diversity. Factors intervening in perception were characterised. It is specifically shown that an individual's cognitive limitations and their beliefs' affective influence gave rise to cognitive bias distorting individual perception. This model was applied to both management (perceived uncertainty) and outside observers (objective uncertainty) perceiving environmental uncertainty. The idiosyncratic nature of perceiving uncertainty and the interrelationships between various individuals' perception was thus considered (stress-management and outside observers). The significance of the heterogeneity of perception of managers working at a single company was analysed and compared to that of those working in different companies. It was found that inter-company perception of diversity enabled selective access to competitive advantages. Diversity of perception at intra-company level enhanced assessment of the background of strategy management and reduced organisational coordination. El objetivo de esta investigación es profundizar en el proceso de percepción de la incertidumbre ambiental y la trascendencia estratégica de diversidad perceptual. Con ese propósito se caracterizan los factores que intervienen en el proceso de percepción. En concreto se reconoce que las limitaciones cognitivas del individuo y la influencia afectiva de sus creencias dan lugar a sesgos cognitivos que deforman la percepción individual. Este modelo se aplica a la percepción de la incertidumbre ambiental tanto para directivos -incertidumbre percibida- como para observadores externos -incertidumbre objetiva-. Se reconoce así el carácter idiosincrásico de la percepción de incertidumbre y las interrelaciones que se producen entre los procesos de percepción de los distintos individuos considerados -directivos y observadores externos-. Con este punto se partida se analiza la trascendencia de la heterogeneidad de percepciones tanto entre directivos de una misma empresa como entre los directivos de distintas empresas. Se comprueba entonces que es la diversidad de percepciones entre-empresas la que permite el acceso selectivo a ventajas competitivas. En el nivel intra-empresa la diversidad de percepciones enriquece la valoración de los antecedentes del proceso estratégico a la vez que reduce la coordinación organizativa. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'explorer le processus de perception de l'incertitude environnementale et la transcendance stratégique de diversité perceptuelle. À cet effet, les facteurs qui interviennent dans le processus de perception sont caractérisés. Il est concrètement reconnu que les limites cognitives de l'individu et l'influence affective de ses croyances donnent lieu à des dérives cognitives qui déforment la perception individuelle. Ce modèle s'applique à la perception de l'incertitude environnementale pour les cadres - incertitude perçue - comme pour les observateurs externes - incertitude objective -. De cette façon, on reconnaît le caractère idiosyncrasique de la perception de l'incertitude et les interrelations qui se produisent entre les processus de perception des différents individus considérés - cadres et observateurs externes -. Dès lors, la transcendance de l'hétérogénéité des perceptions est analysée entre les cadres d'une même entreprise tout comme entre les cadres d'entreprises différentes. Il est alors démontré que la diversité de perceptions entre entreprises permet l'accès sélectif à des avantages concurrentiels. Dans le niveau intra entreprise la diversité de perceptions enrichit la valorisation des antécédents du processus stratégique tout en réduisant la coordination organisationnelle. O objetivo desta pesquisa é se aprofundar no processo de percepção da incerteza ambiental e a transcendência estratégica de diversidade perceptual. Com esse propósito caracterizam-se os fatores que intervêm no processo de percepção. Em concreto reconhece-se que as limitações cognitivas do indivíduo e a influência afetiva de suas crenças dão lugar a distorções cognitivos que deformam a percepção individual. Este modelo se aplica à percepção da incerteza ambiental tanto para diretores -incerteza percebida- como para observadores externos -incerteza objetiva-. Reconhece-se assim o caráter idiossincrásico da percepção de incerteza e as inter-relações que se produzem entre os processos de percepção dos distintos indivíduos considerados -diretores e observadores externos-. Com este ponto de partida analisa-se a transcendência da heterogeneidade de percepções tanto entre diretores de uma mesma empresa como entre os diretores de distintas empresas. Comprova-se então que é a diversidade de percepções entre empresas a que permite o acesso seletivo a vantagens competitivas. No nível intra-empresa a diversidade de percepções enriquece a valoração dos antecedentes do processo estratégico ao mesmo tempo que reduz a coordenação organizativa.
- Published
- 2008
48. A incerteza ambiental: o escuro objeto da percepção
- Author
-
Santos Álvarez, María del Valle and García Merino, María Teresa
- Subjects
cognitive bias ,percepción ,Strategic uncertainty ,Incerteza estratégica ,dérives cognitives ,perception ,diversidade ,percepção ,diversity ,Incertidumbre estratégica ,Incertitude stratégique ,diversidad ,sesgos cognitivos ,distorções cognitivas ,diversité - Abstract
O objetivo desta pesquisa é se aprofundar no processo de percepção da incerteza ambiental e a transcendência estratégica de diversidade perceptual. Com esse propósito caracterizam-se os fatores que intervêm no processo de percepção. Em concreto reconhece-se que as limitações cognitivas do indivíduo e a influência afetiva de suas crenças dão lugar a distorções cognitivos que deformam a percepção individual. Este modelo se aplica à percepção da incerteza ambiental tanto para diretores -incerteza percebida- como para observadores externos -incerteza objetiva-. Reconhece-se assim o caráter idiossincrásico da percepção de incerteza e as inter-relações que se produzem entre os processos de percepção dos distintos indivíduos considerados -diretores e observadores externos-. Com este ponto de partida analisa-se a transcendência da heterogeneidade de percepções tanto entre diretores de uma mesma empresa como entre os diretores de distintas empresas. Comprova-se então que é a diversidade de percepções entre empresas a que permite o acesso seletivo a vantagens competitivas. No nível intra-empresa a diversidade de percepções enriquece a valoração dos antecedentes do processo estratégico ao mesmo tempo que reduz a coordenação organizativa. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'explorer le processus de perception de l'incertitude environnementale et la transcendance stratégique de diversité perceptuelle. À cet effet, les facteurs qui interviennent dans le processus de perception sont caractérisés. Il est concrètement reconnu que les limites cognitives de l'individu et l'influence affective de ses croyances donnent lieu à des dérives cognitives qui déforment la perception individuelle. Ce modèle s'applique à la perception de l'incertitude environnementale pour les cadres - incertitude perçue - comme pour les observateurs externes - incertitude objective -. De cette façon, on reconnaît le caractère idiosyncrasique de la perception de l'incertitude et les interrelations qui se produisent entre les processus de perception des différents individus considérés - cadres et observateurs externes -. Dès lors, la transcendance de l'hétérogénéité des perceptions est analysée entre les cadres d'une même entreprise tout comme entre les cadres d'entreprises différentes. Il est alors démontré que la diversité de perceptions entre entreprises permet l'accès sélectif à des avantages concurrentiels. Dans le niveau intra entreprise la diversité de perceptions enrichit la valorisation des antécédents du processus stratégique tout en réduisant la coordination organisationnelle. This research was aimed at gaining a deeper insight into perception linked to environmental uncertainty and the strategic significance of perceptual diversity. Factors intervening in perception were characterised. It is specifically shown that an individual's cognitive limitations and their beliefs' affective influence gave rise to cognitive bias distorting individual perception. This model was applied to both management (perceived uncertainty) and outside observers (objective uncertainty) perceiving environmental uncertainty. The idiosyncratic nature of perceiving uncertainty and the interrelationships between various individuals' perception was thus considered (stress-management and outside observers). The significance of the heterogeneity of perception of managers working at a single company was analysed and compared to that of those working in different companies. It was found that inter-company perception of diversity enabled selective access to competitive advantages. Diversity of perception at intra-company level enhanced assessment of the background of strategy management and reduced organisational coordination. El objetivo de esta investigación es profundizar en el proceso de percepción de la incertidumbre ambiental y la trascendencia estratégica de diversidad perceptual. Con ese propósito se caracterizan los factores que intervienen en el proceso de percepción. En concreto se reconoce que las limitaciones cognitivas del individuo y la influencia afectiva de sus creencias dan lugar a sesgos cognitivos que deforman la percepción individual. Este modelo se aplica a la percepción de la incertidumbre ambiental tanto para directivos -incertidumbre percibida- como para observadores externos -incertidumbre objetiva-. Se reconoce así el carácter idiosincrásico de la percepción de incertidumbre y las interrelaciones que se producen entre los procesos de percepción de los distintos individuos considerados -directivos y observadores externos-. Con este punto se partida se analiza la trascendencia de la heterogeneidad de percepciones tanto entre directivos de una misma empresa como entre los directivos de distintas empresas. Se comprueba entonces que es la diversidad de percepciones entre-empresas la que permite el acceso selectivo a ventajas competitivas. En el nivel intra-empresa la diversidad de percepciones enriquece la valoración de los antecedentes del proceso estratégico a la vez que reduce la coordinación organizativa.
- Published
- 2008
49. Comparative analysis of attributional style and self-esteem in a sample of depressed patients and control subjects
- Author
-
Fernández Prieto, Montserrat, Gonçalves, Óscar F., Buela-Casal, Gualberto, Machado, Paulo P. P., and Universidade do Minho
- Subjects
Science & Technology ,Depression ,Atribuciones ,Depresión ,Sesgos cognitivos ,Attributions ,Self-esteem ,Autoestima ,Cognitive bias - Abstract
En la presente investigación se ha analizado el papel que desempeñan la variable atribucional y la autoestima en estados depresivos. El estudio atribucional es de capital importancia en la dinámica de la personalidad, ya que las atribuciones causales son mecanismos sesgados de afrontamiento que guían la conducta del sujeto. Metodología. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se ha evaluado la autoestima y los sesgos atribucionales en una muestra de 40 pacientes depresivos y se ha comparado con 80 sujetos control normales. Resultados. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que los pacientes depresivos realizaron atribuciones más internas para los eventos negativos que el grupo control normal y atribuciones más externas que los normales para los sucesos positivos, presentando un exagerado sesgo atribucional. Conclusiones. Estos datos nos sugieren que los pacientes depresivos tienden a culparse de sus fallos a sí mismos. Los pacientes depresivos realizaron atribuciones más estables y globales para los hechos negativos que para los positivos en comparación con los sujetos normales, considerando que dicha situación negativa se mantendrá en el tiempo y se globalizará a otras áreas de su vida. Este tipo de estudios resultan de utilidad para el desarrollo de programas eficaces de tratamiento y de instrumentos de evaluación de la depresión., The present study assesses the role of attributions and self-esteem in depressive states. In depression, attributions can become central biased coping mechanisms that guide individual behavior. Methods. Self-esteem and attribution bias was assessed in 40 depressed and 80 normal controls. Results. Results of this investigation show that depressed patients made more internal attributions to negative events, and more external attributions for positive events than their normal counterparts, confirming an exaggerated attributional bias. Conclusions. The results suggest that depressed patients tend to blame themselves for their mistakes. Depressed patients made more stable and global attributions for negative events than for positive events, as opposed to what happens with the normal controls, making us believe that this bias will be maintained in time, and will eventually generalize to other life areas. This kind of study seems useful to develop efficient treatment programs and evaluation tools of depression.
- Published
- 2004
50. Análisis comparativo del estilo atribucional y de la autoestima en una muestra de pacientes depresivos y sujetos normales
- Author
-
Prieto, Mf, Óscar Gonçalves, Buela-Casal, G., Machado, Pp, and Universidade do Minho
- Subjects
attributions ,self-esteem ,Science & Technology ,cognitive bias ,Atribuciones ,Depresión ,Sesgos cognitivos ,depression ,Autoestima ,Ciências Sociais::Psicologia ,Psicologia [Ciências Sociais] - Abstract
15529209, Introduction. The present study assesses the role of attributions and self-esteem in depressive states. In depression, attributions can become central biased coping mechanisms that guide individual behavior.Methods. Self-esteem and attribution bias was assessed in 40 depressed and 80 normal controls.Results. Results of this investigation show that depressed patients made more internal attributions to negative events, and more external attributions for positive events than their normal counterparts, confirming an exaggerated attributional bias.Conclusions. The results suggest that depressed patients tend to blame tbemselves for their mistakes. Depressed patients made more stable and global attributions for negative events than for positive events, as opposed to what happens with the normal controls, making us believe that this bias will be maintained in time, and will eventually generalize to other life areas. This kind of study seems useful to develop efficient treatment programs and evaluation tools of depression., Introducción. En la presente investigación se ha analizado el papel que desempeñan la variable atribucional y la autoestima en estados depresivos. El estudio atribucional es de capital importancia en la dinámica de la personalidad, ya que las atribuciones causales son mecanismos sesgados de afrontamiento que guían la conducta del sujeto. Metodología. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se ha evaluado la autoestima y los sesgos atribucionales en una muestra de 40 pacientes depresivos y se ha comparado con 80 sujetos control normales. Resultados. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que los pacientes depresivos realizaron atribuciones más internas para los eventos negativos que el grupo control normal y atribuciones más externas que los normales para los sucesos positivos, presentando un exagerado sesgo atribucional. Conclusiones. Estos datos nos sugieren que los pacientes depresivos tienden a culparse de sus fallos a sí mismos. Los pacientes depresivos realizaron atribuciones más estables y globales para los hechos negativos que para los positivos en comparación con los sujetos normales, considerando que dicha situación negativa se mantendrá en el tiempo y se globalizará a otras áreas de su vida. Este tipo de estudios resultan de utilidad para el desarrollo de programas eficaces de tratamiento y de instrumentos de evaluación de la depresión., (undefined)
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