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1. Evaluating the robustness of parameter estimates in cognitive models: A meta-analytic review of multinomial processing tree models across the multiverse of estimation methods.

Author: Singmann H, Heck DW, Barth M, Erdfelder E, Arnold NR, Aust F, Calanchini J, Gümüsdagli FE, Horn SS, Kellen D, Klauer KC, Matzke D, Meissner F, Michalkiewicz M, Schaper ML, Stahl C, Kuhlmann BG, and Groß J
Subjects: Humans, Models, Psychological, Models, Statistical, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Bayes Theorem, Cognition physiology
Abstract: Researchers have become increasingly aware that data-analysis decisions affect results. Here, we examine this issue systematically for multinomial processing tree (MPT) models, a popular class of cognitive models for categorical data. Specifically, we examine the robustness of MPT model parameter estimates that arise from two important decisions: the level of data aggregation (complete-pooling, no-pooling, or partial-pooling) and the statistical framework (frequentist or Bayesian). These decisions span a multiverse of estimation methods. We synthesized the data from 13,956 participants (164 published data sets) with a meta-analytic strategy and analyzed the magnitude of divergence between estimation methods for the parameters of nine popular MPT models in psychology (e.g., process-dissociation, source monitoring). We further examined moderators as potential sources of divergence . We found that the absolute divergence between estimation methods was small on average (<.04; with MPT parameters ranging between 0 and 1); in some cases, however, divergence amounted to nearly the maximum possible range (.97). Divergence was partly explained by few moderators (e.g., the specific MPT model parameter, uncertainty in parameter estimation), but not by other plausible candidate moderators (e.g., parameter trade-offs, parameter correlations) or their interactions. Partial-pooling methods showed the smallest divergence within and across levels of pooling and thus seem to be an appropriate default method. Using MPT models as an example, we show how transparency and robustness can be increased in the field of cognitive modeling. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Published: 2024
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2. Putting ICAP to the test: how technology-enhanced learning activities are related to cognitive and affective-motivational learning outcomes in higher education.

Author: Wekerle C, Daumiller M, Janke S, Dickhäuser O, Dresel M, and Kollar I
Subjects: Humans, Female, Male, Affect physiology, Young Adult, Adult, Problem-Based Learning methods, Digital Technology, Cognition physiology, Motivation, Students psychology, Learning
Abstract: Digital technology is considered to have great potential to promote learning in higher education. In line with the Interactive, Constructive, Active, Passive (ICAP) framework, this seems to be particularly true when instructors stimulate high-quality learning activities such as constructive and interactive learning activities instead of active and passive learning activities. Against the background of a lack of empirical studies in authentic, technology-enhanced instructional settings, we investigated the cognitive and affective-motivational effects of these learning activity modes in technology-enhanced higher education courses. To this end, we used 3.820 student assessments regarding 170 course sessions for which the teachers stated the learning activities students were engaged in. Results of multilevel structural equation modelling highlight the importance of technology-enhanced interactive learning activities for students' perception of learning and the potential negative consequences of passive learning activities for affective-motivational outcomes. However, the superiority of constructive and interactive learning activities compared to passive and active learning activities for cognitive and affective-motivational outcomes was not supported by the findings. Instead, the findings point to potential differential effects of the individual learning activities within one activity mode. Future research should follow up on these effects to gain a more fine-grained understanding of how technology-enhanced learning activities can be optimized to enhance students' learning outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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3. Changes in overlap of subjective and objective cognition over time in epilepsy surgery candidates.

Author: Hohmann L, Jipping JN, Oltmanns F, and Holtkamp M
Subjects: Humans, Female, Male, Adult, Young Adult, Memory physiology, Middle Aged, Self Report, Adolescent, Epilepsy surgery, Epilepsy psychology, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognition physiology, Attention physiology
Abstract: Purpose: Subjective and objective cognition often show weak overlap in persons with epilepsy (PWE). Over- as well as underestimation may occur. In particular after epilepsy surgery, objective memory decline is often not subjectively reported. Additionally, studies on how concordance of subjective and objective cognition changes over time are missing. Therefore, we study the extent of concordance in operated and non-operated PWE over time., Methods: Candidates for resective epilepsy surgery were assessed between 03/18 and 12/20 (T1) with self-report questionnaires and underwent a neuropsychological examination. For 21 operated as well as 27 non-operated PWE follow-up data was obtained one to three years later (T2). Concordance of attention and memory were compared between groups and time points. Moreover, reliable change was calculated and compared between groups., Results: Of the total sample, 42 % rated their attention performance realistically and 25 % showed memory concordance. Differences in patterns of over- and underestimation between groups and over time occurred for attention, but not for memory. Overestimation of memory was more frequent in operated than non-operated PWE, especially at T2 (67% vs. 11 %). In the operated group, we mainly observed reliable improvement in subjective cognition and decline in objective memory, whereas non-operated PWE showed more frequently decline of simple attention. Reliable subjective and objective change did not co-occur., Conclusion: Concordance of subjective and objective cognition is low. Over- as well as underestimation may persist over time. Domain-specific perspectives are necessary. Tendencies of operated PWE to develop overestimation of memory after surgery should be considered in neuropsychological interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest MH has received speaker honoraria and/or consultancy fees from Angelini, Bial, Desitin, Eisai, Jazz Pharma and UCB within the last 3 years, all unrelated to the contents of this manuscript. None of the other authors has any conflict of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2024
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4. Light Cannabis Use and the Adolescent Brain: An 8-years Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health, Cognition, and Reward Processing.

Author: Macedo I, Paiva TO, Pasion R, Daedelow L, Heinz A, Magalhães A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Holz N, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Vaidya N, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, and Barbosa F
Subjects: Humans, Male, Longitudinal Studies, Adolescent, Young Adult, Female, Mental Health, Marijuana Use psychology, Marijuana Use epidemiology, Marijuana Abuse psychology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reward, Cognition drug effects, Cognition physiology, Brain drug effects
Abstract: Rationale: For decades, cannabis has been the most widely used illicit substance in the world, particularly among youth. Research suggests that mental health problems associated with cannabis use may result from its effect on reward brain circuit, emotional processes, and cognition. However, findings are mostly derived from correlational studies and inconsistent, particularly in adolescents., Objectives and Methods: Using data from the IMAGEN study, participants (non-users, persistent users, abstinent users) were classified according to their cannabis use at 19 and 22 years-old. All participants were cannabis-naïve at baseline (14 years-old). Psychopathological symptoms, cognitive performance, and brain activity while performing a Monetary Incentive Delay task were used as predictors of substance use and to analyze group differences over time., Results: Higher scores on conduct problems and lower on peer problems at 14 years-old (n = 318) predicted a greater likelihood of transitioning to cannabis use within 5 years. At 19 years of age, individuals who consistently engaged in low-frequency (i.e., light) cannabis use (n = 57) exhibited greater conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms compared to non-users (n = 52) but did not differ in emotional symptoms, cognitive functioning, or brain activity during the MID task. At 22 years, those who used cannabis at both 19 and 22 years-old n = 17), but not individuals that had been abstinent for ≥ 1 month (n = 19), reported higher conduct problems than non-users (n = 17)., Conclusions: Impairments in reward-related brain activity and cognitive functioning do not appear to precede or succeed cannabis use (i.e., weekly, or monthly use). Cannabis-naïve adolescents with conduct problems and more socially engaged with their peers may be at a greater risk for lighter yet persistent cannabis use in the future., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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5. Right BA 10 lesions impair performance on real-world planning but are not sensitive to problem novelty or tower tasks.

Author: Goel V, Gossai D, Smith KW, Goel N, Raymont V, Krueger F, and Grafman J
Subjects: Humans, Prefrontal Cortex diagnostic imaging, Concept Formation, Neuropsychological Tests, Problem Solving, Cognition
Abstract: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with many cognitive functions, including planning. In the neuropsychology literature planning is reduced to "look ahead" ability and most extensively studied with the "tower" tasks. The most influential theoretical explanation is that planning is required in the absence of a routine solution and PFC patients have difficulty coping with novelty. There is an alternate view of planning that emphasizes the distinction between real world tasks and laboratory tower tasks. This account focuses on the structure of problem spaces and why patients with lesions to right PFC have difficulty navigating ill-structured problem spaces. To further explore these issues we administered two real world travel planning tasks to 56 Vietnam War veterans with penetrating brain lesions and 14 matched normal controls. One planning task involved familiar knowledge while the other involved knowledge unfamiliar to our participants. Participants also completed the D-KEFS tower task. A subset of 18 patients-with lesions to right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 10)-were impaired in the travel planning task compared to normal controls. The task familiarity/novelty dimension affected performance across participant groups (familiar-task scores were higher than unfamiliar-task scores), but it did not differentially affect any group. An examination of cognitive strategies utilized by participants revealed that the impaired patient group had difficulty maintaining a sufficient level of abstraction and engaged the task at a much more concrete level than other participants. Interestingly, patients impaired in the real-world planning tasks were not impaired in the tower tasks. We conclude that patients with lesions to right BA 10 have difficulty in real-world planning tasks that can be attributed to difficulties in engaging problems at the appropriate level of abstraction., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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6. Midfrontal theta phase underlies evidence accumulation and response thresholding in cognitive control.

Author: Guan Q, Ma L, Chen Y, Luo Y, and He H
Subjects: Humans, Reaction Time physiology, Electroencephalography methods, Frontal Lobe physiology, Theta Rhythm physiology, Cognition
Abstract: Cognitive control involves evidence accumulation and response thresholding, but the neural underpinnings of these 2 processes are poorly understood. Based on recent findings that midfrontal theta phase coordinates the correlation between theta power and reaction time during cognitive control, this study investigated whether and how theta phase would modulate the relationships between theta power and evidence accumulation and response thresholding in human participants when they performed a flanker task. Our results confirmed the modulation of theta phase on the correlations between ongoing midfrontal theta power and reaction time under both conditions. Using hierarchical drift-diffusion regression modeling, we found that in both conditions, theta power was positively associated with boundary separation in phase bins with optimal power-reaction time correlations, whereas the power-boundary correlation decreased to nonsignificance in phase bins with reduced power-reaction time correlations. In contrast, the power-drift rate correlation was not modulated by theta phase, but by cognitive conflict. Drift rate was positively correlated with theta power for the bottom-up processing in the non-conflict condition, whereas it was negatively correlated with theta power for the top-down control to address conflict. These findings suggest that evidence accumulation is likely to be a phase-coordinated continuous process, whereas thresholding may be a phase-specific transient process., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2023
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7. Increasingly capable at the ripe old age? Cognitive abilities from 2004 to 2013 in Germany, Spain, and Sweden.

Author: Grasshoff J, Beller J, Kuhlmann BG, and Geyer S
Subjects: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Europe epidemiology, Female, Germany epidemiology, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Spain epidemiology, Sweden epidemiology, Cognition physiology, Cognitive Aging physiology, Life Expectancy, Retirement
Abstract: Background: Life expectancy is increasing in most high-income countries, but gains in life years are maximized if spent in good health and if cognitive abilities are maintained until old age. Age-related decline of cognitive abilities does nevertheless occur, but the pace of decline is decisive. This was the starting point for our study that aims to examine cohort effects of cognitive aging in women and men in Germany, Spain and Sweden by analyzing changes from 2004 to 2013 by estimating cohort effects within age groups starting from the age of 50 years., Methods: A cohort study was conducted that was based on data of the surveys 2004 (N = 6,081) and 2013 (N = 8,650) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The analyses were based on data of female and male respondents aged 50 years and older. Age-specific means of verbal fluency and delayed recall from the German, Spanish and Swedish samples were the cognitive domains considered in the study., Results: In both domains of cognitive ability the achievements in the later surveys were higher than in the earlier ones. This was found in all countries, abut achievement levels increased markedly in the German and the Spanish samples, while the scores of the Swedish samples were not significantly different. While the highest scores were found for Sweden, Germany ranked in the middle and the lowest scores were found in the Spanish samples. Over time, the scores of the German samples approached those of Sweden., Conclusions: From the first to the second survey, improvements of older adults' cognitive abilities were found for all countries considered. This may indicate improvements of the underlying educational systems, but also increasingly stimulating general living conditions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Published: 2021
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8. Neural Correlates of the Dual-Pathway Model for ADHD in Adolescents.

Author: Shen C, Luo Q, Jia T, Zhao Q, Desrivières S, Quinlan EB, Banaschewski T, Millenet S, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Artiges E, Paillère-Martinot ML, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Li F, Feng J, Schumann G, and Sahakian BJ
Subjects: Adolescent, Biobehavioral Sciences, Female, Gray Matter diagnostic imaging, Gray Matter pathology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motivation physiology, Neuroimaging methods, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Risk Assessment methods, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity physiopathology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity psychology, Behavioral Symptoms diagnosis, Behavioral Symptoms physiopathology, Cognition physiology, Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques methods, Occipital Lobe diagnostic imaging, Occipital Lobe pathology, Prefrontal Cortex diagnostic imaging, Prefrontal Cortex pathology
Abstract: Objective: The dual-pathway model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity in symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by two independent psychological pathways based on distinct brain circuits. The authors sought to test whether the hypothesized cognitive and motivational pathways have separable neural correlates., Methods: In a longitudinal community-based cohort of 1,963 adolescents, the neuroanatomical correlates of ADHD were identified by a voxel-wise association analysis and then validated using an independent clinical sample (99 never-medicated patients with ADHD, 56 medicated patients with ADHD, and 267 healthy control subjects). The cognitive and motivational pathways were assessed by neuropsychological tests of working memory, intrasubject variability, stop-signal reaction time, and delay discounting. The associations were tested between the identified neuroanatomical correlates and both ADHD symptoms 2 years later and the polygenic risk score for ADHD., Results: Gray matter volumes of both a prefrontal cluster and a posterior occipital cluster were negatively associated with inattention. Compared with healthy control subjects, never-medicated patients, but not medicated patients, had significantly lower gray matter volumes in these two clusters. Working memory and intrasubject variability were associated with the posterior occipital cluster, and delay discounting was independently associated with both clusters. The baseline gray matter volume of the posterior occipital cluster predicted the inattention symptoms in a 2-year follow-up and was associated with the genetic risk for ADHD., Conclusions: The dual-pathway model has both shared and separable neuroanatomical correlates, and the shared correlate in the occipital cortex has the potential to serve as an imaging trait marker of ADHD, especially the inattention symptom domain.
Published: 2020
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9. Cognitive and brain development is independently influenced by socioeconomic status and polygenic scores for educational attainment.

Author: Judd N, Sauce B, Wiedenhoeft J, Tromp J, Chaarani B, Schliep A, van Noort B, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Insensee C, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Gowland P, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Artiges E, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Garavan H, and Klingberg T
Subjects: Academic Success, Adolescent, Adult, Brain diagnostic imaging, Brain physiology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Multifactorial Inheritance, Social Class, Young Adult, Brain growth & development, Cognition, Educational Status
Abstract: Genetic factors and socioeconomic status (SES) inequalities play a large role in educational attainment, and both have been associated with variations in brain structure and cognition. However, genetics and SES are correlated, and no prior study has assessed their neural associations independently. Here we used a polygenic score for educational attainment (EduYears-PGS), as well as SES, in a longitudinal study of 551 adolescents to tease apart genetic and environmental associations with brain development and cognition. Subjects received a structural MRI scan at ages 14 and 19. At both time points, they performed three working memory (WM) tasks. SES and EduYears-PGS were correlated ( r = 0.27) and had both common and independent associations with brain structure and cognition. Specifically, lower SES was related to less total cortical surface area and lower WM. EduYears-PGS was also related to total cortical surface area, but in addition had a regional association with surface area in the right parietal lobe, a region related to nonverbal cognitive functions, including mathematics, spatial cognition, and WM. SES, but not EduYears-PGS, was related to a change in total cortical surface area from age 14 to 19. This study demonstrates a regional association of EduYears-PGS and the independent prediction of SES with cognitive function and brain development. It suggests that the SES inequalities, in particular parental education, are related to global aspects of cortical development, and exert a persistent influence on brain development during adolescence., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.
Published: 2020
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10. The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance.

Author: Burger AM, Pfattheicher S, and Jauch M
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics instrumentation, Young Adult, Authoritarianism, Cognition physiology, Motivation physiology, Politics
Abstract: Previous research reports a negative association between individuals' tendency to endorse right- versus left-wing socio-cultural views and performance in cognitive tasks. We hypothesized that this association results to some extent from explicit epistemic preferences and low motivation to perform well in such tasks, rather than resulting from low ability only. In two studies we found support for this hypothesis. In Study 1, we show that part of the association of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) with performance in the cognitive reflection task (CRT) could be explained by the motivational construct of need for cognition. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated the motivation of participants by providing (vs. not providing) monetary incentives in the CRT and documented an improvement in the performance of participants high in RWA but not of participants low in RWA. The crucial role of ideology-based motivational differences in the context of cognitive performance is discussed., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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11. More evidence against the Spinozan model: Cognitive load diminishes memory for "true" feedback.

Author: Nadarevic L and Erdfelder E
Subjects: Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Uncertainty, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Attention, Cognition, Culture, Feedback, Psychological, Mental Recall, Models, Psychological, Truth Disclosure
Abstract: We tested two competing models on the memory representation of truth-value information: the Spinozan model and the Cartesian model. Both models assume that truth-value information is represented with memory "tags," but the models differ in their coding scheme. According to the Cartesian model, true information is stored with a "true" tag, and false information is stored with a "false" tag. In contrast, the Spinozan model proposes that only false information receives "false" tags. All other (i.e., untagged) information is considered as true by default. Hence, in case of cognitive load during feedback encoding, the latter model predicts a load effect on memory for "false" feedback, but not on memory for "true" feedback. To test this prediction, participants studied trivia statements (Experiment 1) or nonsense statements that allegedly represented foreign-language translations (Experiment 2). After each statement, participants received feedback on the (alleged) truth value of the statement. Importantly, half of the participants experienced cognitive load during feedback processing. For the trivia statements of Experiment 1, we observed a load effect on memory for both "false" and "true" feedback. In contrast, for the nonsense statements of Experiment 2, we found a load effect on memory for "true" feedback only. Both findings clearly contradict the Spinozan model. However, our results are also only partially in line with the predictions of the Cartesian model. For this reason, we suggest a more flexible model that allows for an optional and context-dependent encoding of "true" tags and "false" tags.
Published: 2019
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12. Lost to translation: How design factors of the mouse-tracking procedure impact the inference from action to cognition.

Author: Grage T, Schoemann M, Kieslich PJ, and Scherbaum S
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Hand physiology, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Cognition physiology, Motion Perception physiology, Movement physiology, Photic Stimulation methods, Reaction Time physiology
Abstract: From an embodiment perspective, action and cognition influence each other constantly. This interaction has been utilized in mouse-tracking studies to infer cognitive states from movements, assuming a continuous manifestation of cognitive processing into movement. However, it is mostly unknown how this manifestation is affected by the variety of possible design choices in mouse-tracking paradigms. Here we studied how three design factors impact the manifestation of cognition into movement in a Simon task with mouse tracking. We varied the response selection (i.e., with or without clicking), the ratio between hand and mouse cursor movement, and the location of the response boxes. The results show that all design factors can blur or even prevent the manifestation of cognition into movement, as reflected by a reduction in movement consistency and action dynamics, as well as by the adoption of unsuitable movement strategies. We conclude that deliberate and careful design choices in mouse-tracking experiments are crucial to ensuring a continuous manifestation of cognition in movement. We discuss the importance of developing a standard practice in the design of mouse-tracking experiments.
Published: 2019
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13. Generalized Processing Tree Models: Jointly Modeling Discrete and Continuous Variables.

Author: Heck DW, Erdfelder E, and Kieslich PJ
Subjects: Computer Simulation, Computers, Hand, Humans, Judgment, Motor Activity, Psychometrics methods, Reaction Time, Recognition, Psychology, Semantics, Cognition, Models, Theoretical
Abstract: Multinomial processing tree models assume that discrete cognitive states determine observed response frequencies. Generalized processing tree (GPT) models extend this conceptual framework to continuous variables such as response times, process-tracing measures, or neurophysiological variables. GPT models assume finite-mixture distributions, with weights determined by a processing tree structure, and continuous components modeled by parameterized distributions such as Gaussians with separate or shared parameters across states. We discuss identifiability, parameter estimation, model testing, a modeling syntax, and the improved precision of GPT estimates. Finally, a GPT version of the feature comparison model of semantic categorization is applied to computer-mouse trajectories.
Published: 2018
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14. The role of the anterior insula in social norm compliance and enforcement: Evidence from coordinate-based and functional connectivity meta-analyses.

Author: Bellucci G, Feng C, Camilleri J, Eickhoff SB, and Krueger F
Subjects: Economic Competition, Humans, Affect physiology, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Cognition physiology, Social Behavior, Social Norms
Abstract: Economic games -trust (TG) and ultimatum game (UG)- combined with fMRI have shown the importance of the anterior insula (AI) in social normative behaviors. However, whether different AI subregions are engaged in different cognitive and affective processes for social norm compliance and norm enforcement during social exchange remains elusive. Here, we investigated the role of the dorsal AI (dAI) and ventral AI (vAI), combining a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies using the TG and UG with meta-analytic task-based and task-free connectivity analyses. Our findings showed that the right dAI and vAI were the only common brain regions consistently activated across games. These clusters were part of two functionally distinguishable connectivity networks associated with cognitive (dAI) and emotional (vAI) processes. In conclusion, we propose that dAI mediates cognitive processes that generate expectancy for norm compliance, whereas vAI mediates aversive feelings that generate motivation to norm enforcement. The identified functional differentiation of the right AI in the social domain contributes to a better understanding of its role in basic and clinical neuroscience., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2018
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15. TreeBUGS: An R package for hierarchical multinomial-processing-tree modeling.

Author: Heck DW, Arnold NR, and Arnold D
Subjects: Bayes Theorem, Humans, Markov Chains, Mathematics, Monte Carlo Method, Cognition, Individuality, Models, Psychological
Abstract: Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models are a class of measurement models that account for categorical data by assuming a finite number of underlying cognitive processes. Traditionally, data are aggregated across participants and analyzed under the assumption of independently and identically distributed observations. Hierarchical Bayesian extensions of MPT models explicitly account for participant heterogeneity by assuming that the individual parameters follow a continuous hierarchical distribution. We provide an accessible introduction to hierarchical MPT modeling and present the user-friendly and comprehensive R package TreeBUGS, which implements the two most important hierarchical MPT approaches for participant heterogeneity-the beta-MPT approach (Smith & Batchelder, Journal of Mathematical Psychology 54:167-183, 2010) and the latent-trait MPT approach (Klauer, Psychometrika 75:70-98, 2010). TreeBUGS reads standard MPT model files and obtains Markov-chain Monte Carlo samples that approximate the posterior distribution. The functionality and output are tailored to the specific needs of MPT modelers and provide tests for the homogeneity of items and participants, individual and group parameter estimates, fit statistics, and within- and between-subjects comparisons, as well as goodness-of-fit and summary plots. We also propose and implement novel statistical extensions to include continuous and discrete predictors (as either fixed or random effects) in the latent-trait MPT model.
Published: 2018
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16. Overdominant Effect of a CHRNA4 Polymorphism on Cingulo-Opercular Network Activity and Cognitive Control.

Author: Sadaghiani S, Ng B, Altmann A, Poline JB, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Bromberg U, Büchel C, Burke Quinlan E, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Frouin V, Garavan H, Gowland P, Gallinat J, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Martinot JL, Paillère Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Nees F, Papadopoulos Orfanos D, Paus T, Poustka L, Millenet S, Fröhner JH, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Napolioni V, and Greicius M
Subjects: Adolescent, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Cohort Studies, Female, Genetic Association Studies methods, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Male, Photic Stimulation methods, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Cognition physiology, Frontal Lobe physiology, Gyrus Cinguli physiology, Nerve Net physiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, Receptors, Nicotinic genetics
Abstract: The nicotinic system plays an important role in cognitive control and is implicated in several neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the contributions of genetic variability in this system to individuals' cognitive control abilities are poorly understood and the brain processes that mediate such genetic contributions remain largely unidentified. In this first large-scale neuroimaging genetics study of the human nicotinic receptor system (two cohorts, males and females, fMRI total N = 1586, behavioral total N = 3650), we investigated a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 (rs1044396 on the CHRNA4 gene) previously implicated in behavioral and nicotine-related studies (albeit with inconsistent major/minor allele impacts). Based on our prior neuroimaging findings, we expected this polymorphism to affect neural activity in the cingulo-opercular (CO) network involved in core cognitive control processes including maintenance of alertness. Consistent across the cohorts, all cortical areas of the CO network showed higher activity in heterozygotes compared with both types of homozygotes during cognitive engagement. This inverted U-shaped relation reflects an overdominant effect; that is, allelic interaction (cumulative evidence p = 1.33 * 10 -5 ). Furthermore, heterozygotes performed more accurately in behavioral tasks that primarily depend on sustained alertness. No effects were observed for haplotypes of the surrounding CHRNA4 region, supporting a true overdominant effect at rs1044396. As a possible mechanism, we observed that this polymorphism is an expression quantitative trait locus modulating CHRNA4 expression levels. This is the first report of overdominance in the nicotinic system. These findings connect CHRNA4 genotype, CO network activation, and sustained alertness, providing insights into how genetics shapes individuals' cognitive control abilities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nicotinic acetylcholine system plays a central role in neuromodulatory regulation of cognitive control processes and is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite this functional importance, no large-scale neuroimaging genetics studies have targeted the contributions of genetic variability in this system to human brain activity. Here, we show the impact of a common polymorphism of the high-affinity nicotinic receptor α4β2 that is consistent across brain activity and behavior in two large human cohorts. We report a hitherto unknown overdominant effect (allelic interaction) at this locus, where the heterozygotes show higher activity in the cingulo-opercular network underlying alertness maintenance and higher behavioral alertness performance than both homozygous groups. This gene-brain-behavior relationship informs about the biological basis of interindividual differences in cognitive control., (Copyright © 2017 the authors 0270-6474/17/379658-10$15.00/0.)
Published: 2017
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17. Under threat by popular vote: German-speaking immigrants' affect and cognitions following the Swiss vote against mass immigration.

Author: Rudert SC, Janke S, and Greifeneder R
Subjects: Germany, Health Surveys, Humans, Politics, Population Dynamics, Switzerland ethnology, Cognition, Emigrants and Immigrants psychology, Ethnicity psychology
Abstract: A popular initiative in support of regulating future immigration to Switzerland was accepted by the electorate in 2014. Assuming that the initiative acted as an exclusionary threat for current immigrants of Switzerland, we conducted an online survey among a sample of highly-skilled German-speaking immigrants ("expats"). Participants reported having experienced negative affect following the vote. Moreover, having a more left-wing orientation, living in a political constituency that had voted pro-regulation and having proportionally few Swiss friends positively predicted negative affect following the vote. Negative affect was associated with a reported negative change in one's attitudes towards Switzerland, increased considerations to leave the country, and impaired satisfaction with life. In sum, the results suggest that a powerful exclusionary threat such as a national vote may be experienced as distressful by highly-skilled immigrants currently living in the country.
Published: 2017
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18. Use it or lose it! Cognitive activity as a protec-tive factor for cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Author: Mistridis P, Mata J, Neuner-Jehle S, Annoni JM, Biedermann A, Bopp-Kistler I, Brand D, Brioschi Guevara A, Decrey-Wick H, Démonet JF, Hemmeter U, Kressig RW, Martin B, Rampa L, Savaskan E, Stuck A, Tschopp P, Zekry D, and Monsch A
Subjects: Aging psychology, Cognitive Reserve, Humans, Life Style, Motivational Interviewing methods, Risk Factors, Switzerland, Alzheimer Disease prevention & control, Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction prevention & control, Health Promotion, Protective Factors
Abstract: Because of the worldwide aging of populations, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias constitute a devastating experience for patients and families as well as a major social and economic burden for both healthcare systems and society. Multiple potentially modifiable cardiovascular and lifestyle risk factors have been associated with this disease. Thus, modifying these risk factors and identifying protective factors represent important strategies to prevent and delay disease onset and to decrease the social burden. Based on the cognitive reserve hypothesis, evidence from epidemiological studies shows that low education and cognitive inactivity constitute major risk factors for dementia. This indicates that a cognitively active lifestyle may protect against cognitive decline or delay the onset of dementia. We describe a newly developed preventive programme, based on this evidence, to stimulate and increase cognitive activity in older adults at risk for cognitive decline. This programme, called "BrainCoach", includes the technique of "motivational interviewing" to foster behaviour change. If the planned feasibility study is successful, we propose to add BrainCoach as a module to the already existing "Health Coaching" programme, a Swiss preventive programme to address multiple risk factors in primary care.
Published: 2017
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19. Extending multinomial processing tree models to measure the relative speed of cognitive processes.

Author: Heck DW and Erdfelder E
Subjects: Humans, Models, Statistical, Cognition physiology, Models, Theoretical, Reaction Time physiology
Abstract: Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models account for observed categorical responses by assuming a finite number of underlying cognitive processes. We propose a general method that allows for the inclusion of response times (RTs) into any kind of MPT model to measure the relative speed of the hypothesized processes. The approach relies on the fundamental assumption that observed RT distributions emerge as mixtures of latent RT distributions that correspond to different underlying processing paths. To avoid auxiliary assumptions about the shape of these latent RT distributions, we account for RTs in a distribution-free way by splitting each observed category into several bins from fast to slow responses, separately for each individual. Given these data, latent RT distributions are parameterized by probability parameters for these RT bins, and an extended MPT model is obtained. Hence, all of the statistical results and software available for MPT models can easily be used to fit, test, and compare RT-extended MPT models. We demonstrate the proposed method by applying it to the two-high-threshold model of recognition memory.
Published: 2016
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20. Aging, source memory, and the experience of "remembering".

Author: Kuhlmann BG and Boywitt CD
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Attention physiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Aging psychology, Cognition physiology, Memory physiology
Abstract: In a previous study, we found source memory for perceptual features to differentiate between younger but not older adults' reports of recollective ("remember"; R) and "know" (K) experiences. In two experiments with younger (17-30 years) and older (64-81 years) participants, we examined whether memory for meaningful speaker sources would accompany older adults' recollective experience. Indeed, memory for male and female speakers (but not partial memory for gender; Experiment 1) as well as bound memory for speakers and their facial expressions (Experiment 2) distinguished between both younger and older adults' RK reports. Thus, memory for some sources forms a common basis for younger and older adults' retrieval experience. Nonetheless, older adults still showed lower objective source memory and lower subjective source-attribution confidence than younger adults when reporting recollective experiences, suggesting that source memory is less relevant to their retrieval experience than for younger adults.
Published: 2016
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21. Ego depletion in color priming research: self-control strength moderates the detrimental effect of red on cognitive test performance.

Author: Bertrams A, Baumeister RF, Englert C, and Furley P
Subjects: Adult, Anxiety, Color, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Young Adult, Cognition, Color Perception, Ego, Executive Function
Abstract: Colors have been found to affect psychological functioning. Empirical evidence suggests that, in test situations, brief perceptions of the color red or even the word "red" printed in black ink prime implicit anxious responses and consequently impair cognitive performance. However, we propose that this red effect depends on people's momentary capacity to exert control over their prepotent responses (i.e., self-control). In three experiments (Ns = 66, 78, and 130), first participants' self-control strength was manipulated. Participants were then primed with the color or word red versus gray prior to completing an arithmetic test or an intelligence test. As expected, self-control strength moderated the red effect. While red had a detrimental effect on performance of participants with depleted self-control strength (ego depletion), it did not affect performance of participants with intact self-control strength. We discuss implications of the present findings within the current debate on the robustness of priming results., (© 2015 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.)
Published: 2015
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22. What is adaptive about adaptive decision making? A parallel constraint satisfaction account.

Author: Glöckner A, Hilbig BE, and Jekel M
Subjects: Female, Humans, Male, Young Adult, Adaptation, Psychological physiology, Cognition physiology, Decision Making physiology, Personal Satisfaction
Abstract: There is broad consensus that human cognition is adaptive. However, the vital question of how exactly this adaptivity is achieved has remained largely open. Herein, we contrast two frameworks which account for adaptive decision making, namely broad and general single-mechanism accounts vs. multi-strategy accounts. We propose and fully specify a single-mechanism model for decision making based on parallel constraint satisfaction processes (PCS-DM) and contrast it theoretically and empirically against a multi-strategy account. To achieve sufficiently sensitive tests, we rely on a multiple-measure methodology including choice, reaction time, and confidence data as well as eye-tracking. Results show that manipulating the environmental structure produces clear adaptive shifts in choice patterns - as both frameworks would predict. However, results on the process level (reaction time, confidence), in information acquisition (eye-tracking), and from cross-predicting choice consistently corroborate single-mechanisms accounts in general, and the proposed parallel constraint satisfaction model for decision making in particular., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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23. Can individual conditions during childhood mediate or moderate the long-term cognitive effects of poor economic environments at birth?

Author: Fritze T, Doblhammer G, and van den Berg GJ
Subjects: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Europe, Female, Health Status, Health Status Disparities, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Cognition, Economic Recession statistics & numerical data, Environment
Abstract: Recent analyses revealed that the business cycle at the time of birth influences cognitive functioning at older ages, and that those individuals born during economic boom periods on average display better cognitive functioning later in life. The current study examines the impact of childhood conditions on late-life cognitive functioning and investigates whether they mediate or moderate the effects of the business cycle at the time of birth. The underlying purpose is to find potential starting points for societal interventions that may counterbalance the negative long-term outcomes of adverse living conditions early in life. We use data from 7935 respondents at ages 60+ in eleven European countries from the first three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The survey data was collected in 2004, 2006/07, and 2008/09. Country fixed-effects models are used to examine the impact of macro-economic deviations in the year of birth and the indicators of childhood circumstances on late-life cognitive functioning. This study shows that the effects of boom and recession periods at birth are not simply mediated or moderated by living conditions during childhood. Conditions at birth have biological long-run effects on late-life cognitive functioning. Individuals born during boom periods display signs of having better cognitive functioning later in life, whereas recessions negatively influence cognition. Furthermore, a series of childhood conditions in and of themselves influence late-life cognition. Good childhood cognition, high education as well as a high social status, favourable living arrangements, and good health have a positive impact. Policy interventions should aim at a better access to school or measures to improve the economic and social situations of disadvantaged households., (Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2014
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24. Time course of emotion-related responding during distraction and reappraisal.

Author: Schönfelder S, Kanske P, Heissler J, and Wessa M
Subjects: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Self Report, Temporal Lobe, Time Factors, Young Adult, Attention physiology, Cognition physiology, Emotions physiology, Evoked Potentials physiology
Abstract: Theoretical accounts of emotion regulation (ER) discriminate various cognitive strategies to voluntarily modify emotional states. Amongst these, attentional deployment (i.e. distraction) and cognitive change (i.e. reappraisal), have been shown to successfully down-regulate emotions. Neuroimaging studies found that both strategies differentially engage neural structures associated with selective attention, working memory and cognitive control. The aim of this study was to further delineate similarities and differences between the ER strategies reappraisal and distraction by investigating their temporal brain dynamics using event-related potentials (ERPs) and their patterns of facial expressive behavior. Twenty-one participants completed an ER experiment in which they had to either passively view positive, neutral and negative pictures, reinterpret them to down-regulate affective responses (reappraisal), or solve a concurrently presented mathematical equation (distraction). Results demonstrate the efficacy of both strategies in the subjective control of emotion, accompanied by reductions of facial expressive activity (Corrugator supercilii and Zygomaticus major). ERP results indicated that distraction, compared with reappraisal, yielded a stronger and earlier attenuation of the late positive potential (LPP) magnitude for negative pictures. For positive pictures, only distraction but not reappraisal had significant effect on LPP attenuation. The results support the process model of ER, separating subtypes of cognitive strategies based on their specific time course., (© The Author (2013). Published by Oxford University Press. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2014
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25. Analyzing stochastic dependence of cognitive processes in multidimensional source recognition.

Author: Meiser T
Subjects: Humans, Memory physiology, Cognition physiology, Mental Recall physiology, Recognition, Psychology physiology
Abstract: Stochastic dependence among cognitive processes can be modeled in different ways, and the family of multinomial processing tree models provides a flexible framework for analyzing stochastic dependence among discrete cognitive states. This article presents a multinomial model of multidimensional source recognition that specifies stochastic dependence by a parameter for the joint retrieval of multiple source attributes together with parameters for stochastically independent retrieval. The new model is equivalent to a previous multinomial model of multidimensional source memory for a subset of the parameter space. An empirical application illustrates the advantages of the new multinomial model of joint source recognition. The new model allows for a direct comparison of joint source retrieval across conditions, it avoids statistical problems due to inflated confidence intervals and does not imply a conceptual imbalance between source dimensions. Model selection criteria that take model complexity into account corroborate the new model of joint source recognition.
Published: 2014
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26. The role of metacognition in prospective memory: anticipated task demands influence attention allocation strategies.

Author: Rummel J and Meiser T
Subjects: Humans, Memory physiology, Anticipation, Psychological, Attention physiology, Cognition physiology, Memory, Episodic
Abstract: The present study investigates how individuals distribute their attentional resources between a prospective memory task and an ongoing task. Therefore, metacognitive expectations about the attentional demands of the prospective-memory task were manipulated while the factual demands were held constant. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we found attentional costs from a prospective-memory task with low factual demands to be significantly reduced when information about the low to-be-expected demands were provided, while prospective-memory performance remained largely unaffected. In Experiment 2, attentional monitoring in a more demanding prospective-memory task also varied with information about the to-be-expected demands (high vs. low) and again there were no equivalent changes in prospective-memory performance. These findings suggest that attention-allocation strategies of prospective memory rely on metacognitive expectations about prospective-memory task demands. Furthermore, the results suggest that attentional monitoring is only functional for prospective memory to the extent to which anticipated task demands reflect objective task demands., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2013
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27. Assessing the validity of multinomial models using extraneous variables: an application to prospective memory.

Author: Rummel J, Boywitt CD, and Meiser T
Subjects: Association Learning, Color Perception physiology, Cues, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual physiology, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Students, Universities, Cognition physiology, Memory, Episodic, Models, Psychological
Abstract: The class of multinomial processing tree (MPT) models has been used extensively in cognitive psychology to model latent cognitive processes. Critical for the usefulness of a MPT model is its psychological validity. Generally, the validity of a MPT model is demonstrated by showing that its parameters are selectively and predictably affected by theoretically meaningful experimental manipulations. Another approach is to test the convergent validity of the model parameters and other extraneous measures intended to measure the same cognitive processes. Here, we advance the concept of construct validity (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955 ) as a criterion for model validity in MPT modelling and show how this approach can be fruitfully utilized using the example of a MPT model of event-based prospective memory. For that purpose, we investigated the convergent validity of the model parameters and established extraneous measures of prospective memory processes over a range of experimental settings, and we found a lack of convergent validity between the two indices. On a conceptual level, these results illustrate the importance of testing convergent validity. Additionally, they have implications for prospective memory research, because they demonstrate that the MPT model of event-based prospective memory is not able to differentiate between different processes contributing to prospective memory performance.
Published: 2011
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28. Yes, they can! Appropriate weighting of small probabilities as a function of information acquisition.

Author: Hilbig BE and Glöckner A
Subjects: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Probability, Cognition physiology, Decision Making physiology, Risk-Taking
Abstract: So far, decision makers have mostly been shown to treat small probabilities inappropriately in risky choice. For example, one of the cornerstone assumptions of Cumulative Prospect Theory is that small probabilities are overweighted and this has been repeatedly confirmed in decisions from descriptions. Recent findings in experience-based decision making, in contrast, show that active sequential sampling of outcomes can lead decision makers to make choices which imply underweighting of small probabilities. In light of these findings, we ask whether decision makers really are unable to treat rare events appropriately. In line with theoretical approaches assuming cognitive processes of sampling and accumulation, we conjectured that decision makers display appropriate probability weighting when given the chance to draw large representative samples in little time. Two experiments comprising an "open sampling" condition corroborated this conjecture, revealing that decision makers will neither over- nor underweight small probabilities when they can rely on fast information sampling processes., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2011
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29. When do people rely on affective and cognitive feelings in judgment? A review.

Author: Greifeneder R, Bless H, and Pham MT
Subjects: Humans, Intuition, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Judgment
Abstract: Although people have been shown to rely on feelings to make judgments, the conditions that moderate this reliance have not been systematically reviewed and conceptually integrated. This article addresses this gap by jointly reviewing moderators of the reliance on both subtle affective feelings and cognitive feelings of ease-of-retrieval. The review revealed that moderators of the reliance on affective and cognitive feelings are remarkably similar and can be grouped into five major categories: (a) the salience of the feelings, (b) the representativeness of the feelings for the target, (c) the relevance of the feelings to the judgment, (d) the evaluative malleability of the judgment, and (e) the level of processing intensity. Based on the reviewed evidence, it is concluded that the use of feelings as information is a frequent event and a generally sensible judgmental strategy rather than a constant source of error. Avenues for future research are discussed.
Published: 2011
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30. Homo heuristicus outnumbered: comment on Gigerenzer and Brighton (2009).

Author: Hilbig BE and Richter T
Subjects: Humans, Adaptation, Psychological physiology, Cognition physiology, Models, Psychological, Psychological Theory, Thinking physiology
Abstract: Gigerenzer and Brighton (2009) have argued for a "Homo heuristicus" view of judgment and decision making, claiming that there is evidence for a majority of individuals using fast and frugal heuristics. In this vein, they criticize previous studies that tested the descriptive adequacy of some of these heuristics. In addition, they provide a reanalysis of experimental data on the recognition heuristic that allegedly supports Gigerenzer and Brighton's view of pervasive reliance on heuristics. However, their arguments and reanalyses are both conceptually and methodologically problematic. We provide counterarguments and a reanalysis of the data considered by Gigerenzer and Brighton. Results clearly replicate previous findings, which are at odds with the claim that simple heuristics provide a general description of inferences for a majority of decision makers., (Copyright © 2011 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)
Published: 2011
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31. Need for cognition, task difficulty, and the formation of performance expectancies.

Author: Reinhard MA and Dickhäuser O
Subjects: Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving, Regression Analysis, Self Concept, Social Perception, Task Performance and Analysis, Achievement, Cognition, Motivation, Personality, Self Efficacy
Abstract: In the present article, the authors analyze how performance expectancies are generated and how they affect actual performance. The authors predicted that task difficulty would affect performance expectancies only when cognitive motivation (i.e., need for cognition [NFC]) and cognitive capacity are high. This should be the case because analyzing task difficulty is a process requiring cognitive capacity as well as cognitive motivation. The findings supported the expected NFC x Difficulty interaction for the formation of performance expectancies (Study 1, Study 2), but only when cognitive capacity was high (Study 2). The authors also predicted that expectancies would affect actual performance only if the task is difficult and if task difficulty is taken into account when the expectancy is generated. This hypothesis was supported: Significant relations between performance expectancies and actual performance were found only for difficult tasks and for participants higher in NFC. Studies 5 and 6 showed clear evidence that the NFC x Difficulty interaction could not be explained by differences in the use of task-specific self-concepts. The findings were robust across academic, social, and physical tasks., (Copyright (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved.)
Published: 2009
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32. Meta-cognition about biological sex and gender-stereotypic physical appearance: consequences for the assessment of leadership competence.

Author: Sczesny S and Kühnen U
Subjects: Adult, Attitude, Female, Humans, Knowledge, Male, Professional Competence, Cognition, Gender Identity, Leadership, Stereotyping
Abstract: Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons' biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons' sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.
Published: 2004
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33. Novel genetic loci underlying human intracranial volume identified through genome-wide association

Author: G. Bruce Pike, Marcel P. Zwiers, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Jeroen van der Grond, Randy L. Gollub, Karen A. Mather, Andrew J. Schork, Vidar M. Steen, Marc M. Bohlken, Nhat Trung Doan, Derek W. Morris, John B.J. Kwok, Emma J. Rose, Johanna Hass, Andrew Simmons, Tian Ge, Reinhold Schmidt, Micael Andersson, Ian J. Deary, Christopher Chen, Derrek P. Hibar, Simon E. Fisher, Lucija Abramovic, Marcella Rietschel, Edith Hofer, Simon Lovestone, Clyde Francks, Christopher R.K. Ching, Srdjan Djurovic, Lachlan T. Strike, Lorna M. Lopez, Rene L. Olvera, Owen Carmichael, M. Arfan Ikram, Andre F. Marquand, Christine Macare, W.T. Longstreth, Philippe Amouyel, Aaron L. Goldman, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Philip L. De Jager, David C. Liewald, Harald H H Göring, Aad van der Lugt, David Ames, Neeltje E.M. van Haren, Lars Nyberg, Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth, Lukas Pirpamer, Stefan Ehrlich, Alexa S. Beiser, Lianne Schmaal, Hilkka Soininen, Mark Jenkinson, Kazima B. Bulayeva, Anderson M. Winkler, Mike A. Nalls, Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Martine Hoogman, Lars T. Westlye, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Andrew Singleton, Gabriel Cuellar-Partida, Randy L. Buckner, Dorret I. Boomsma, Dena G. Hernandez, Steven G. Potkin, Sudha Seshadri, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, D. Hoehn, Gareth E. Davies, Chantal Depondt, Henrik Walter, Michael E. Weale, Deborah Janowitz, Susanne Erk, Iryna O. Fedko, Daniel R. Weinberger, Nic J A van der Wee, Jean-Luc Martinot, Jessica A. Turner, Marieke Klein, Sandra Barral, Sebastian Mohnke, Albert Hofman, Ingrid Melle, Saud Alhusaini, Vincent Chouraki, Stephen M. Lawrie, Mark E. Bastin, Juan C. Troncoso, Jean Shin, Wiro J. Niessen, Diane M. Becker, Laura Almasy, Anders M. Dale, Benjamin S. Aribisala, Dennis van 't Ent, Marco P. Boks, M. Mallar Chakravarty, Paul M. Thompson, David Reese McKay, Michael Griswold, John Blangero, Narelle K. Hansell, Eco J. C. de Geus, Paul A. Nyquist, Susana Muñoz Maniega, Sampath Arepalli, Tatjana Rundek, Dan L. Longo, Anton J. M. de Craen, Rebekah McWhirter, Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber, Henning Tiemeier, Girma Woldehawariat, Sven Cichon, Irene Pappa, Amelia A. Assareh, Sudheer Giddaluru, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Hieab H.H. Adams, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, Grant W. Montgomery, Roel A. Ophoff, Markus M. Nöthen, Sara Pudas, Sigurdur Sigurdsson, Arthur W. Toga, Tien Yin Wong, Massimo Pandolfo, Corina U. Greven, Esther Walton, Tianye Jia, David J. Stott, Gunter Schumann, Marie-José van Tol, Dalia Kasperaviciute, Thomas Wolfers, Henry Völzke, Ian Ford, Shannon L. Risacher, Jessika E. Sussmann, Nicholas G. Martin, Wei Wen, Daniah Trabzuni, Iwona Kłoszewska, Kwangsik Nho, Gianpiero L. Cavalleri, Adam M. Brickman, Sungeun Kim, Andreas Heinz, Ralph L. Sacco, Neda Jahanshad, Velandai Srikanth, Elena Shumskaya, Susan H. Blanton, Katharina Wittfeld, Badri N. Vardarajan, Joshua C. Bis, Joanne E. Curran, Helena Schmidt, Peter T. Fox, Clifford R. Jack, Jason L. Stein, Laura M. E. Blanken, Thomas Espeseth, Dick J. Veltman, Sebastian Guelfi, Margaret J. Wright, Norman Delanty, Michael Czisch, Martina Papmeyer, Oscar L. Lopez, Marjolein M. J. Van Donkelaar, Bruce M. Psaty, Jan K. Buitelaar, Sven J. van der Lee, David A. Bennett, Beng-Choon Ho, Oliver Martinez, Wiepke Cahn, Li Shen, J. Wouter Jukema, Janita Bralten, Peter Kochunov, Greig I. Zubicaray, Marcel P. van der Brug, Ching-Yu Cheng, Philipp G. Sämann, Stella Trompet, Roberto Roiz-Santiañez, David C. Glahn, Allissa Dillman, Venkata S. Mattay, Dara M. Cannon, Michael W. Weiner, Christopher D. Whelan, Alexander Teumer, Sylvane Desrivières, Ole A. Andreassen, Thomas E. Nichols, Manuel Mattheisen, Matthias Nauck, René S. Kahn, Albert V. Smith, Colin Smith, Vilmundur Gudnason, Denis A. Evans, Anouk den Braber, Katie L. McMahon, Han G. Brunner, Florian Holsboer, Yuri Milaneschi, Andrew J. Saykin, Jiemin Liao, Vince D. Calhoun, Neelum T. Aggarwal, Dennis van der Meer, Hans J. Grabe, Anita L. DeStefano, Claudia L. Satizabal, Alan B. Zonderman, Alex P. Zijdenbos, Tulio Guadalupe, Ingrid Agartz, Jordan W. Smoller, Allison C. Nugent, Alejandro Arias-Vasquez, Masashi Ikeda, Avram J. Holmes, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, John Hardy, Herve Lemaitre, Charles DeCarli, Patrizia Mecocci, Catharina A. Hartman, Tomas Axelsson, Oliver Grimm, Irina Filippi, Wayne C. Drevets, Hans van Bokhoven, Miguel E. Rentería, Aiden Corvin, Ryota Kanai, Kristel R. van Eijk, Andrew M. McIntosh, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Roberto Toro, Lavinia Athanasiu, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Thomas H. Mosley, Mina Ryten, Meike W. Vernooij, Michelle Luciano, Joshua L. Roffman, Rebecca F. Gottesman, Dhananjay Vaidya, Ryota Hashimoto, Mar Matarin, Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Jerome I. Rotter, Ryan L. Muetzel, Konstantinos Arfanakis, Theo G.M. van Erp, Ganesh Chauhan, Xinmin Liu, Tomáš Paus, Emma Sprooten, Christiane Wolf, David S. Knopman, Manon Bernard, Zdenka Pausova, Bryan J. Traynor, Maria C. Valdés Hernández, Robert C. Green, Russell Thomson, Ravi Duggirala, Lisa R. Yanek, Luigi Ferrucci, Bing Xu, Thomas D. Dyer, Thomas H. Wassink, Eric Westman, Jennifer S. Richards, Phil H. Lee, Benno Pütz, Mark R. Cookson, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Natalie A. Royle, Bernd Kraemer, Katrin Hegenscheid, Francis J. McMahon, Tatiana Foroud, M. Kamran Ikram, Myriam Fornage, Nanda Rommelse, Saima Hilal, Perminder S. Sachdev, Qiang Chen, Najaf Amin, Lenore J. Launer, Norbert Hosten, Guillén Fernández, Simone Reppermund, Ashley Beecham, Dirk J. Heslenfeld, Masaki Fukunaga, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Clinton B. Wright, Erik G. Jönsson, Sanjay M. Sisodiya, Oliver Gruber, Christophe Tzourio, André G. Uitterlinden, Robert Johnson, Jaap Oosterlaan, Bernard Mazoyer, H. Ronald Zielke, Stephanie Le Hellard, Jingyun Yang, Georg Homuth, Stéphanie Debette, Nicola J. Armstrong, Sarah E. Medland, Henry Brodaty, Beverly G Windham, Gary Donohoe, Rachel M. Brouwer, James T. Becker, Kumar B. Rajan, Daan van Rooij, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Kazutaka Ohi, Peter R. Schofield, Tonya White, Barbara Franke, Unn K. Haukvik, Debra A. Fleischman, J. Raphael Gibbs, Colm McDonald, Anbupalam Thalamuthu, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of Southern California (USC), Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies liées au Vieillissement - U 1167 (RID-AGE), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine (UMMSM), German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Greifswald University Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery [Montreal], Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Umeå University, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Rush University Medical Center [Chicago], University of Edinburgh, Lagos State University (LASU), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Murdoch University, University of Oslo (UiO), Uppsala University, Framingham Heart Study, Boston University [Boston] (BU)-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI), University of Toronto, University of Washington [Seattle], Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), Columbia University [New York], Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University (LSU), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lieber Institute for Brain Development [Baltimore] (LIBD), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Neuroimagerie en psychiatrie (U1000), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Maison de Solenn [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (BROAD INSTITUTE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], University of Bergen (UiB), Haukeland University Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences (IMPRS ), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Language and Genetics Department [Nijmegen], National University of Singapore (NUS), Medical University Graz, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Yale University [New Haven], University College of London [London] (UCL), Imperial College London, Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Goettingen 37075, Germany, Medstar Research Institute, Clinical And Experimental Epilepsy, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Department of Biomedicine and the Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle (GIN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dpt of Psychiatry [New Haven], Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Department of Psychology [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University System-Indiana University System, Indiana University System, Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Statistical Genetics Group, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental [Madrid] (CIBER-SAM), Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen], Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSERM, Neuroepidemiology U708, Bordeaux, France, Department of Cognitive Sciences [San Diego], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Department of Neurosciences [San Diego], Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology [London], Depts of Radiology, University of Twente [Netherlands], Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior [Irvine], University of California [Irvine] (UCI), Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC (UMR_7216)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Psychology [Oslo], Faculty of Social Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Deutsche Bundesbank, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Biospective [Montréal], KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo (UiO)-Institute of Clinical Medicine-Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Department of Psychiatry and National Ageing Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-Tehran University of Medical Siences, Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], 849 Department of Human Genetics, Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Psychiatry [Boston], N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), The Mind Research Network, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Albuquerque] (ECE Department), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Human Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Division of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Metacohorts Consortium, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Basel (Unibas), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity College Dublin-St. James's Hospital, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Bijvoet Center of Biomolecular Research [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], VU University Amsterdam, Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Neurology Division, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme [Bruxelles] (ULB), Faculté de Médecine [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Faculté de Médecine [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Genomics, Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam & EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA, Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama University, National Institute of Aging, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Public Health Genomics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Klinikum Stralsund Hanseatic-Greifswald University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado, University of Colorado [Boulder], Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland., Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University [Osaka], Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, University of Iowa [Iowa City], University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Neuronal Plasticity / Mouse Behaviour, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Tohoku University [Sendai], Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Leiden, The Netherlands, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK, University of Sussex, Medical University of Łódź (MUL), Mayo Clinic [Rochester], University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Hong Kong] (POLYU)-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University [Hong Kong] (POLYU), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine, Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, Laboratoire de Statistique Théorique et Appliquée (LSTA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Psychiatry Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences Institute (MSI), Australian National University (ANU), Centre for Advanced Imaging, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Institute of Clinical Medicine [Oslo], Faculty of Medicine [Oslo], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Université de Toulon - UFR Lettres et Sciences Humaines (UTLN UFR LSH), Université de Toulon (UTLN), Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Department of Cell Therapy, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig]-Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Warwick Manufacturing Group [Coventry] (WMG), University of Warwick [Coventry], Department of Statistics [Warwick], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Department of Health Science, Division of Health and Rehabilitation, Luleå University of Technology (LUT), University Medical Center [Utrecht]-Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (MNI), Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA, Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], Medical Faculty [Mannheim]-Medical Faculty [Mannheim], Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing [Sydney], The University of Sydney, Genetics of Mental Illness and Brain Function, Neuroscience Research Australia, Broad Institute [Cambridge], Harvard University [Cambridge]-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Department of neurology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, Department of neurology, University of Eastern Finland-University Hospital of Kuopio-University of Eastern Finland-University Hospital of Kuopio, Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, Southern Clinical School, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash University [Melbourne], Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences [Glasgow], University of Glasgow, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia, Department of Epidemiology, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [Los Angeles] (LONI), University of York [York, UK], Epidémiologie et Biostatistique [Bordeaux], Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Genentech, Inc. [San Francisco], Departments of Radiology and of Epidemiology [Rotterdam], Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Department of Neurology [Rotterdam], Institute for Community Medicine, Berlin School of Mind and Brain [Berlin], Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Carver College of Medicine [Iowa City], University of Iowa [Iowa City]-University of Iowa [Iowa City], Centre for Population Health Sciences, Department of Physics [Hong Kong University of Science and Technology], Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), Dpt of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine [Maastricht], Maastricht University [Maastricht], University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, Göttingen Zentrum Geowissenschaften, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Human Genetics Center, Psychiatry, EMGO - Mental health, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Anatomy and neurosciences, Klinische Genetica, MUMC+: DA Klinische Genetica (5), RS: FHML non-thematic output, RS: GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, RS: GROW - R4 - Reproductive and Perinatal Medicine, Genetica & Celbiologie, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland School of Medicine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Universidad de Cantabria, Universiteit Leiden, Radboud University [Nijmegen], University of California (UC), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, [GIN] Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Department of Cognitive Sciences [Univ California San Diego] (CogSci - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Department of Neurosciences [Univ California San Diego] (Neuro - UC San Diego), School of Medicine [Univ California San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH & RC), Universiteit Leiden-Universiteit Leiden, University of Twente, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), Radboud University [Nijmegen]-Radboud University [Nijmegen], Centre épigénétique et destin cellulaire (EDC), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Leipzig-Universität Leipzig, University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim-University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Eastern Finland, Humboldt University Of Berlin, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Clinical Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Research Program (CCNP), Epidemiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Ophthalmology, Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Internal Medicine, Neurosciences, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Neurology, EMGO+ - Mental Health, Biological Psychology, Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies liées au Vieillissement (Inserm U1167 - RID-AGE - Institut Pasteur), McGill University-McGill University, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [Bethesda] (NHLBI)-Boston University [Boston] (BU), McGill University, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Cochin [AP-HP], University of Bergen (UIB), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center Nijmegen, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], Bijvoet Center of Biomolecular Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB)-Hôpital Erasme (Bruxelles), Okayama University [Okayama], Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Harvard University [Cambridge], University of Tasmania (UTAS), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Physics [Kowloon], University of Missouri [Columbia], Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, EPIGEN, IMAGEN, SYS
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), Genome-wide association study, Disease, methods [Genome-Wide Association Study], Genome-wide association studies, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, PARKINSONS-DISEASE, pathology [Brain], genetics [Parkinson Disease], 610 Medicine & health, General Neuroscience, growth & development [Brain], physiology [Cognition], 220 Statistical Imaging Neuroscience, COMMON VARIANTS, Brain, Parkinson Disease, Phenotype, 17Q21.31 MICRODELETION, IGF-I, genetics [Oncogene Protein v-akt], Oncogene Protein v-akt, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE, Brain size, genetics [Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide], Medical genetics, GROWTH, Neuroinformatics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neuroscience(all), European Continental Ancestry Group, genetics [Genetic Loci], Biology, Genetic correlation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, 150 000 MR Techniques in Brain Function, Article, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, Image processing, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, ddc:570, medicine, Journal Article, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Gene, METAANALYSIS, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Neurology & Neurosurgery, Neuroscience (all), Height, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, CONSORTIUM, Development of the nervous system, 1702 Cognitive Science, 030104 developmental biology, Genetic Loci, Human genome, BRAIN SIZE, 1109 Neurosciences, genetics [Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases], Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 165723pub.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Intracranial volume reflects the maximally attained brain size during development, and remains stable with loss of tissue in late life. It is highly heritable, but the underlying genes remain largely undetermined. In a genome-wide association study of 32,438 adults, we discovered five previously unknown loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Four of the loci were also associated with adult human stature, but these remained associated with intracranial volume after adjusting for height. We found a high genetic correlation with child head circumference (rhogenetic = 0.748), which indicates a similar genetic background and allowed us to identify four additional loci through meta-analysis (Ncombined = 37,345). Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function, and Parkinson's disease, and were enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling. These findings identify the biological underpinnings of intracranial volume and their link to physiological and pathological traits.
Published: 2016

34. Fractionating autism based on neuroanatomical normative modeling

Author: Zabihi, Mariam, Floris, Dorothea L, Kia, Seyed Mostafa, Wolfers, Thomas, Tillmann, Julian, Arenas, Alberto Llera, Moessnang, Carolin, Banaschewski, Tobias, Holt, Rosemary, Baron-Cohen, Simon, Loth, Eva, Charman, Tony, Bourgeron, Thomas, Murphy, Declan, Ecker, Christine, Buitelaar, Jan K, Beckmann, Christian F, Marquand, Andre, EU-AIMS LEAP Group, Zabihi, Mariam [0000-0002-7083-2318], Kia, Seyed Mostafa [0000-0002-7128-814X], Banaschewski, Tobias [0000-0003-4595-1144], Charman, Tony [0000-0003-1993-6549], Murphy, Declan [0000-0002-6664-7451], Buitelaar, Jan K [0000-0001-8288-7757], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, TILT, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], King‘s College London, University of Vienna [Vienna], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen], University of Oxford [Oxford], The work is supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VIDI Grant Nos. 016.156.415 (to A.F.M.) and 864.12.003 (to C.F.B.), European Union Seventh Framework Program Grant Nos. 602805 (AGGRESSOTYPE) (to J.K.B.), 603016 (MATRICS) (to J.K.B.), and 278948 (TACTICS) (to J.K.B.), European Community’s Horizon 2020 Program (H2020/2014–2020) Grant Nos. 643051 (MiND) (to J.K.B.) and 642996 (BRAINVIEW) (to J.K.B.), Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award Grant No. 098369/Z/12/Z (to C.F.B.), and EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), which receives support from Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking Grant No. 115300, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (Grant No. FP7/2007–2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions and Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking Grant No. 777394 for the project AIMS-2-TRIALS. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. D.M. was also supported by the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre. S.B.-C. was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Autism Research Trust during the period of this work., European Project: 602805,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,AGGRESSOTYPE(2013), European Project: 603016,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,MATRICS(2014), European Project: 278948,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,TACTICS(2012), European Project: 643051,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,MiND(2015), European Project: 642996,H2020,H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014,BRAINVIEW(2015), European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Oxford, Buitelaar, Jan K. [0000-0001-8288-7757], and Baron-Cohen, Simon [0000-0001-9217-2544]
Subjects: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autism, Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13], MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurobiology, MESH: Child, Psychology, Young adult, Child, EU-AIMS LEAP Group, MESH: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cortical Thickness, 0303 health sciences, 220 Statistical Imaging Neuroscience, Cognition, Autism spectrum disorders, MESH: Case-Control Studies, 692/699/476/1373, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychiatry and Mental health, MESH: Young Adult, Autism spectrum disorder, 9, Female, Neurotypical, Clinical psychology, Adult, Adolescent, MESH: Autistic Disorder, Biology, Predictive markers, Article, lcsh:RC321-571, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, MESH: Neurobiology, 692/53/2423, Neurodevelopmental Condition, medicine, Humans, Autistic Disorder, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Biological Psychiatry, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Adolescent, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], MESH: Humans, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Case-control study, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, Case-Control Studies, 59/57, Normative, Polygenic risk score, 631/477, MESH: Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Funder: Wellcome Trust (Wellcome); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100004440, Funder: SBC was funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Autism Research Trust during the period of this work., Funder: DM was supported by the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre., Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with substantial phenotypic, biological, and etiologic heterogeneity. It remains a challenge to identify biomarkers to stratify autism into replicable cognitive or biological subtypes. Here, we aim to introduce a novel methodological framework for parsing neuroanatomical subtypes within a large cohort of individuals with autism. We used cortical thickness (CT) in a large and well-characterized sample of 316 participants with autism (88 female, age mean: 17.2 ± 5.7) and 206 with neurotypical development (79 female, age mean: 17.5 ± 6.1) aged 6–31 years across six sites from the EU-AIMS multi-center Longitudinal European Autism Project. Five biologically based putative subtypes were derived using normative modeling of CT and spectral clustering. Three of these clusters showed relatively widespread decreased CT and two showed relatively increased CT. These subtypes showed morphometric differences from one another, providing a potential explanation for inconsistent case–control findings in autism, and loaded differentially and more strongly onto symptoms and polygenic risk, indicating a dilution of clinical effects across heterogeneous cohorts. Our results provide an important step towards parsing the heterogeneous neurobiology of autism.
Published: 2020

35. Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project

Author: Tillmann, Julian, San José Cáceres, Antonia, Chatham, Chris H., Crawley, Daisy, Holt, Rosemary, Oakley, Bethany, Banaschewski, Tobias, Baron-Cohen, Simon, Bölte, Sven, Buitelaar, Jan K., Durston, Sarah, Ham, Lindsay, Loth, Eva, Simonoff, Emily, Spooren, Will, Murphy, Declan G., Charman, Tony, Ahmad, Jumana, Ambrosino, Sara, Auyeung, Bonnie, Baumeister, Sarah, Beckmann, Christian, Bourgeron, Thomas, Bours, Carsten, Brammer, Michael, Brandeis, Daniel, Brogna, Claudia, de Bruijn, Yvette, Chakrabarti, Bhismadev, Cornelissen, Ineke, Dell’ Acqua, Flavio, Dumas, Guillaume, Ecker, Christine, Faulkner, Jessica, Frouin, Vincent, Garcés, Pilar, Goyard, David, Hayward, Hannah, Hipp, Joerg, Johnson, Mark H., Jones, Emily J. H., Kundu, Prantik, Lai, Meng-Chuan, D'Ardhuy, Xavier Liogier, Lombardo, Michael, Lythgoe, David J., Mandl, René, Mason, Luke, Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, Moessnang, Carolin, Mueller, Nico, O'Dwyer, Laurence, Oldehinkel, Marianne, Oranje, Bob, Pandina, Gahan, Persico, Antonio M., Ruggeri, Barbara, Ruigrok, Amber, Sabet, Jessica, Sacco, Roberto, Toro, Roberto, Tost, Heike, Waldman, Jack, Williams, Steve C. R., Wooldridge, Caroline, Zwiers, Marcel P., Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, University of Vienna [Vienna], F. Hoffmann-La Roche [Basel], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy [Mannheim], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University [Nijmegen], Stockholm County Council, University Medical Center [Utrecht], Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen], South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, This work was supported by EU‐AIMS (European Autism Interventions), which receives support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115300, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (grant FP7/2007‐2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies' in‐kind contributions, and from Autism Speaks, The EU‐AIMS LEAP group : Jumana Ahmad, Sara Ambrosino, Bonnie Auyeung, Sarah Baumeister, Christian Beckmann, Thomas Bourgeron, Carsten Bours, Michael Brammer, Daniel Brandeis, Claudia Brogna, Yvette de Bruijn, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, Ineke Cornelissen, Flavio Dell’ Acqua, Guillaume Dumas, Christine Ecker, Jessica Faulkner, Vincent Frouin, Pilar Garcés, David Goyard, Hannah Hayward, Joerg Hipp, Mark H. Johnson, Emily J.H. Jones, Prantik Kundu, Meng‐Chuan Lai, Xavier Liogier D'ardhuy, Michael Lombardo, David J. Lythgoe, René Mandl, Luke Mason, Andreas Meyer‐Lindenberg, Carolin Moessnang, Nico Mueller, Laurence O'Dwyer, Marianne Oldehinkel, Bob Oranje, Gahan Pandina, Antonio M. Persico, Barbara Ruggeri, Amber Ruigrok, Jessica Sabet, Roberto Sacco, Roberto Toro, Heike Tost, Jack Waldman, Steve C.R. Williams, Caroline Wooldridge, and Marcel P. Zwiers., We thank all participants and their families for their efforts to participate in the study., European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], Radboud university [Nijmegen], Tillmann, Julian [0000-0001-9574-9855], Bölte, Sven [0000-0002-4579-4970], Charman, Tony [0000-0003-1993-6549], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: Male, Intelligence, Psychological intervention, Severity of Illness Index, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Borderline intellectual functioning, Activities of Daily Living, Psychology, Longitudinal Studies, Child, Genetics (clinical), Research Articles, Adaptive behavior, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Age Factors, Cognition, Europe, symptom severity, Phenotype, Autism spectrum disorder, Cohort, Anxiety, Female, medicine.symptom, adaptive functioning, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual functioning, psychiatric symptoms, Neuroscience (all), Neurology (clinical), 050104 developmental & child psychology, Clinical psychology, Research Article, Adult, Adolescent, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Sex Factors, mental disorders, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], medicine.disease, [SDV.MHEP.PSM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, Autism, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 204820.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit significant impairments in adaptive functioning that impact on their ability to meet the demands of everyday life. A recurrent finding is that there is a pronounced discrepancy between level of cognitive ability and adaptive functioning, and this is particularly prominent among higher-ability individuals. However, the key clinical and demographic associations of these discrepancies remain unclear. This study included a sample of 417 children, adolescents, and adults with ASD as part of the EU-AIMS LEAP cohort. We examined how age, sex, IQ, levels of ASD symptom and autistic trait severity and psychiatric symptomatology are associated with adaptive functioning as measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition and IQ-adaptive functioning discrepancies. Older age, lower IQ and higher social-communication symptoms were associated with lower adaptive functioning. Results also demonstrate that older age, higher IQ and higher social-communication symptoms are associated with greater IQ-adaptive functioning discrepancy scores. By contrast, sensory ASD symptoms, repetitive and restricted behaviors, as well as symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety and depression, were not associated with adaptive functioning or IQ-adaptive functioning discrepancy scores. These findings suggest that it is the core social communication problems that define ASD that contribute to adaptive function impairments that people with ASD experience. They show for the first time that sensory symptoms, repetitive behavior and associated psychiatric symptoms do not independently contribute to adaptive function impairments. Individuals with ASD require supportive interventions across the lifespan that take account of social-communicative ASD symptom severity. Autism Res 2019, 12: 645-657. (c) 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This study investigated key clinical and demographic associations of adaptive functioning impairments in individuals with autism. We found that older age, lower IQ and more severe social-communicative symptoms, but not sensory or repetitive symptoms or co-occurring psychiatric symptoms, are associated with lower adaptive functioning and greater ability-adaptive function discrepancies. This suggests that interventions targeting adaptive skills acquisition should be flexible in their timing and intensity across developmental periods, levels of cognitive ability and take account of social-communicative ASD symptom severity.
Published: 2019

36. Preschool and Parental Response in a Second Best World: Evidence from a School Construction Experiment

Author: Deon Filmer, Karen Macours, Adrien Bouguen, Sophie Naudeau, University of Mannheim, Banque Mondiale, Centre de recherche de la Banque Mondiale, Banque Mondiale-Banque Mondiale, Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques (PJSE), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques (PSE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Economics and Econometrics, Strategy and Management, développement de la petite enfance, Psychological intervention, EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES, Context (language use), PARIS SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, Developmental psychology, construction préscolaire, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Parental response, 030225 pediatrics, Management of Technology and Innovation, 0502 economics and business, Preschool and kindergarten, Parental involvement, Early childhood, 050207 economics, Intergenerational transmission, Poverty, 4. Education, 05 social sciences, 1. No poverty, Cognition, EDUCATION, spécificité du programme, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Poverty and inequality,Parental involvement,Preschool and kindergarten,cognitive development, Cohort, Poverty and inequality, Psychology, cognitive development
Abstract: Interventions targeting early childhood development hold promise for increasing human capital and reducing the intergenerational transmission of poverty. This paper presents results from a randomized evaluation of a preschool construction program in Cambodia, and suggests caution. The overall impact of the program on early childhood outcomes was small and statistically insignificant. For the cohort with highest program exposure, the impact on cognitive indicators was negative; with the largest negative effects among children of poorer and less educated parents. The results are consistent with frequent underage enrollment in primary school in the absence of preschools, stricter enforcement of the minimum age for primary school entry after the intervention, substitution between primary and preschool following intervention, and difference in demand responses to the new preschools between more and less educated parents. The results show that contextual and program specifics, and behavioral responses, can potentially lead to perverse effects of programs.
Published: 2018

37. Single nucleotide polymorphism in the neuroplastin locus associates with cortical thickness and intellectual ability in adolescents

Author: Marcella Rietschel, Patricia J. Conrod, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Tobias Banaschewski, Michael N. Smolka, Roberto Toro, Chenyang Tao, Frauke Nees, Lourdes Martinez Medina, Gareth J. Barker, Juergen Gallinat, Christian Büchel, Zdenka Pausova, A. Fernandes, Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot, Tomáš Paus, Tianye Jia, Agnieszka Kepa, Andreas Heinz, Gunter Schumann, Barbara Ruggeri, Eva Loth, Mira Fauth-Bühler, Claire Lawrence, Fabiana M. Carvalho, Mark Lathrop, Herta Flor, Hugh Garavan, Graham Cocks, Anbarasu Lourdusamy, Penny A. Gowland, Rüdiger Brühl, Karl Mann, Sylvane Desrivières, Arun L.W. Bokde, Paul M. Thompson, Jianfeng Feng, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, Fudan University [Shanghai], Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], Medical Faculty [Mannheim], University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, Trinity College Dublin, Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf = University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf [Hamburg] (UKE), CHU Sainte Justine [Montréal], Université de Montréal (UdeM), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], University of Vermont [Burlington], Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Berlin] (PTB), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Neuroimagerie en psychiatrie (U1000), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Maison de Solenn [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre National de Génotypage (CNG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), University of Toronto, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], University of Warwick [Coventry], This work was supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behavior in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF Grant # 01EV0711 and eMED ‘Alcoholism’), the FP7 project IMAGEMEND (Development of effective imaging tools for diagnosis, monitoring and management of mental disorders) and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), as well as the Medical Research Council Programme Grant ‘Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse’ (G93558), the Swedish Research Council (FORMAS) and the United Kingdom National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Mental Health., European Project: 39513,IMAGEN, European Project: 602450,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2013-INNOVATION-1,IMAGEMEND(2013), European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université de Montréal [Montréal], Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-CHU Cochin [AP-HP], Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), McGill University, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Locus (genetics), Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Mice, Transgenic, Neuropsychological Tests, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Lateralization of brain function, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Mice, neural stem cell, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Neural Stem Cells, medicine, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, SNP, Animals, Humans, lateralization, Molecular Biology, Gene, Cells, Cultured, Genetic Association Studies, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, QM, 0303 health sciences, Membrane Glycoproteins, neuroimaging, Brain, Human brain, intelligence, cortical thickness, Microarray Analysis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neural stem cell, Psychiatry and Mental health, medicine.anatomical_structure, adolescent, Linear Models, Female, Original Article, Psychology, Neuroplastin, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: International audience; Despite the recognition that cortical thickness is heritable and correlates with intellectual ability in children and adolescents, the genes contributing to individual differences in these traits remain unknown. We conducted a large-scale association study in 1583 adolescents to identify genes affecting cortical thickness. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; n = 54 837) within genes whose expression changed between stages of growth and differentiation of a human neural stem cell line were selected for association analyses with average cortical thickness. We identified a variant, rs7171755, associating with thinner cortex in the left hemisphere (P = 1.12 × 10 −7), particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes. Localized effects of this SNP on cortical thickness differently affected verbal and nonverbal intellectual abilities. The rs7171755 polymorphism acted in cis to affect expression in the human brain of the synaptic cell adhesion glycoprotein-encoding gene NPTN. We also found that cortical thickness and NPTN expression were on average higher in the right hemisphere, suggesting that asymmetric NPTN expression may render the left hemisphere more sensitive to the effects of NPTN mutations, accounting for the lateralized effect of rs7171755 found in our study. Altogether, our findings support a potential role for regional synaptic dysfunctions in forms of intellectual deficits.
Published: 2015

38. Short- and long-term social interactions from the game theoretical perspective: A cognitive approach

Author: Bartosz Żukowski, Magdalena Grothe, Łukowski, Piotr, Gemel, Aleksander, Żukowski, Bartosz, European Central Bank, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Departament of Cognitive Science, Magdalena Grothe (born Malinowska) works in the Directorate Monetary Policy of the European Central Bank. She holds PhD from the University of Cologne (2008, scholarship of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Between 1999 and 2005 she studied at the University of Lodz (M.Sc. in Economics), University of Mannheim (Erasmus scholarship) and University of Cologne (Dipl.-Volksw., Mummert scholarship). Her research focuses on liquidity, risk pricing, market microstructure and inflation expectations. Her work at the ECB involves on analysing euro area financial markets from the monetary policy perspective. She contributes to ECB publications and is involved in the process of monetary policy preparation and implementation., and Bartosz Żukowski is Assistant Professor at the Department of Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Łódź. His research focuses on the semantics of natural language, theory of truth, philosophy of mind and early modern thought. He is author of Esse est percipi? George Berkeley’s Metaphysics of Idea (2012, in Polish).
Subjects: game theoretical perspective, Perspective (graphical), social interactions, cognitive approach, Cognition, Psychology, Term (time), Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.
Published: 2015

39. Convergent lines of evidence support CAMKK2 as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene

Author: Luo, XJ, Li, M, Huang, L, Steinberg, S, Mattheisen, M, Liang, G, Donohoe, G, Shi, Y, Chen, C, Yue, W, Alkelai, A, Lerer, B, Li, Z, Yi, Q, Rietschel, M, Cichon, S, Collier, DA, Tosato, S, Suvisaari, J, Rujescu, D, Golimbet, V, Silagadze, T, Durmishi, N, Milovancevic, MP, Stefansson, H, Schulze, TG, Nöthen, MM, Lyne, R, Morris, DW, Gill, M, Corvin, A, Zhang, D, Dong, Q, Moyzis, RK, Stefansson, K, Sigurdsson, E, Hu, F, SCZ Consortium36, Su, B, Gan, L, and College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology and Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. 2Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA. 31] Nanchang University, Nanchang, China [2] Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China [3] Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China. 4deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland. 5Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark. 6College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China. 7Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. 8Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 9Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. 101] Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China [2] Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, China. 11Department of Psychiatry, Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. 12Department of Psychiatry, the First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China. 13Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany. 14Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. 151] Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK [2] Eli Lilly and Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Surrey, UK. 16Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. 17Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, Helsinki, Finland. 181] Division of Molecular and Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. 19Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. 20Department of Psychiatry and Drug Addiction, Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), Tbilisi, Georgia. 21Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia. 22Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 23Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Georg-August-Universität, Goettingen, Germany. 24State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. 25Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. 261] deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland [2] School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. 271] School of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland [2] Department of Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland. 28Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. 29State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
Subjects: Pathogenesis, protein-protein interaction, 0302 clinical medicine, Cognition, Gene expression, Genamengi, Databases, Genetic, Protein Interaction Maps, European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics, Psychotic Disorders/genetics, CAMKK2, Schizophrenic Psychology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Brain, Chromosome Mapping, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics, Psychiatry and Mental health, Geðsjúkdómar, Personality, Genotype, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Down-Regulation, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase, Biology, eQTL, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Asian People, Geðklofi, Personality/genetics, Kinase/metabolism, expression, SNP, Brain/metabolism, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics, Allele, Molecular Biology, Gene, association, schizophrenia, Alleles, 030304 developmental biology, Arfgengi, Kinase/genetics, Schizophrenia/genetics, Case-Control Studies, Protein Interaction Maps/genetics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink at the bottom of the page Genes that are differentially expressed between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls may have key roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We analyzed two large-scale genome-wide expression studies, which examined changes in gene expression in schizophrenia patients and their matched controls. We found calcium/calmodulin (CAM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) is significantly downregulated in individuals with schizophrenia in both studies. To seek the potential genetic variants that may regulate the expression of CAMKK2, we investigated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within CAMKK2 and the expression level of CAMKK2. We found one SNP, rs1063843, which is located in intron 17 of CAMKK2, is strongly associated with the expression level of CAMKK2 in human brains (P=1.1 × 10(-6)) and lymphoblastoid cell lines (the lowest P=8.4 × 10(-6)). We further investigated the association between rs1063843 and schizophrenia in multiple independent populations (a total of 130 623 subjects) and found rs1063843 is significantly associated with schizophrenia (P=5.17 × 10(-5)). Interestingly, we found the T allele of rs1063843, which is associated with lower expression level of CAMKK2, has a higher frequency in individuals with schizophrenia in all of the tested samples, suggesting rs1063843 may be a causal variant. We also found that rs1063843 is associated with cognitive function and personality in humans. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that CAMKK2 participates in a highly interconnected PPI network formed by top schizophrenia genes, which further supports the potential role of CAMKK2 in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Taken together, these converging lines of evidence strongly suggest that CAMKK2 may have pivotal roles in schizophrenia susceptibility. National Natural Science Foundation of China/81271006/ 81060081 Hangzhou City Health Science Foundation/20120633B01 Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation/2010GZY0089/20114BAB215006 Natural Science Foundation of China/U1202225/81130022/ 81272302/31000553 863 Program 2012AA02A515 EU/HEALTH-2011-286213 HEALTH-F2-2009-223423 111 Project of the Ministry of Education of China/B07008 Israel Science Foundation info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/286213
Published: 2014

40. Cognitive Processes Involved in Video Game Identification

Author: Peter Vorderer, Christoph Klimmt, Christopher Blake, Christian Roth, Dorothée Hefner, Department of Journalism and Communication Research, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Department of Communication Science, Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Media and Communication Studies, University of Mannheim, Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, Jan van Leeuwen, and TC 14
Subjects: Non-cooperative game, Game mechanics, experiment, Multimedia, Sequential game, 05 social sciences, ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING, 050109 social psychology, Cognition, computer.software_genre, 050105 experimental psychology, lexical decision task, Video games, Game design, entertainment, identification, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Simultaneous game, priming, Video game design, Psychology, computer, Video game, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Part 3: Self and Identity; International audience; Identifying with video game characters is one potentially important process in game enjoyment. Based on a theoretical model of video game identification as transformed self-perception, cognitive processes in video game identification were explored. An experiment with N = 60 male players revealed that increased cognitive accessibility of character-related concepts should be considered as element of the identification process. Moreover, shifts in players’ self-perceptions were observed so that players of a shooter video game (Call of Duty 2TM) described themselves as less gentle and more soldier-like than a control group. Overall, the study suggests that shifts in self-related cognition occur as part of the gaming experience. Implications for future research on game enjoyment and long-term game effects are discussed.
Published: 2012

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