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Objective: The objective of this study was to examine relationships between dimensions of physical frailty and severity of cognitive impairment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)., Patients and Methods: The prevalence of physical frailty dimensions including slow gait speed, low physical activity, and low grip strength was examined among 201 sedentary older adults with aMCI. Associations between dimensions of physical frailty and severity of cognitive impairment, as measured with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) and individual dimensions of cognitive function were examined using multiple linear regression models., Results: Greater than 50% of participants met physical frailty criteria on dimensions of slow gait speed, low physical activity and low grip strength. Slower gait speed was associated with elevated severity of cognitive impairment. Both gait speed and physical activity were associated with individual dimensions cognitive function., Conclusions: Dimensions of physical frailty, particularly gait speed, were associated with severity of cognitive impairment, after adjusting for age, sex and age-related factors. Further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms and early intervention strategies that assist older adults with aMCI to maintain function and independence., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the effects of light to moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive performance., Design and Setting: A cross-sectional analysis including older Japanese Americans in King County, WA, enrolled in the Kame Project, a population-based study of cognition, dementia, and aging., Participants: 1,836 cognitively intact participants aged 65 and older who participated in the baseline (1992-1994) examination., Measurement: Cognitive performance was measured using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument, reaction time (simple and choice), and a measure of vocabulary (North American Adult Reading Test)., Results: Multivariate analyses were used to examine the relationship between cognitive performance and alcohol consumption at baseline with men and women together and then separately controlling for age, education, smoking, history of stroke, angina, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary heart disease. Findings showed lower cognitive test scores were observed for men who were either abstainers or in the heavy drinking group. For women, a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance was seen on two of the four measures of cognitive functioning. No significant difference in the association of drinking and cognitive function was identified within the different Japanese American subgroups., Conclusion: RESULTS suggest a possible positive relationship between light to moderate drinking and cognitive performance in an aging Japanese American population. Additional long-term prospective and cross-cultural studies are needed to determine the generalizability of these findings to other aging cohorts.

Background: The relation between estrogen and cognition among postmenopausal women remains controversial. Also uncertain is whether the proposed association varies between women taking unopposed estrogen and those taking estrogen combined with progestin., Objective: To determine whether unopposed estrogen and combined estrogen-progestin use were associated with the rate of cognitive change in a cohort of older, Japanese American, postmenopausal women., Methods: A prospective observational study in a population-based cohort of older Japanese Americans (aged > or =65 years) living in King County, Washington. Cognitive performance was measured in 837 women at baseline (1992-1994) and 2-year follow-up (1994-1997) examinations using the 100-point Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI). Least squares means general linear models were used to estimate the 2-year rate of cognitive change according to categories of postmenopausal estrogen use., Results: Approximately half of this cohort (n=455) had never used estrogen at any time since menopause, 186 were past users, 132 were current unopposed estrogen users, and 64 were current estrogen-progestin users. The majority of current estrogen users were taking conjugated estrogens, and all women receiving combined therapy were taking medroxyprogesterone acetate. After adjusting for age, education, language spoken at the interview, surgical menopause, and baseline CASI score, women who had never used postmenopausal estrogen improved slightly on the CASI scale (mean adjusted change, 0.79; SEM, 0.19). This change was significantly greater for current unopposed estrogen users (mean adjusted change, 1.68; SEM, 0.36; P=.04) and significantly worse for current estrogen-progestin users (mean adjusted change, -0.41; SEM, 0.50; P =.02) compared with never users. The improvement observed in past users (mean adjusted change, 1.12; SEM, 0.29) was intermediate between the changes for never users and current unopposed estrogen users and not significantly greater than that for never users (P=.35)., Conclusions: Our findings support a modest beneficial association between current unopposed estrogen use and the rate of cognitive change. We also observed a modest detrimental association between current estrogen-progestin use and the rate of cognitive change. The clinical significance of these modest differences, however, is uncertain. Data from large, long-term randomized trials are required before applying this information to the clinical setting.

Objectives: To describe the effects of age and education for the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), a 25-item test of cognitive function., Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study of the initial enrollment in a community-based prospective cohort study., Participants: A total of 2524 cognitively intact older adults over age 65 who were members of a major health maintenance organization, and who consented to participate in a longitudinal study., Measurements: Summary scores for the CASI are given in the form of mean, median and percentile distributions specific for age and educational level., Results: Based upon maximum likelihood analyses, age and education were significant (p<0.0001) predictors of total CASI score. Increased age and lower education were associated with a lower CASI score, as well as an increased spread in score distribution. Gender was also significantly related (p<0.01) to total CASI, with women having a slightly higher distribution of scores. Mean total scores ranged from CASI=82.2 (SD=9.0) in subjects aged 90-95 who had less than a high school degree to CASI=94.8 (SD=3. 8) in subjects aged 65-69 with at least a high school education., Conclusions: Like most cognitive screening instruments, performance on the CASI in non-demented persons is influenced by age and education. The reference values for 5-year age categories described in this article should be useful for clinicians and research investigators when using the CASI as a measure of cognitive function., (Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Objectives: The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in studies of Japanese show generally lower rates when compared with those of Caucasians. We hypothesized that among a cohort of Japanese Americans lifestyle differences would act to modify progression of the Alzheimer pathologic process over many years, resulting in a slower cognitive decline among persons whose lifestyle is more characteristically Japanese., Methods: One thousand, eight hundred and thirty-six nondemented persons were screened with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) at baseline, and 1,604 were rescreened 2 years later. Baseline questions included migration status, exposure to Japanese culture in early life and maintenance of such culture in adulthood, and other risk factors. Cognitive decline was defined as a 2-year loss of > or = 5.15 points/100 on CASI., Results: In multivariable logistic regression, variables relating to reading, writing, and speaking Japanese, being born or having lived in Japan in early life, and having friends who are only/mostly Japanese were inversely associated with cognitive decline (odds ratios ranged between 0.28 and 0.64, with p < .05). Two factors emerged in a factor analysis of these variables. The strongest explained 49% of the variance for acculturation and loaded heavily on knowledge of the Japanese language and having spent one's early years in Japan. When this factor was dichotomized into the top 20th percentile, it predicted cognitive decline with an odds ratio of 0.12 (95% CI 0.03-0.49)., Discussion: These results show that a Japanese lifestyle may decrease the risk of expressing cognitive decline over a 2-year follow-up period. Lower cardiovascular disease rates among Japanese may also predispose them to lower rates of cognitive decline. The greater social support characteristic of Japanese culture as well as the role that Japanese language and culture may play in neural connectivity during brain development and/or in mental stimulation in adult life may also explain our findings.

The epidemiologic evidence for an association between estrogen and cognitive function among healthy postmenopausal women remains controversial. Equivocal findings may be explained, in part, by differences in the methodologic approaches of these studies. Overall, the evidence for a positive relationship comes primarily from randomized clinical trials. These trials suggest an acute effect on specific tests of recent verbal memory and tasks incorporating concept formation and reasoning. The potential long-term effects of estrogen in slowing or delaying the age-related decline in cognitive function require further study. More data are needed to determine the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on cognitive function, independent of changes in mood and depressive symptoms. In addition, evidence suggests that progesterone may mitigate the beneficial effects of estrogen on mood. Research should be undertaken to determine the interactive effects of estrogen and progesterone on cognitive function. Lastly, there should be continued investigation by both epidemiologic and basic neuroscientific studies to further elucidate the specific cognitive domains that may respond to estrogen.

Background: --Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative condition, there is great intra- and inter-individual variability in rates of cognitive decline. Thus far, little data exist to explain such variability. Studies that have attempted to explain it have often been based on cross-sectional designs, small sample sizes, and clinical population data. They have also failed to correct for level of cognitive function, despite clinical evidence that rate of decline varies among patients with varying levels of cognitive ability., Methods: This study presents longitudinal data on a community-based sample of 156 patients diagnosed with probable AD, followed annually for one to five years (average age at entry = 79, range 54-91 years). The effect of level of cognitive impairment (as measured by the MMSE and Mattis DRS), demographic characteristics (e.g., education and age), behavioral problems (e.g., agitation), and co-existent health problems (e.g., vascular disease) on rate of decline was investigated via multivariate regression analysis., Results: Study results indicate that the average rate of decline in cognitive function, as measured by the MMSE and mDRS, becomes more rapid as the disease progresses. Higher education, younger age, and agitation at intake were also significantly related to increased rates of cognitive decline.