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Aim This study aims to determine the reference vascularization index (VI) values for the thyroid gland in healthy children and adolescents using Super microvascular imaging (SMI). It was also investigated the correlation between thyroid vascularity and thyroid lobe volumes, age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods One hundred and twenty-four children and adolescents without a thyroid gland, systemic disease, and medical history affecting the thyroid gland were included in the study. Participants with abnormal thyroid function tests were excluded from the study. Age, gender, height, and weight were recorded before ultrasonography and SMI examinations. After the grayscale ultrasonography, VI values for each participant were obtained using SMI. The association between the VI and thyroid lobe volumes, age, sex, weight, height, and BMI values were analyzed. Results Median values of the age, height, weight, and BMI of 124 participants were 10 (6-12) years, 1.3 (1.2-1.52) m, 30.5 (21-47) kg, 17.55 (15.37-21.14) kg/m2, respectively. Median (IQR) values of the left and right thyroid lobe volumes were 1.4 (0.9-2.07) mL and 1.9 (1.2-3.07) mL, respectively, and the mean VI value was 5.31±1.84%. There was no significant association of VI values with the thyroid lobe volume. Also, there was no relation between the mean VI values and the auxological parameters. Conclusion This study defines the VI values of thyroid glands in healthy adolescents and children. It also demonstrated no correlation between VI values of the thyroid gland and thyroid lobe volume, sex, age, weight, height, and BMI.

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Education Studies is the property of Journal of Advanced Education Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Advanced Education Studies is the property of Journal of Advanced Education Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences (OTJHS) / Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Oguz KARABAY and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Although the frequency of forensic evaluation requested from child and adolescent psychiatry clinics has increased in recent years, studies in this field in our country are very limited. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents whose forensic reports were requested by the justice systems for various reasons. Method: The sample of the study was composed of children and adolescents who were directed by the justice systems between February 2019 and February 2020 to Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinics. The information about the reasons for referring the participants to the clinic, their sociodemographic features, and psychiatric diagnoses determined by clinical interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 were retrospectively scanned. Results: While the average age of 83 patients who participated in the study was 13.93±2.32 year, 68.7% (n=57) of them were men. Justice systems are most often directed to assess whether the cases are capable of discriminating (%83.1, n=69). It was determined that 68.1% (n=47) of these cases were children driving to committing crime and 31.9% (n=22) were children who were victims of sexual abuse. The total intelligence scores and frequency of school attendance of children driving to committing crime were significantly lower than other forensic cases (p = 0.01, p = 0.04, respectively). In addition, it was found that the frequency of continuing to formal education was significantly higher for children driving to committing crime without recidivism compared to with recidivism (p = 0.01). It was found that the average age of children who were victims of sexual abuse was lower than the average age of other forensic cases (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our results can contribute to the determination of factors that adversely affect the mental health of children guided by justice systems and to create targeted mental interventions. It also emphasizes that forensic assessment can be an opportunity for many children to meet unmet mental health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hematemesis is a common symptom of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding from the mouth that appears fresh red or looks like "coffee grounds." It is a rare, life-threatening emergency condition and potentially requires emergency intervention in children. Our study aims to evaluate the gastroscopy findings of pediatric patients who presented with vomiting of blood. Methods: Seventy children and adolescents (35 females, 35 males) presented with hematemesis were evaluated retrospectively. Patients' demographic characteristics, gastroscopic findings, pre- and post-operative laboratory results were compared and evaluated. Results: Male patients (6.91±5.21) were significantly younger than female patients (10.51±4.79) at the time of diagnosis (p=0.005). Of these, 92.9% had no symptoms. According to the gastroscopy findings performed at the time of diagnosis, the underlying pathology was detected in 65.7% of cases. Esophagitis was the most common pathology with a rate of 52.2% and followed by pangastritis (30.4%). As a result of posttreatment gastroscopy, 21.7% (n=15) of cases had pathological findings. Moreover, the mean hemoglobin value measured during diagnosis was significantly lower in cases with underlying pathology according to post-treatment gastroscopy results (p=0.025). Conclusion: Hematemesis was observed at an early age in male children with a higher rate of underlying pathology after treatment. In addition, the significantly low hemoglobin levels reported in the cases with positive gastroscopy have reaffirmed the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of gastroscopy. It has also highlighted the requirement for immediately monitoring vital symptoms following the patient's admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Me and My Feelings Scale (M&MF) is a brief self-reported measure scale developed for evaluating mental health and well-being of children and adolescents. M&MF self-evaluating scale was recently validated consisting of 16 items; 10 items of emotional difficulties and six items of behavioral difficulties. The aim of the current study was to evaluate validity and reliability of the scores of M&MF scale in Turkish children and adolescents. Methods: Eight hundred and twenty children and adolescents aged between 9 and 17 were enrolled in the study. SPSS-17.0 and AMOS-24.0 programs were used for statistical analysis. Results: The research sample was concluded to be sufficient for structural equation method. Content validity of the scale was revealed to be applicable in Turkish population using Lawshe analysis. The research had a high reliability analysis with a high Cronbach’s alpha and significant Guttman split-half coefficient. Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.925, Guttman Split-Half value was 0.413 and KMO value was 0.934. As a result of the analysis, the mean emotional score was 18.40±4.10, the mean behavioral score was 4.86±4.24 and the total scale score was 23.26±6.40. Behavioral difficulties had a high score from threshold value indicating the sensitivity of Turkish population compared with behavioral feature. Discussion: In conclusion, M&MF is a valid and reliable self-report scale for Turkish children and adolescents in defining behavioral and emotional difficulties and discriminating mental health problems between community and clinic samples. Clinical outcomes of M&MF can be recognized and treated in advance cost-effectively by the professionals. (Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 2020; 21(Suppl.1):31-38 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study is aimed to compare socio-demographic variables, perinatal characteristics, developmental stages, comorbid medical illnesses between children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders and non-neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Methods: In this study, the files of 2981 children and adolescents referred to our, child psychiatry outpatient clinic between January 2015 and September 2016, were examined retrospectively. The data of DSM 5 based psychiatric diagnosis, mean ages, gender, parental work status and education levels, perinatal characteristics, such as a birth week, birth weight, time of speech and walking, frequent comorbid medical conditions such as epilepsy, cardiac disease and asthma, were obtained. Results: The findings showed that children most often had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorders were the second common health problem. The mean ages and working rates of parents, education level of the mothers were significantly lower in children with a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder (n=1502) than children with non-neurodevelopmental disorder (n=690) and no psychiatric diagnosis (n=376) (p<0.05). Younger age, male gender, the requirement of neonatal intensive care unit, speech and walking delay and presence of comorbid epilepsy were associated with a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: Knowing socio-demographic, developmental, medical and perinatal variables associated with neurodevelopmental and non-neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders may help us to develop preventive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sosyal fobi, yaşam boyu görülme sıklığı oldukça yüksek bir rahatsızlık olmasına rağmen bu bozukluğun kaynağını saptamaya yönelik etiyolojik çalışmaların sayısı oldukça azdır. Bu makalede, sosyal fobinin etiyolojisini açıklamaya yönelik yapılan araştırmalar; (1) kalıtımsal faktörler, (2) davranışsal ketlenmeyi temel alan açıklamalar, (3) ailesel faktörler, (4) bağlanma kuramına dayalı açıklamalar, (5) duygusal ve bilişsel yapılanmalara dayalı açıklamalar başlıkları altında ele alınarak incelenecektir. Bu yazının amacı, sosyal fobinin nedenlerine yönelik bilimsel açıklamaları belli başlıklar altında toplamak ve gelecekte bu alanda yapılacak olan araştırmalara yol göstermektir.

Objective: Stemmed from the idea of "there is no juvenile delinquent, but rather there are juveniles draged to crime"; the children and adolescents who have been referred to Mus State Hospital Child and Adolescent Psychiatric outpatient clinic with different alleged crime types were examined retrospectively, in terms of depression, self-esteem, and various socio-demographic factors. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively on children and adolescents who were referred to Mus State Hospital between February 2012 and February 2013 for the purpose of forensic psychiatric examination to assess their criminal responsibility regarding the alleged crimes. The children formed three groups of alleged crime types; theft, malicious wounding and terrorist propaganda. Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale (CSEI) scores were compared. Results: There was a difference between the CDI and CSEI scores of the groups. In post hoc comparisons, the CDI score of the alleged malicious wounding group was lower than the other two groups. CSEI score was significantly higher than the alleged theft group, and almost significantly higher than the alleged terrorist propaganda group. Discussion: It is observed that there is a difference in terms of CDI and CSEI scores between the groups of alleged crime type. In particular, the CDI scores of the alleged malicious wounding group were lower and their self-esteem was higher than the other two groups. This finding suggests that diverse etiologies may have been effective in directing different crime types in juvenile delinquency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends and gender differences in alcohol and substance use behaviors in youth admitted to an addiction treatment center in Istanbul. Methods: Participants were 2755 substance using children and adolescents who were treated at the Bakırköy Mental Health and Neurologic Disorders Hospital between 2011 and 2014. The World Health Organization student drug use questionnaire' was completed by trained clinicians. Results: There was an increase in the total number of youths admitted for substance use treatment (31.4% in 2011, 68.6% in 2014). A significant increase found in polysubstance use and in the number of females seeking treatment for substance use from 2011 to 2014. Alcohol, ecstasy, synthetics cannabinoids and heroin usage showed increase whereas inhalants, cannabis, prescribed medicines usage showed decrease in 2014. In 2014 while girls mostly consumed ecstasy, prescribed medicines and cocaine boys mostly used cannabis and synthetics. Conclusions: As new popular illicit drugs emerge in the market in the recent years, it is essential to reexamine the new trends in substance use and to reconsider prevention policies and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hasan Ali Yücel Faculty of Education / Hasan Ali Yücel Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi (HAYEF) is the property of Istanbul University, Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Counseling with children and adolescents requires specific competencies and skills. However, children and adolescents prefer counseling which does not investigate their problems in depth and focuses on solutions. In recent years, solution-focused brief counseling has proposed its own specific concepts. Moreover, it is claimed that this approach has become a practical and effective approach for school counselors to counsel with children and adolescents. When developmental characteristics of children and adolescents and the crowdedness of class size in primary and secondary education in Turkey are considered, it is thought that this approach can be used in school counseling applications. In this context, the purpose of this article was to present solution-focused brief counseling approach and review the effectiveness of solution-focused brief counseling approach with children and adolescents in school counseling applications. Within this purpose, relevant literature was reviewed in terms of counseling with children and adolescents, solution-focused brief counseling and solution-focused brief counseling with children and adolescents. Then, the content of solution-focused brief counseling approach and the effectiveness with children and adolescents was presented. Consequently, in the lights of relevant literature, the use of solution-focused brief counseling in school settings in Turkey was discussed and some suggestions were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Use of probiotics has been shown to be effective in treating acute viral gastroenteritis and preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. There is some evidence that probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. The results of clinical trials in which probiotics were used to treat childhood Helicobacter pylori gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and infantile colic, as well as to prevent childhood atopy, although encouraging, are preliminary and require further confirmation. Probiotics have not been proven to be beneficial in treating human cancers and Crohn disease. There are also safety concerns with the use of probiotics in infants and children who are immunocompromised or seriously ill. Prebiotics are supplements or foods that contain a nondigestible food ingredient that selectively stimulates the favorable growth and/or activity of indigenous probiotic bacteria. There is a paucity of clinical trials examining prebiotics in children, although there may be some long-term benefit of prebiotics for the prevention of atopic eczema and common infections in healthy infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Antipsychotics are used for treatment of many psychiatric disorders since 1950s. Antipsychotics, which are proven to be efficient in treatment of adult psychiatric disorders, are used with increasing rate in treatment of psychiatric disorders of childhood. The aim of this article is to review the studies on antipsychotic use in childhood. Method: The studies about antipsychotic use in children adolescents are searched from PubMed database and reviewed. Findings: As a result of our review we came to a conclusion that antipsychotics are used effectively in the treatment of tic disorders, conduct disorder, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of childhood. Discussion and Conclusion: Although there are many case reports in the use of antipsychotics in children, the numbers of randomized controlled trials are limited due to the ethical problems concerning the use of plasebo in psychiatric disorders of children. Prospective, double-blind placebo controlled studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Treatment Guideline Work For Children And Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and debilitating medical illness that is increasingly recognized in children and adolescents. BD of childhood and adolescence is not rare but difficult to diagnose because of its atypical presentation compared with that of adults with the disorder. Similar to treatment for adults with BD, pharmacotherapy is considered the first-line treatment for pediatric BD and usually involving the use of mood stabilizing agents such as lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate and antipsychotic agents such as risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Sufficient data was not obtained about pharmacotherapy of pediatric BD and most of the studies to date do not have standard assessment protocols and placebo control groups and clinicians who treat children and adolescents with BD need current treatment guidelines. We aimed to present the principles and techniques of multi-dimensional evaluation strategies that are utilized in the selection of medications in this review. We also added treatment algorithms according to recent specialist consensus. For that reasons, the important parts of the treatment including diagnosis, combined drug usage and maintenance treatment were tried to discuss. All data from controlled studies were assessed in this article. According to the review of the literature, we found following results: There are few well-designed clinical trials. Systematic treatment with prospective record-keeping is essential for methodology, Lithium and divalproex appear to have comparable efficacy at the end of the trials, olanzapine was found effective and safe in the treatment of BD in children and adolescents, but it has some metabolic side effects. Some controlled data were obtained for safety and efficacy of quetiapine. Stimulants should be used cautiously but are not contraindicated. Antidepressants may have mood destabilizing effects. Still, there is no sufficient data about long term treatment and further studies are needed for maintenance treatment and long term safety of the medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bipolar disorder (BD) of childhood and adolescence is not rare but difficult to diagnose because of its atypical presentation compared with that of adults. Similar to treatment for adults with BD, pharmacotherapy is considered as the first-line treatment for pediatric BD and usually involve the use of mood stabilizing agents such as lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate and antipsychotic agents, such as risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine. Sufficient data was not obtained about pharmacotherapy of BD and most of the studies to date do not have standard assessment protocols and placebo control groups. In this article we aimed to review all controlled , open, and special designed studies and to inform about their findings. According to results from published studies: 1- There are few well-designed clinical trials and systematic treatment with prospective follow-up is essential for methodology, 2- lithium and divalproex sodium appear to have comparable efficacy at the end of the trials, 3- some controlled data were obtained for safety and efficacy of quetiapine, 4- stimulants should be used cautiously but are not contraindicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune multisystemic disease, and the central nervous system is one of the most common major systems to be involved . SLE patients having neurologic involvement were found to experience neuropsychiatric complications such as psychosis, seizures and various cognitive dysfunctions. Neuropsychiatric SLE (NP-SLE) can cause any form of affective illness. Psychiatric involvement can include mood lability, unusual elation, irritability and depression or psychosis. Diagnosis is difficult to make owing to the wide variety of neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE. Corticosteroid usage can cause psychiatric events, and differentiating corticosteroid induced psychiatric episodes from neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE may be difficult. Depression is especially frequent in patients with SLE, and differentiating depression caused by possible psychological effects of the chronic disease from organic depression is required concurrently. Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) can be useful for detecting specific involvement of the central nervous system. The pediatrician, specialists and the mental health team may work together to help the child and his or her family throughout the course of the illness. The primary physician should consult with a child psychiatrist when psychiatric symptoms are seen in terms of the differential diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]