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This document investigated the causal relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, health spending and GDP growth for 51 countries (divided into three groups of countries: low-income countries; group of countries with lower and upper middle income; group of middle income countries) covering the annual period 1995–2013. Dynamic simultaneous-equations models and generalized method of moments (GMM) are used to investigate this relationship. The main results provide evidence of a causal relationship between the three variables. The empirical results show that there is a bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and GDP per capita, between health spending and economic growth for the three groups of estimates. The results also indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from CO 2 emissions to health spending, except low income group countries. We found that health plays an important role in GDP per capita; it limits its effect on a growing deterioration in the quality of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption, CO 2 emissions, renewable energy and real GDP per capita using dynamic panel for nine developed countries over the period 1990–2013. Capital and labor are included as additional variables. Results shown that there is a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to real GDP per capita for the whole panel at short run; this implies that policies for reducing energy consumption may not retard economic growth and income. However, there is no links between nuclear energy consumption and real GDP per capita, but a unidirectional causality from nuclear energy consumption to labor. Moreover, a bidirectional causality between labor and capital, and between CO 2 emissions and capital are found. In addition, there is a unidirectional causal relationship from labor to CO 2 emissions, while among other variables no causal relationship is found. In the long run, there exists also a bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and real GDP per capita, which complain that renewable energy is a crucial component for economic growth. In addition, results revealed a unidirectional causality from GDP to CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of energy consumption and the CO 2 emissions on economic growth using simultaneous-equation models with panel data for 58 countries over the period 1990–2012. Our empirical results show that energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth. This implies that energy consumption played an important role in the increase of economic growth in the investigated economies but with the consequence of high pollution. Since energy is an important ingredient for economic growth, strong energy policies are required to realize economic growth. On the other hand, the CO 2 emissions have a negative impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]