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Clinical History: A 17-year-old male presented with sudden-onset sensitive and motor deficits of the lower limbs. During the previous days the patient mentioned a gradual feeling of fatigue. The patient was submitted to a thorough neurological examination that revealed lower limbs ataxia, motor deficits of the left hand and generalized hyperreflexia., 17 years, male

Clinical History: A 5-year-old male child presented with an enlarged head size since birth and a history of recurrent loss of consciousness. Delayed attainment of the gross and fine motor milestones was noted. She is academically weak and had three episodes of seizures since birth., 5 years, male

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To describe the clinical and imaging features of intraventricular neoplasms. To illustrate some of those lesions using computed tomography and, especially, magnetic resonance imaging. To address the differential...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Tocharacterize MRI features of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD). To compare our results with those previously described in the literature and with the close differential diagnoses of MOGAD – neuromyelitis optica...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: The ability to distinguish high grade meningiomas from low grade meningioma is important because of its impact on treatment decisions. Although proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has provided metabolic information in patients’...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: To revisit the spectrum of intracranial tuberculosis, Its common presentations, and pattern of involvement with a brief overview of its...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: In this presentation, we present a briefed concise approach review to explain how each glioma phenotypes can affect the MRI imaging features. Additionally, we will shed the light on how radiomics and machine learning could be of an added value in...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To discuss and dissect unusual cases of NF1 associated CNS tumors with respect to their imaging features and molecular pathology in order to better understand NF1 glioma radiology and pathobiology relevant to the management of...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can effectively regulate brain-intestinal interaction, but its efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unclear, and its effects on brain function and...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Migraine is a common disabling primary headache disorder with high prevalence. We tried to evaluate the neuro-imaging findings in patients with migraine on conventional and on advanced MRI sequences. Use of advanced MRI sequences along with...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To define progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its causes. To review the imaging hallmarks of PML. To discuss the importance of accurate management in PML, particularly the association with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To present useful radiological findings in advanced imaging techniques for the diagnosis of meningioma subtypes and its pitfalls, according to the World Health Organization 2021 Grading...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: The novel 2 H-based methods of metabolic imaging, where 2 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or 2 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI or deuterium metabolic imaging DMI) are combined with the infusion of 2 H-labeled substrates offer...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an infrequent and aggressive form of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) . It is generally confined to the brain, eyes, spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid without demonstrating systemic...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: The study aims to describe different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns observed in a cohort of children with proven mitochondrial...

Clinical History: A 16-year-old female presented with two months history of progressive headache and difficulty in speaking, to the current state of inability to speak. There was no other significant neurological history. Physical examination revealed Broca’s aphasia with normal motor, sensory, cranial nerve, and cerebellar functions. Contrast-enhanced MRI was subsequently performed., 16 years, female

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effect of minimal cognitive impairment (MCI) on the cerebral metabolism in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). PCC is a part of the brain with high metabolic activity, and it is known that the activity of PCC...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To illustrate the main Central Nervous System (CNS) manifestations of Type 1 Neurofibromatosis (NF1) – focusing on its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To review common and uncommon pediatric posterior fossa tumors as a practical approach to achieve a correct...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To be familiar with the imaging characteristics of various cerebral ring enhancing lesions (RELs) and to be able to differentiate one from...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: Review and illustrate the different radiological patterns of neuro-Behçet disease. Recognize the MR features of different neuro Behçet disease patterns, and their potential mimics. Describe recent advances in MRI techniques for the diagnosis of...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: Specify the MRI exploration protocol to search for radiation-induced brain lesions. Explain the pathophysiology of these lesions leading to a better understanding of imaging findings. Describe the imaging features of each post-radiation brain...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: InCoronavirus 2019 disease has wide range of neurological manifestation from mild like anosmia and ageusia to severe acute infarcts, intracranial hemorrhage, encephalitis. [1,2]. Neuroimaging studies in COVID 19 revealed inflammatory,...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: Role of MRI in rare type of multiple sclerosis - Tumefactive demyelination(TMD) mimicker of glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, lymphoma thus making accurate differentiation important. We discuss various focal and diffuse appearances of TMD with...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To have a clear cut idea of normal spinal cord anatomy and assessment of the lesions of the cord using magnetic resonance imaging .Intramedullary cord hyperintensity at T2-weighted MRI is a common imaging feature of disease in the spinal cord, but...

Clinical History: A 3-year-old child, previously well developmentally normal child, came with fever, multiple episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures, poor activity and altered sensorium. On admission child was drowsy and not responding to commands (GCS-12/15) with associated hypertonia of all four limbs. Laboratory tests revealed Severe leukopenia and Dengue NS1-negative. Lumbar puncture was done and CSF was sent for Japanese encephalitis and HSV, which were also negative. EEG showed slowing of background activity. H1N1 throat swab was positive., 3 years, male

Clinical History: A 7-months-old male child came with complaints of neuroregression and tightening of body while crying since 4 months. The mother also complained of reduced oral feeds with not recognising her. He had never achieved head holding., 7 months, male

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Wernicke's encephalopathy is a severe neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. In our context, it is much more largely caused by hyperemesis gravidarum or other conditions causing malabsorption. Its clinical and radiological...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Magnetic Resonance (MR) spectroscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that can provide metabolite and biochemical information about the brain. MR spectroscopy is used to compare the chemical composition of normal brain tissue with abnormal...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: To illustrate and describe salient radiological features of intraventricular CNS lesions on conventional and advanced MRI and CT. To elucidate that patients age, gender, location of lesion in the ventricular system are crucial to establish...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Afebrile seizures may occur in children of all ages, and often pose a challenge to the pediatrician in terms of cause, management, and prognosis. Therefore,we sought to evaluate patetrns of MRI findings in afebrile convulsive children, and to...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Gliomas are primary brain tumours that display histologic features of glial cells. The diffuse gliomas are the most common types. They are classified according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) system by both histologic and molecular...

Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Purpose: Excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate induces a hemodynamic response [1] to form BOLD-response. Suggesting a coupling between the dynamics of glutamate concentration and fMRI signal dynamics we obtained dynamics of the Glx(total signal of glutamate...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References, Learning objectives: The aim of this work is to study normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in patients having clinically relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to determine tissue specific metabolite...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: -Learning the different radiologic patterns of CNS involvement in behçet disease. - Recognizing the MR features of the different patterns of neuro-beçet disease, and the differential diagnosis for these features. -The role of the new MR techniques...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To recognize the normal MR anatomy of the basal ganglia and thalami Todiscuss the differential diagnosisof bilateral basal ganglia abnormalities with emphasis on causes related to patients in the pediatric age group To demostrate the MR features of...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To enlist the various differentials of ring-enhancing lesions in the brain. To discuss the various imaging characteristics of ring-enhancing lesions in brain and utilization of MRI advances in prompt diagnosis in case-based...

Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References, Aims and objectives: Gliomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors, presenting poor survival rates, while the accurate preoperative grade classification is of main clinical importance, related to early prognosis and precise selection of the therapeutic...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To present numerous educational examples of brain abnormalities associated with HIV infection . To illustrate the imaging features and potential pearl and pitfalls in distinguishing among different HIV associated lesions . To show the role of modern...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: The aim was to present the MRI features of multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To evaluate the role of MR imaging of leukodystrophies in children. To establish an accurate diagnosis and to narrow down the differential diagnosis in various white matter diseases. To assess the severity and extent of the underlying lesion in...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: 1. To discuss the most common brain ring-enhancing lesions emphasizing the differential diagnosis. 2. To describe some important imaging characteristics that may help narrow the differential diagnosis. 3. To illustrate these lesions using computed...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To describe method and benefit of the 3D high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( 1 H MRSI) with absolute quantification of the metabolites in a group of patients with suspected brain tumor...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: -Illustrate the medulloblastoma lesions findings on MRI and differential diagnoses on the MRI in the 15 years of experience of the Neuroradiology service of the Hospital of Clínicas of Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. -Describe the most...

Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References, Aims and objectives: Certain histological subtypes of meningiomas are associated with less favorable clinical outcomes corresponding to WHO grade II (atypical) and III (anaplastic) [1]. Atypical features by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To highlight the benefits of MRS in posterior fossa lesions. Correlating metabolite levels measured in MRS with conventional MR findings to achieve appropriate preoperative...

Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References, Aims and objectives: Conventional techniques have low specificity and are not able to differentiate between low and high-grade CNS tumors.Spectroscopic, diffusion and perfusion techniques can increase the diagnostic specificity, allowing for up to 90% of precision in...

Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References, Aims and objectives: 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy( 1 H-MRS) is a non-invasive feasible method for in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate, choline, creatine, myo-inositol and glutamate-glutamine. The biochemical information is...

Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References, Aims and objectives: Tuberculosis is a common human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related opportunistic infection in India and it may be the initial clinical manifestation of AIDS (1, 2). CNS tuberculosis has a high mortality rate of at least 70%. A total of 5%–9% of...

Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References, Learning objectives: To describe the most common radiological findings in atypical meningiomas found in CT and MRI, and its differential...