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Človekove pravice pripadajo vsem ljudem, ne glede na državljanstvo, spol, raso, vero, jezik ali kateri drug status, in so tiste pravice, ki varujejo določene dobrine, katere so nujno potrebne za delovanje posameznika v družbi. V primeru, da posameznik meni, da mu je bila s posameznim aktom kršena določena pravica, mu država omogoča pravno varstvo, ki je določeno z ustavo in zakonom, ter zagotavlja pravno ter zakonito odločanje, tudi v konkretnih upravnih zadevah. V diplomskem delu sem preučevala judikaturo Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice (ESČP), posebej v upravnih zadevah po nacionalnem pravu, pri čemer sem uporabila deskriptivno, primerjalno in statistično metodo. V raziskovalnem delu diplomskega dela se osredotočam predvsem na analizo letnih poročil ESČP v obdobju 2014–2017, tj. obseg pritožb pred ESČP, in sicer, ali se to število letno povečuje, pada ali stagnira. Analizo sem razdelila na dve poglavji, in sicer na analizo vseh in le upravnih zadev. Skozi raziskavo sem prišla do ugotovitev, da se v celoti največ kršitev nanaša na 6. člen Konvencije, tj. pravice do poštenega sojenja, zaradi predolgotrajnih postopkov oziroma pravice do odločanja v razumnem roku. Tudi Slovenija je prepogosto kršila pravico do sojenja v razumnem roku. ESČP je v sodbi Lukenda opozorilo, da ta kršitev predstavlja sistemski problem države. Šele po izreku te sodbe se je Slovenija začela zavedati pomembnosti spoštovanja pravice do sojenja v razumnem roku. Human rights and freedoms belong to every person in the word regardless of their nationality, gender, race, religion, language or any other status. Individuals who believe their human rights have been violated and are unable to remedy their claim through their national legal system, may lodge an application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The alleged violation must have been committed by one of the States bound by the Convention. I have studied especially administrative matters according to the national law in front of the ECtHR. The methods used in my diploma are descriptive, statistics, and comparison. In The research part, I mainly focus on the analysis of the annual reports of the ECtHR, between 2014–2017, to clarify, if the number of complaints before the ECtHR is increasing, falling or stagnating. In administrative matters, the most common violation is lengthy decision- making. Slovenia also often violated the right to a trial within a reasonable time. In the Lukenda judgment, the ECHR noted, that this violation constituted a systemic problem of the state. After this judgments Slovenia began to be aware of the importance of respecting the right to a trial within a reasonable time.

Jezik je pomembna prvina tudi za varstvo pravic strank, saj je že ustavno zagotovljeno posebno varstvo pripadnikov italijanske in madžarske manjšine, invalidov in tujcev oziroma vseh strank v upravnih razmerjih. Prispevek je osredotočen na študijo razsežnosti regulacije rabe jezika v upravnih postopkih kot temeljnem procesu dela v javni upravi. Rezultati analize upravne prakse po različnih virih (judikatura, analize Ministrstva za javno upravo /MJU/, portal Upravna svetovalnica in anketa med načelniki upravnih enot) kažejo, da pri izvajanju splošne (zlasti Zakon o splošnem upravnem postopku /ZUP/) in področne zakonodaje pretežno ne prihaja do težav, razen na področju tujcev. Zato za v prihodnje predlagam le nomotehnične izboljšave, v ostalem pa usmerjeno in sistemsko skrb za jezikovne pravice z ozaveščanjem uradnih oseb in splošne javnosti. Language is an important element of protection of the parties’ rights in administrative procedures, hence the constitutional protection of representatives of the Italian and Hungarian minorities, persons with disabilities, and foreigners is guaranteed. This article focuses on the analysis of legal regulation and the practice of language use in administrative procedures. Drawing from various sources (case law, inspectorate’s reports, Administrative Consultation Wiki web portal, and the survey among the heads of administrative units), the results of the analysis of administrative practice reveal that except for foreigners’ rights, no major issues occur when implementing general (Administrative Procedure Act) or sector specific legislation. Therefore, we suggest for the future merely improvements in terms of legal drafting technique, while a systematic and focused concern for language rights is still required by enhancing the awareness of the officials and the general public.

Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine imajo pomembno vlogo v demokratičnih ureditvah. V Sloveniji so človekove pravice in svoboščine urejene v Ustavi na podlagi katere se pravice zagotavljajo in uresničujejo. Ustavo dopolnjujejo zakoni, podzakonski predpisi in drugi pravni akti, poleg nacionalne ureditve pa so za varstvo pravic pomembni mednarodni pravni akti in akti EU. Za učinkovito uresničevanje človekovih pravic je treba zagotoviti ustrezne mehanizme formalnega in neformalnega sistema varstva človekovih pravic. V nalogi je tako poudarek na opredelitvi neformalnega sistema varstva – Varuh človekovih pravic. Obravnavana tema magistrske naloge je bila obdelana z različnimi raziskovalnimi pristopi in znanstvenimi metodami. Uporabljena je bila metoda deskripcije in kompilacije, kombinacija induktivne in deduktivne metode, komparativna metoda in kvantitativna (sintetična statistična) metoda. Prispevek k upravni znanosti predstavlja analiza kršitev človekovih pravic v upravnih zadevah preko varuha v povezavi z odločitvami Ustavnega sodišča in ESČP, ki prikazuje stanje kršitev po posameznih upravnih področjih za daljše časovno obdobje in učinkovitost institucije varuha v sistemu varstva človekovih pravic, ugotovljene na podlagi analize realizacije letnih poročil varuha in primerjalne analize pravne ureditve varstva človekovih pravic v upravnih zadevah preko varuha za izbrano državo – Švedska. Ugotavlja se, da je najpogosteje kršeno načelo pravne in socialne države ter načelo enakosti pred zakonom in da se ugotovljene kršitve odpravljajo preko sprememb zakonskih in podzakonskih aktov. Varuh ima vzpostavljen primerljiv neformalni sistem varstva človekovih pravic, s pisanjem mnenj in priporočil državnim in upravnim organom pa učinkovito opravlja svojo vlogo v sistemu varstva. Učinkovitejše v sistemu varstva je Ustavno sodišče, ki z zavezujočimi odločitvami prisili organ, da odpravi ugotovljeno kršitev oziroma neustavnost. Podane informacije, ugotovitve in dejstva bodo pripomogli k izboljšanju informiranosti tako stroke kot državnih in upravnih organov, ki v upravnem postopku odločajo o pravicah in svoboščinah vsakega posameznika. Naloga bo poleg tega informirala zakonodajne, izvršilne in sodne organe, ki skrbijo za pripravo in sprejem pravnih podlag ter njihovo uresničevanje v praksi. Human rights and fundamental freedoms have an important role in democratic arrangements. In Slovenia, human rights and freedoms are established in the Constitution, according to which they are granted and enforced. The Constitution is complemented by laws, regulations and other legal acts. Besides national legislation, also international and EU legal instruments are important for the protection of rights. To effectively exercise human rights, appropriate mechanisms of a formal and informal system for the protection of human rights must be provided. This master’s thesis focuses on the definition of an informal protection system – the Human Rights Ombudsman. This master's thesis includes different research approaches and scientific methods, such as compilation, descriptive research, a combination of inductive and deductive methods, as well as the comparative method and quantitative synthesis. A contribution to administrative science is made by analysing the breach of human rights in administrative matters through the Ombudsman according to the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the ECHR, which shows the state of violations in individual administrative areas over a longer time period and the effectiveness of the Ombudsman institution in the system for the protection of human rights. The effectiveness is determined by an analysis of the Ombudsman's annual reports and by a comparative analysis of the regulation for the protection of human rights in administrative matters through the Ombudsman for the selected country – Sweden. It is established that the principle of the rule of law and of the welfare state as well as the principle of equality before the law are the most often violated, and that these violations are removed by making changes to regulations and legislations. The Ombudsman implements a comparable informal system for the protection of human rights, and it performs its role effectively in the protection system by giving opinions and recommendations to public and administrative authorities. The Constitutional Court is more effective in the protection system, forcing the authorities to eliminate the violation or unconstitutionality with binding decisions. The provided information, findings and facts will help to improve the knowledge of both the profession as well as the public and administrative authorities that decide on the rights and freedoms of every individual in the administrative procedure. In addition, this thesis will inform the legislative, executing, and judicial authorities that prepare and adopt legal bases and implement them in practice.