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Mental health dysfunction is as much as five to six times higher among doctoral students than the general public, yet young adults are least likely to seek treatment, at least in part due to mental health stigma. In the present study, I examined the relationships among mental health dysfunction, mental health stigma, and life stress across doctoral program types, including Health Service Psychology (HSP; n = 28), Experimental Psychology (EP; n = 40), and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM; n = 98). Although rates of depression, anxiety, and somatic symptoms were consistent across Program Types, significantly more HSP students have sought treatment than EP or STEM students. Rates of stigma and stress were also similar across Program Types. In a women-only subsample, female STEM students reported significantly higher depression symptoms than female HSP students. In a STEM-only subsample, female STEM students were found to have significantly higher somatic, anxiety, and depression symptoms than male STEM students, as well as higher rates of discrimination stigma, perceived stress, and graduate student stress than men. Limitations, implications, and recommendations are discussed, including the role of universities, doctoral programs, and faculty in providing graduate students access to resources, education about mental health support, and improving treatment seeking.

Background: This study tested the hypotheses that (i) the relationship between a history of childhood abuse and severity of psychosis is mediated by loneliness; (ii) the relationship between loneliness and psychosis is mediated by within-person fluctuations in depressive and anxious feelings.Methods: Fifty-nine individuals with non-affective psychotic disorder rated the intensity of loneliness, positive symptoms, and depressive and anxious feelings during repeated moments in daily life (Experience Sampling Method). Childhood abuse was assessed retrospectively using the 'Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse' interview. To test the mediation hypotheses, a multilevel structural equation modeling paradigm was used.Results: As predicted, the relationship between severity of childhood abuse and positive symptoms was mediated by loneliness (b = 0.08, 95% CI [0.02, 0.13], p = 0.005). In turn, the relationship between loneliness and positive symptoms was mediated by within-person fluctuations in both depressive (b = 0.04, 95% CI [0.02, 0.06], p < 0.001) and anxious (b = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.03], p = 0.002) symptomatology. Depression was a stronger mediator than anxiety (b = 0.02, 95% CI [0.00, 0.04], p = 0.027).Conclusions: Our findings highlight the role of childhood abuse and loneliness in the severity of psychosis in daily life.(c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The article is devoted to the analysis of parenting stress, daily hassles and the relationship of their parameters in mothers of young and preschool children. Sample: 112 mothers from Saint Petersburg, children aged from 4 months up to 7 years. Methods: Parenting Sress Index (PSI-4) by R. Abidin, questionnaire of daily hassles by M.D. Petrash, O.Y. Strizhitskaya, L.A. Golovey, S.S. Savenysheva, STAI by C.D. Spielberger adapted by Y.L. Khanin, socio-biographical questionnaire. Results: A high level of parenting stress was revealed, especially in the domain, associated with the characteristics of the parent himself and his feelings about how he copes with the parental role. The level of daily hassles corresponds to the standards, with the most pronounced stressors in the family domain. Close relationships between parenting stress and daily hassles were found, with the exception of the field of work, while no relationship with life stress was identified. Depression, relationship problems and incompetence are most closely related to daily hassles. Parenting stress is positively correlated with state and trait anxiety. Parenting stress is not related to the age of the mother, the age and gender of the child, family experience and the number of children. However, it is less pronounced with more employment at work.

Life stress following trauma exposure is a consistent predictor of the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is a dearth of research on the effect of life stress on PTSD treatment outcomes. The current study examined the effects of pretreatment levels of perceived life stress on treatment outcome in a sample of 200 individuals with PTSD who were randomized to receive either prolonged exposure (PE) therapy or sertraline as part of a clinical trial. Life stress over the year prior to treatment significantly interacted with treatment type to predict higher residual PTSD symptom severity, as assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview, among participants who received sertraline but not those who received PE, β = .24, p = .017, ∆R2 = .03. These findings were similar for self-reported depression severity, β = .27, p = .008, ∆R2 = .04. Adherence to either PE homework or sertraline compliance did not mediate this association nor did life stress predict treatment retention for either treatment arm. Higher levels of perceived life stress may serve as a prescriptive predictor of PTSD treatment outcome, with PE remaining efficacious regardless of heightened pretreatment life stress. These findings encourage clinician confidence when providing PE to individuals with higher levels of life stress. Future researchers should examine the impact of PTSD treatment on perceived and objective measures of life stress to improve treatment for individuals who experience chronic stress.

Research examining life stress as a precipitant, co-occurrence, and consequence of psychopathology often has implications for two explanatory models: stress exposure, where stress causes symptoms, and stress generation, where symptoms cause stress. Preliminary evidence suggests that both processes are evident in borderline personality disorder (BPD). The present study examined 101 adults who self-reported at least three symptoms of BPD at prescreen, with 30% of the sample meeting full diagnostic criteria for BPD. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to examine the relationships between BPD symptomatology and four forms of life stress. Stress exposure and stress generation were not supported for either form of chronic life stress. Results supported stress generation in both dependent and interpersonal episodic life stress, and stress exposure for interpersonal episodic life stress. These findings evidenced small effects only. Findings point to the impact of interpersonal stress on changes in symptomatology over time.

To understand and curb intergenerational transmission of stress-related disorder, it is important to identify how trauma-related psychopathology in mothers impacts their psychophysiological stress regulation, particularly in the context of parenting their infants. In this study we investigated associations between mothers’ trauma-related psychopathology and life stress and HPA axis response to a personally relevant stressor (infant separation stress) in a non-clinical sample followed longitudinally postpartum. A community sample of low-income mothers (n = 73) and their infants completed laboratory sessions at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postnatal, and salivary cortisol samples collected before and after dyadic stress tasks at the latter three sessions. These tasks were used to assess HPA function. A three-level hierarchical linear model of repeated cortisol measures nested within sessions within mother-infant dyads did not reveal significant main effects of trauma-related psychopathology on maternal cortisol response, but there was evidence that both a clinical interviewer-rated diagnosis of PTSD and ongoing self-reported trauma symptoms blunted effects of life events on cortisol reactivity. Region of significance analyses indicated that current life stress predicted more pronounced cortisol reactivity only among mothers without trauma-related psychopathology; for those with trauma-related psychopathology, life stress did not relate to cortisol response. Effects held when controlling for childhood trauma and previous (prenatal) maternal distress symptoms, suggesting they did not reflect ongoing impacts of past trauma exposure and/or psychopathology. Blunting effects of trauma-related psychopathology on maternal life stress responsiveness may help clarify how stress sensitivities and mental health are transmitted from parent to child.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the directional relationship between student-athletes’ (N = 621) degree of mental health stigma, help-seeking attitudes, and levels of depression, anxie...

Community mental health providers frequently express that emergent life events (ELEs) - acute stressors reported in psychotherapy that negatively impact the client and his/her family - interfere with their ability to implement evidence-based psychosocial treatments (EBTs). Examples of ELEs include death in the family, eviction, and suspension from school. Preliminary data suggest that in a diverse community sample, providers report at least one ELE over the course of treatment for the majority of clients. Furthermore, in sessions with an ELE, providers have significant difficulty carrying out their planned EBT activities.Building upon these preliminary findings, the goal of this dissertation is to provide an in-depth investigation of ELEs in order to assess the extent to which they disrupt community implementation of EBTs. In Study 1, an observational coding system for ELEs is applied to a large sample of EBT recordings to provide a detailed description of their occurrence and subsequent provider behavior in session. Results demonstrate that ELEs are prevalent and unpredictable, and they often negatively impact providers’ adherence to EBT content. Study 2 uses an observational coding system to investigate how ELEs and other potential barriers to EBT implementation (i.e., barriers to engagement and caregiver participation) are expressed by caregivers in treatment sessions for a collaborative, caregiver-mediated intervention. Findings indicate that ELEs, barriers, and participation may capture a common construct of caregivers speaking up in therapy. Hispanic caregivers were less likely to speak up in therapy, which may have reduced providers’ adherence to the EBT. Finally, Study 3 uses provider- and client-report data to examine associations between ELEs and longer-term outcomes (i.e., provider adherence in later sessions and clinical progress). Results reveal that ELEs negatively impact provider adherence to planned EBT for at least two sessions. Each ELE for which no EBT content is covered significantly reduces youths’ rate of clinical improvement. The collective findings from these studies provide a wealth of information on the complex nature and impact of ELEs. They suggest that in order to optimize the benefits of existing EBTs, structured guidance is needed to assist providers in effectively responding to ELEs.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) describes deliberate self-destructive behaviors without the intention to die. Little is known about what factors contribute to NSSI especially among youth. The current study tested two conceptual models for how chronic interpersonal stress and rumination may contribute to NSSI engagement across 18 months in a community sample of youth: (1) a mediation pathway based on the Emotional Cascade Model (i.e., stress contributes to rumination and then to subsequent NSSI), and (2) a moderation model based on the cognitive vulnerability-stress framework (i.e., rumination moderates the relation between stress and NSSI). 516 youth aged 7–16 (Mage = 12.0; 56% female; 90% Non-Hispanic or Non-Latinx) reported on ongoing interpersonal stress occurring between T1-T2 (every 6 months from T1 to 12 months) via the Youth Life Stress Interview, rumination via the Children’s Response Styles Questionnaire (at T1 and 18 months later, T2), and NSSI engagement every six months from 18 to 36 months (T2-T3) via the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview. Interpersonal stress predicted later rumination (b = .43, p

Homeless persons are often reported to be more depressed than the general community, but little previous research has examined their depressive state after being housed. In addition, the kinds of t...

Childhood adversity is associated with increased current life stress in adulthood and is often influenced by subjective appraisals related to anxiety. Anxiety is a multifaceted construct that includes variability in assumed presentation. The current study assessed the unique mediating effects of both trait and symptom-based anxiety on childhood adversity and current life stress. Undergraduate students enrolled in a large, urban, public university (N = 638, 89% non-Caucasian) completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale. A parallel mediation demonstrated that both trait and symptom-based anxiety fully mediated the relationship between childhood adversity and perceived current life stress and that these effects are statistically different (b = .112, SE = .020, 95% CI [.074, .153]). Thus, we demonstrated a unique mediating role of two different anxiety indices that varied in strength of their respective contributions to the model.

This is a descriptive research study to confirm the relationship between life stress, anxiety, self-control and smartphone addiction of students enrolled in the College of Education. The data were collected from a total of138 college of education students in J Province of South Korea and analyzed using the SPSS 23 program for t-test, Chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression analysis. As a result of the analysis, a positive correlation was found between life stress, anxiety, and smartphone addiction. According to the Chi-square test, it is found that female students had a higher smartphone addiction level compared to male students. The influence of smartphone addiction had a larger impact on self-control than that of life stress. The findings of this study suggest an early implementation of the addiction screening tests to address the problem of smartphone addiction, particularly for female students with a high risk of smartphone addiction. In addition, active intervention strategies should be included to the smartphone addiction prevention program.

The central aims of the present study were to evaluate bivariate and multivariate associations between components of self-compassion and depressive symptoms, and to investigate the degree to which self-compassion and its components buffer the association between life stress and depressive symptoms. In a sample of female undergraduate students, linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) total and subscale scores as predictors of depressive symptoms (n = 218), and the total and subscale scores as moderators of the cross-sectional association between negative life events and depressive symptoms (n = 216). The SCS total and subscale scores, coded such that higher scores indicated higher self-compassion, were all significantly and negatively associated with depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). When depressive symptoms were simultaneously regressed on all SCS subscales, high correlations among subscales limited our ability to interpret parameter estimates. A post hoc analysis was therefore conducted in which depressive symptoms were regressed on composites of positive (self-compassion) and negative (uncompassionate behavior) subscales of the SCS. Results indicated that only uncompassionate behavior was significantly associated with unique variance in depressive symptoms. Neither the SCS total score nor any of the subscale scores significantly moderated the association between negative life events and depressive symptoms. Self-compassion, particularly uncompassionate behavior, is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, irrespective of the experience of negative life events. However, self-compassion does not buffer the positive cross-sectional association of negative life events with depressive symptoms.

본 연구는 일 지역 중년 성인의 생활스트레스, 자아존중감 및 사회적지지가 부부갈등대처에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 실시되었다. 연구의 자료수집 기간은 2019년 4월부터 2019년 7월까지이며, 연구 대상자는 J시에 거주하고 있는 중년 성인 324명을 대상으로 하였다. 통계는 SPSS/WIN 24.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, Multiple regression analysis를 사용하였다. 일 지역 중년 성인의 부부갈등대처에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 대상자의 생활스트레스와 자아존중감은 부정적 부부갈등대처에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 설명력은 10.%이었다. 또한, 대상자의 자아존중감과 사회적지지는 긍정적 부부갈등대처에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 설명력은 20%이었다. 즉, 생활스트레스가 많고, 사회적지지 정도가 낮을수록 부정적 부부갈등대처 행동이 많고, 사회적지지 정도가 높을수록 긍정적 부부갈등대처 행동을 많이 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이를 토대로 중년 성인이 부부생활을 하는 동안 발생하는 갈등상황에서 부정적 갈등대처행동을 지양하고 긍정적 갈등대처행동을 지향할 수 있도록 부부가 함께하는 참여할 수 있는 다양한 프로그램을 개발하고 적용할 필요가 있다.

Introduction: As they grow, young people transit through adolescence; a particularly challenging phase. Many go through without difficulties but some experience maladaptive responses in form of conduct and adjustment problems, pubertal chal- lenges and life stress. Published research from the developed societies demonstrates consistent associations between young people’s exposure to life events, psychosocial competence (PSC) and mental health problems. However, comparable research from income-constrained societies remains scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of life events in secondary school students and describe the relationship between life events and PSC in the same population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were 2,902 randomly selected in Central and Northern Uganda. They responded to self-administered questionnaires on socio-demographics, life events and PSC. Results: Northern Ugandan students were more likely to be susceptible to stress-related illness associated with major life events (p = < 0.01). Among students with a high susceptibility to stress related illness, those with low scores on self-effi- cacy (p = < 0.001), accurate self-assessment (p = < 0.001) and self-confidence (p = < 0.001) were mostly from the North. Students from Northern Uganda had experienced more negative events. Students with higher scores on empathy, emotional awareness, accurate self- assessment and self-confidence tended to have low distress. Students that had a low susceptibility to stress related illness (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.57 - 2.48); high scores on self-efficacy (AOR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.74), self-confidence (AOR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.02- 1.72), and accurate self-assessment (AOR 2.19; 95% CI: 1.70 - 2.80) were mostly from northern Uganda. Conclusion: It is important to help students to cope with negative life events since an association exists between negative life events and PSC domains. PSC domains of empathy, emotional awareness, accurate self-assessment and self-confidence seem to be associated with lower distress levels, implying that these should be reinforced. Keywords: Psychosocial competence; life events; adolescents; students; Uganda.

Depression is seen as a response or symptom of life stress or physical change and is not usually considered to reflect a mood disorder. There are many reasons for depression- Familial and Genetic influences. It is the tendency which makes people bring them into a negative behaviour. The aim of the study is to assess the awareness about using Becks Depression inventory among dental students in clinical practice. A cross-sectional study was done with a self-administered questionnaire with ten questions circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about depression, the clinical manifestation of depressive illness, psychological stress etiology of oral mucosal diseases, usage of BDI questionnaire in practice. The responses were recorded and analysed. 54% were aware of depression, and 46% were not aware of depression. 26% were aware of the clinical manifestation of depressive illness. 32% were aware of physiological stress etiology of oral mucosal diseases. 0 % use BDI questionnaire in practice. The awareness of BDI questionnaire usage in clinical practice among dental students was found to be low in this study. Our findings emphasize the importance of incorporating several educational and training programs to dental students to sensitize them to look for psychological etiology of certain orofacial diseases.

The major objective of this study was to investigate how smoking behavior mediates the relationship between life stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. A descriptive correlational study was conducted from February to June 2017 at a vocational high school in northern Taiwan, and 226 students were recruited through convenience sampling. Results indicated that smoking behavior played a pivotal role by partially mediating the relationship between life stress and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Life stress in adolescents significantly increased the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, and adolescents who smoked were also at a greater risk. Assessments between the objective and self-reported smoking behavior were significantly correlated. Therefore, integrated methods for assessing life stress, smoking behavior, and depressive symptoms in adolescents are needed for teachers and clinical professionals. Implementing appropriate policies for discouraging tobacco use for adolescents experiencing life stress in order to decrease depressive symptoms in school settings is paramount.

BACKGROUND: Stress-induced pregnancy complications are thought to represent a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality; little is known regarding types of stress most predictive of adverse outcomes. METHODS: We used Utah PRAMs 2012–2014 data to evaluate links between preconception life stressors and prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and pre-term labor (PTB) (births

The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating role of mindfulness on the relationship between daily life stress and suicidality among Korean college students. Accordingly, 355 college students (Mage = 21.59, SD = 2.07; men: 157, women: 198) participated in this study. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that mindfulness moderated the effect of daily life stress on suicidal ideation. Three facets of mindfulness, namely, nonreactivity to experience, nonjudging of inner experience, and acting with awareness, were found to moderate the relationship between daily life stress and suicidal ideation. Additionally, mindfulness, nonjudging of inner experience, and nonreactivity to experience were shown to moderate the relationship between daily life stress and suicide attempts. These findings explain why mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing daily life stress and suicidal ideation among college students.

يهدف البحث بصفة أساسية إلى دراسة إدارة الضغوط الحياتية وعلاقته بالاحتراق النفسي لدى المرأة العاملة. وقد تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واشتملت عينة البحث على (500) إمرأة عاملة بشرط أن تکون متزوجة منذ خمس سنوات على الأقل، ولديها أبناء، وتم اختيار العينة بطريقة صدفية غرضية، کما تم تطبيق البحث في کل من مراکز شبين الکوم وبعض قراها، ومرکز قويسنا وبعض قراها، ومرکز طنطا، وأشتملت أدوات البحث على استمارة البيانات العامة للأسرة (تجيب عنها السيدات العاملات)، استبيان إدارة الضغوط الحياتية بأبعادها الخمسة (إدارة ضغوط العمل- إدارة ضغوط العلاقات الاجتماعية- إدارة الضغوط الإلکترونية- إدارة ضغوط تغير نمط الحياة- إدارة الضغوط الدراسية للأبناء)، استبيان الاحتراق النفسي. وتوصلت النتائج إلى وجود علاقة إرتباطية دالة إحصائيا بين المتغيرات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية للبحث وإدارة الضغوط الحياتية بأبعادهاا الخمسة والاحتراق النفسي، وجود علاقة ارتباطية سالبة دالة إحصائيا عند (0.001) بين الاحتراق النفسي وإدارة الضغوط الحياتية بأبعادها الخمسة، وکان من أهم التوصيات إعداد برامج إرشادية ودورات تدربيية للسيدات العاملات لإکسابهن معلومات ومهارات عن کيفية إدارة ضغوط حياتهن بفاعلية وبالتالي التغلب على الاحتراق النفسي الآتي يتعرضن له، وتفعيل دور وسائل الإعلام بکافة أجهزته من خلال تقديم برامج تهدف الى نشر الوعي عن آلية إدارة الضغوط الحياتية المختلفة التي تواجه الزوجين، وتعريفهم بالاحتراق النفسي وکيفية التغلب عليه. The research aims mainly to study life stress managment and its relationship to psychological combustion ofworking women. In the research, the descriptive and analytical method was used, and the research sample consisted of (500) working women, that had been married for at least five years, and had children. The sample was selected by random purpose, and the research was applied in Shebin al-Kom and some of its villages, Quesna and some of its villages, and Tanta. The research tools consisted of: a general family data form (answered by working women), a questionnaire for life stress management in its five dimensions (work stress management - social relationship stress management - electronic stress management - lifestyle change stress management - study stress management for children - Psychological combustion questionnaire). The results showed the existence of statistically significant correlation between the social and economic variables of research and managing life stress in its five dimensions and psychological combustion. There is a negative correlation relationship statistically significant (0.001) between Psychological combustion and managing life stress in its five dimensions. Among the most important recommendations was the preparation of counseling programs and training courses for working women to provide them with information and skills on how to effectively manage their life pressures. Thus, overcoming the psychological burnout to which they are exposed, and activating the role of the media in all its apparatus by presenting programs aimed at spreading awareness about the mechanism of managing the various life pressures facing the spouses, and introducing them to psychological burnout and how to overcome it. Key words: stress management, life stress, life stress management, psychological combustion, working woman.

Background Sexual minority men remain highly impacted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with social stress being a clear predictor of their risk for infection. The past several decades of stress research regarding sexual minority men’s HIV-risk behaviors has almost exclusively focused on the influence of stress emanating from outside the gay community (e.g., stigma-related stress, or minority stress, such as heterosexist discrimination). However, recent evidence suggests that sexual minority men also face stress from within their own communities. Purpose We sought to examine whether stress from within the gay community, or intraminority gay community stress, might influence sexual minority men’s risk behaviors, including HIV-risk behaviors, over-and-above more commonly examined stressors affecting this risk. Methods We tested whether intraminority gay community stress was associated with sexual minority men’s HIV-risk behaviors in a large national survey of sexual minority men (Study 1), and experimentally tested intraminority gay community stress’s impact on behavioral risk-taking and attitudes toward condom use (Study 2). Results Self-reported exposure to intraminority gay community stress was positively associated with HIV-risk behaviors when accounting for the effects of several commonly examined minority stressors and general life stress (Study 1). Participants who were rejected from an online group of other sexual minority men evidenced greater risk-taking in a subsequent task and reported fewer benefits of condom use than participants who were accepted by the online group, when accounting for state affect (Study 2). Conclusions Sexual minority men’s experiences of stress and rejection stemming from their own community may be an important and overlooked predictor of HIV infection and transmission.

Prenatal health behaviors can strongly influence risk of poor pregnancy birth outcomes. Although stress has been implicated in structuring the likelihood that individuals will engage in various prenatal health behavior patterns, no studies to date have examined life stress exposure occurring across the entire lifespan, and few have investigated how different types of stressors are comparatively associated with these outcomes. To address these issues, we interviewed 164 women at one of two large Midwestern, urban hospitals after delivering their first infant. We used the Stress and Adversity Inventory (STRAIN) to assess women's lifetime stress exposure severity and ordinary least squares regression models to examine associations between participants' life stress exposure and prenatal health behaviors. As hypothesized, greater lifetime stress exposure was associated with engaging in more negative prenatal health behaviors and fewer positive prenatal health behaviors while controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors and current perceived stress levels. These effects were stronger for negative versus positive health behaviors, and they differed substantially as a function of stressor type, exposure timing, and primary life domain. Stressors occurring over the life course thus have negative consequences for prenatal health behaviors, but these effects are not uniform across different types of life stress exposure.

Prior research, including my initial research on the mental health of children inSouthwestern Ontario, highlighted the broad, widespread impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of adults, children, and youth, globally, including the potential for social support to attenuate the harmful impact of the pandemic. Social support, one’s belief that others will help in times of need, may protect against the impact of myriad life stressors on the development of psychopathology. The present study examines the potential for social support to mitigate the longitudinal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s irritability and depressive symptoms. Families (N = 317) encompassing one child aged 8 to 13 and a parent or guardian reported on children’s perception of social support, irritability, and depressive symptoms at baseline assessment and seven follow-up assessments over nine months between June 2020 and December 2021. Although depressive and irritability symptoms fluctuated over time, children’s initial perception of social support availability from family and friends did not predict interindividual variability in irritability or depressive symptom change over time. Social support fluctuated over time but showed no systematic increase or decrease. At each monthly assessment, social support was associated with child- and parent- or guardian-report of children’s symptomatology; children self-reported, and parents or guardians observed, lower symptomatology on months when children reported higher social support. Findings highlight the importance of social support for pediatric depression and irritability and suggest that social support may be bolstered during public health crises to assist children.

The current study focuses on the vulnerability role of irrational beliefs and the protective role of rational beliefs in the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms in a sample of Turkish undergraduate students (N = 338). The findings provide additional evidence to diathesis-stress model of rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT). The findings indicate that irrational beliefs play moderating roles in the relationships between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms. Irrational beliefs, especially the secondary irrational thinking process, also mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms. The indirect effect of childhood trauma on depressive symptoms via irrational beliefs may change depending upon the level of rational beliefs. The theoretical contributions and clinical implications of this study are discussed in detail.

Early adversity confers risk for depression in part through its association with recent (i.e., proximal) acute stress. However, it remains unresolved whether: a) early adversity predicts increases in recent acute stress over time; b) all – or only certain types – of recent events mediate the relationship between early adversity and depression; and c) early adversity places individuals at greater risk for depression via greater exposure to independent (i.e., fateful) interpersonal events or via greater generation of dependent (i.e., partially self-initiated) interpersonal events (i.e., stress generation) or both. These questions were examined in a 3-wave longitudinal study of early adolescent girls (N = 125; M = 12.35 years [SD = .77]) with no history of diagnosable depression using contextual life stress and diagnostic interviews. Path analyses indicated that increases in past-year acute interpersonal, but not non-interpersonal, stress mediated the link between early adversity and depressive symptoms. The mediating role of interpersonal events was limited to independent ones, suggesting increases in interpersonal event exposure, not interpersonal stress generation, acted as a mediator. Finally, findings support prior evidence that early adversity may not directly predict future depressive symptoms. Implications for understanding the role of recent stress in the association between early adversity and adolescent depression are discussed.

In order to evaluate the effects of specific forms of childhood maltreatment (CM) upon adult C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, and to further describe the potentially confounding role that recent life stress and depression hold in that relationship, 221 participants from rural Australia (M age = 44yr, SD = 17.8yr) completed self-report questionnaires and provided a blood sample. There were no sex differences in any variables across the 91 males and 130 females, but depression status did confound the association between global CM and CRP. The specific aspect of CM was identified as physical and mental health abuse, and this was significantly associated with CRP level in participants with depressive symptoms and those without. There was no significant confound from recent life stressors. Results hold implications for the diagnosis of CM-related CRP elevation and (potentially) depression.

BACKGROUND Prior to DSM-5, depression had long been conceptualized as symptoms without cause or disproportionate to one's circumstances. A central challenge to considering whether a depressive reaction is disproportionate is the lack of measures assessing disproportionality. Drawing on a study of patients participating in cognitive behavioural therapy for depression, we evaluate two new measures of the disproportionality of one's depressive symptoms to their recent life circumstances. METHODS To assess the disproportionality of depressive symptoms, we developed an interview-based assessment and a brief self-report measure. We employed both assessments in a sample of 126 patients who participated in cognitive behavioural therapy for depression. RESULTS Initial evidence for the reliability and validity of both self-report and interview-based approaches appeared promising. Interview judges demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability on life stress ratings, and both forms of disproportionality showed a pattern of correlations with variables reflecting greater clinical complexity, including self-reported personality dysfunction and symptom severity. Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was the only previously proposed marker of complicated depression to significantly predict both disproportionality scores. LIMITATIONS The sample had limited ethnic diversity and tended to be highly educated. Participants all met criteria for major depressive disorder and sought treatment. CONCLUSIONS Two assessments of the disproportionality of depressive reactions demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity. Despite limited efforts at assessment to date, these results suggest these measures may be able to reliably distinguish the disproportionality of depressive reactions and allow clinicians to better assess contextual life stress depressive disorders.

Physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic have been decreasing and this may be a risk factor for development of emotional eating and its associated factors. The aim of the study was to analyze the factors associated with emotional eating among individuals with different physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data relating to the pandemic on physical activity, emotional eating, sociodemographic data, perceptions about lifestyle habits, body satisfaction, and perceptions about eating habits and food consumption were collected. Factors associated with emotional eating in the group of active and inactive individuals were observed using multiple linear regression controlled for age, sex, BMI, and monthly income. Emotional eating for the active group was associated with perceived stress, body dissatisfaction, and increased consumption of sweets and desserts. In addition to these factors found among the active group, working or studying &gt, 8 h/day, sleep worsening, increased amount of food consumed, increased purchase of food through delivery, and increased vegetable consumption were also associated with emotional eating for the inactive group. These findings suggest a potential protective role of physical activity in the appearance of factors associated with emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Increased allostatic load is linked with racial discrimination exposure, providing a mechanism for the biological embedding of racism as a psychosocial stressor. We undertook an examination of how racial discrimination interacts with socioecological, environmental and health conditions to affect multisystem dysregulation in a First Nations population. Methods We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) using indicators of life stress, socioeconomic background and physical and mental health from a nationally representative sample of Australian Aboriginal adults (N = 2 056). We used LCA with distal outcomes to estimate the effect of the latent class variable on our derived allostatic load index and conducted a stratified analysis to test whether allostatic load varied based on exposure to racial discrimination across latent classes. Results Our socioecological, environmental and health measures informed a four-class structure; ‘Low risk’ (30.8%), ‘Challenged but healthy’ (27.8%), ‘Mental health risk’ (24.0%) and ‘Multiple challenges’ (17.4%). Mean allostatic load was highest in ‘Multiple challenges’ compared to all other classes, both in those exposed (4.5; 95% CI: 3.9, 5.0) and not exposed (3.9; 95% CI: 3.7, 4.2) to racial discrimination. Allostatic load was significantly higher for those with exposure to racial discrimination in the ‘Multiple challenges’ class (t = 1.74, p=.04) and significantly lower in the ‘Mental health risk’ class (t=-1.67, p=.05). Conclusions Racial discrimination may not always modify physiological vulnerability to disease. Social and economic contexts must be considered when addressing the impact of racism, with a focus on individuals and sub-populations experiencing co-occurring life challenges. Key messages Racial discrimination can increase physiological dysregulation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults with a profile of psychosocial stress and adverse health.

Introduction/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the psychological parameters of life stress and anxiety as risk factors to injury. Methods: Participants in this study are female athletes [n=51, (36 injured, 15 non-injured)] from four various sports teams (basketball, golf, soccer, and softball) at an NCAA Division I college. The participants completed four different questionnaires: an injury report, the Life Events Coping Scale for Collegiate Athletes (LESCA), the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Results: Results indicated that injured athletes experienced more life stress than non-injured athletes and this difference was statistically significant. Results also showed that in personality competitive anxiety and sport competitive anxiety, non-injured athletes have lower anxiety than injured athletes. Conclusion: This study sought to examine the differences in injured and non-injured athletes between psychological parameters that may lead to injury. The difference in life events between injured and non-injured athletes was statistically significant while the difference in personality competitive anxiety and sport competitive anxiety was not statistically significant.

Intensive longitudinal data studies on affective reactivity to daily life stress have used various dimensions of stress. Based on an evidence-based conceptual model of stress, the current study included unpredictability, uncontrollability and unpleasantness, and examined whether and how these predict affective reactivity in depressed and non-depressed individuals in daily life. Participants (27 depressed, 27 non-depressed) completed a diary 3 times a day for a period of 30 days. Multilevel analyses were performed to investigate unpleasantness, uncontrollability and unpredictability of daily events as univariate predictors of negative affect (NA). Multivariable models were composed to determine the optimal combination of stress dimensions, and whether the strength of the predictions differed between the depressed and non-depressed groups. Unpleasantness, uncontrollability and unpredictability each predicted subsequent NA independently. However, a combination of all three dimensions, together with an interaction between unpleasantness and uncontrollability, predicted subsequent NA best. The stress dimensions predicted NA more strongly in the depressed than the non-depressed group. This was mostly accounted for by an increased NA response to unpleasantness. Thus, unpleasantness seems to be the most important aspect of daily stress to distinguish depressed from non-depressed individuals. Nevertheless, for a comprehensive assessment of affective reactivity, a multidimensional model of event stressfulness is recommended.

OBJECTIVE: Recent research has documented cultural differences in the extent and manner in which various forms of emotion regulation are linked with psychological well-being. Most of these studies, however, have been cross-sectional, nor have they directly examined the values underlying the use of emotion regulation. The present study examined emotion restraint values and their interactions with life stress in predicting internalizing symptoms across time among Vietnamese American and European American adolescents. The study focused on adolescence as a critical developmental period during which life stress and internalizing symptoms increase significantly. METHOD: Vietnamese American (n = 372) and European American (n = 304) adolescents’ levels of emotion restraint values, internalizing symptoms, and stress were assessed at two timepoints six months apart. RESULTS: Results indicated differential associations between emotion restraint values, stress, and symptoms over time for the two groups. For Vietnamese American adolescents, emotion restraint values did not predict depressive, anxiety, or somatic symptoms. For European American adolescents, emotion restraint values predicted higher somatic symptoms but buffered against the effects of interpersonal stress on anxiety and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide increased understanding of the role of values related to emotion restraint in shaping adolescent internalizing symptoms and responses to stress across cultural groups. Implications of the findings for guiding intervention efforts are discussed.

This investigation examined the effects of perfectionism (perfectionistic concerns, perfectionistic strivings) on negative affect and depressive symptoms for 125 university students. The study consisted of a laboratory session and a four-week follow-up. In the laboratory session, individuals with higher perfectionistic concerns experienced increases in negative affect during a mock intelligence test. Further, perfectionistic concerns interacted with experimentally manipulated feedback (success vs. failure) such that perfectionistic concerns were highly associated with negative affect in the context of failure. At follow-up, perfectionistic concerns were associated with higher depressive symptoms and interacted with life stress such that perfectionistic concerns were highly associated with depression in the context of greater life stress. Theoretical and clinical implications are also discussed.

OBJECTIVES: In a sample of 90 American Indian (AI) college students (Age M(SD)=21.47(3.02), 61.1% female), we investigated relationships between stress (perceived psychological stress and recent negative life events), sense of belonging to the university community and tribal community and sleep. We hypothesized that belonging and stress would associate with sleep. METHODS: Participants wore a wrist accelerometer for 7 nights and answered surveys during an in-lab visit. RESULTS: Sense of belonging to the university community associated with actigraphy measured wake after sleep onset (WASO) (β =−.45, t(80)=−3.98, p < .001, R(2) change= 0.16), total sleep time (β =.30, t(80)=2.49, p =.02, R(2) change = .07), sleep efficiency (β=.38, t(80)=3.29, p =.001, R(2) change = .11) and subjective global sleep quality (β =−.44, t(75)=−4.82, p

Adolescents' depressive symptoms are affected by a number of factors including life stress, gender, socio-economic status, and parental depression symptoms. However, little is known about whether adolescent depressive symptoms are also affected by parental motivational characteristics. The current study explores the relationship between parental motivational perseverance (i.e., parents' persistency in the face of setbacks and difficulties) and children's depressive symptoms during the adolescence, given the critical role of perseverance in psychological well-being. The predictive utility of two motivational characteristics relevant to perseverance: parents' growth mindset (i.e., one's belief about the malleability of human competence) and grit (i.e., perseverance for long term goals) were examined. Four hundred pairs of Japanese parents (82% mothers) and their adolescent children (50% females; average age at the time of the first assessment = 14.05 years; SD = 0.84) independently completed surveys measuring their growth mindset, grit, and depressive symptoms at two time points (approximately one year apart; attrition rate = 25%). The Actor-Partner Independence Model, a statistical model that accounts for inter-dependence between dyads (e.g., parents and children), was used to examine how parental motivational perseverance predicts the long-term change in their offspring's depressive symptoms. The results showed that parental grit led to the decrease in adolescents' depressive symptoms through the changes in adolescents' grit. On the other hand, parental growth mindset directly predicted the adolescents' depressive symptoms, and this was not mediated by the adolescents' growth mindset. These findings underscore the importance of parental motivational characteristics in regards to adolescents' depressive symptoms.

Stress exposure is central to theories of suicide. To advance understanding of the relation between stress and suicide, we examined whether specific, theoretically-pertinent life stressors were differentially related to suicidal thinking versus suicidal behaviors among hospitalized adolescents. Participants were 197 (144 female) adolescents aged 13 to 19 years old (M = 15.61, SD = 1.48) recruited from an acute residential psychiatric treatment program. Participants were categorized into mutually exclusive groups: psychiatric controls (n = 38) with no lifetime history of suicide ideation or suicide attempts, suicide ideators (n = 99) with current ideation and no lifetime attempts, and suicide attempters (n = 60) with a lifetime history of suicide ideation and at least one attempt in the past month. Adolescents completed the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN), which assessed life events and chronic difficulties occurring in five social-psychological categories: Interpersonal Loss, Physical Danger, Humiliation, Entrapment, and Role Change/Disruption. Additionally, they completed a structured interview and symptom questionnaires to capture concurrent psychopathology. Controlling for demographic and clinical covariates, only Interpersonal Loss events distinguished attempters from psychiatric controls (OR = 2.27) and ideators (OR = 1.49); no events or difficulties differentiated ideators from controls. These effects persisted when analyses were restricted to single attempters and when events following the most recent attempt were excluded. The findings elucidate potential social-environmental triggers of suicide. Ultimately, this may improve the identification of ideators most likely to make an attempt, enabling the deployment of targeted early interventions.

Purpose The phenomenon of stress is a problem for a large number of interested people and researchers, and it has even become a global phenomenon in recent times. This is due to the effect of this phenomenon on the individual's performance, efficiency and satisfaction with the work he performs. This paper aims to know the level of psychological resilience, life stress and the relationship between them among a sample of Al-Bayda University students in the health-care context in Republic of Yemen. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the study objectives, the researchers applied the psychological resilience scale, which consisted of (40) items and prepared the psychological stress scale that consisted of (41) items. Findings The findings of the study indicated that the level of psychological resilience of Al-Bayda University students is high. The findings also indicated that there are statistically significant differences in psychological resilience depending on the gender variable in favor of males and that there are no statistically indicative significant differences according to the variables of specialization, academic level and marital status. The findings showed a high prevalence of life stresses among the members of the study sample and indicated that the sources of stress among the study sample individuals were arranged as follows: academic stress, future stress, social stress, family stress and economic stress. Originality/value The findings indicated significant differences among the study sample in the stress of life according to the variable of gender in favor of males and the presence of an inverse significant relationship between the level of psychological resilience and life stress among the study sample members.

Objectives: Evidence suggests that emotion regulation difficulty may play an important role in the association between life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. We proposed two models depicting the possible moderating roles of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation in the associations among these variables and tested them. We hypothesized that (1) the association between stress and sleep disturbance would differ across prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderation model) and (2) the indirect effects of stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance would depend on prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation (moderated mediation model). Methods: Forty-eight healthy adults without sleep disorders based on nocturnal polysomnography participated in this study. They received functional magnetic resonance imaging scans while performing an emotion regulation task. They also completed questionnaires assessing life stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. The proposed models were tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: As hypothesized, there was a significant moderating effect of prefrontal cortex activation during emotion regulation on the association between life stress and sleep disturbance. Furthermore, right lateral prefrontal cortex activation had a moderating role in the indirect effect of life stress on depressive symptoms through sleep disturbance. Conclusion: These findings highlight the important role of prefrontal cortex function during emotion regulation in the associations between stress, sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms. Increasing lateral prefrontal cortex recruitment when regulating the emotional response to negative life events may be critical for the prevention and intervention of depression as well as sleep problems.

The competitive athletic setting can be a highly demanding one from both a physical and a psychological perspective, and one which is therefore capable of eliciting high levels of stress in participants. High levels of athletic stress can have a wide range of negative consequences. Stress can undermine enjoyment and performance, and high levels of life stress can significantly increase the likelihood of injury. In recent years, the term burnout has also begun to appear with increasing frequency in athletics. Coaches at all levels have begun to discuss the dangers of burnout in their profession. Elite athletes have dropped out of sports at the peak of their careers, maintaining that they are “burned out” and that participation has become too aversive for them to continue. Burnout is typically viewed as a response to stress, and several investigators have noted the desirability of relating burnout to the theoretical and research literature on stress and coping.