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18 results on '"World Wildlife Fund"'

2. Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050.

Author

Pereira HM, Martins IS, Rosa IMD, Kim H, Leadley P, Popp A, van Vuuren DP, Hurtt G, Quoss L, Arneth A, Baisero D, Bakkenes M, Chaplin-Kramer R, Chini L, Di Marco M, Ferrier S, Fujimori S, Guerra CA, Harfoot M, Harwood TD, Hasegawa T, Haverd V, Havlík P, Hellweg S, Hilbers JP, Hill SLL, Hirata A, Hoskins AJ, Humpenöder F, Janse JH, Jetz W, Johnson JA, Krause A, Leclère D, Matsui T, Meijer JR, Merow C, Obersteiner M, Ohashi H, De Palma A, Poulter B, Purvis A, Quesada B, Rondinini C, Schipper AM, Settele J, Sharp R, Stehfest E, Strassburg BBN, Takahashi K, Talluto L, Thuiller W, Titeux N, Visconti P, Ware C, Wolf F, and Alkemade R

Subjects
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Extinction, Biological
Abstract

Based on an extensive model intercomparison, we assessed trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from historical reconstructions and future scenarios of land-use and climate change. During the 20th century, biodiversity declined globally by 2 to 11%, as estimated by a range of indicators. Provisioning ecosystem services increased several fold, and regulating services decreased moderately. Going forward, policies toward sustainability have the potential to slow biodiversity loss resulting from land-use change and the demand for provisioning services while reducing or reversing declines in regulating services. However, negative impacts on biodiversity due to climate change appear poised to increase, particularly in the higher-emissions scenarios. Our assessment identifies remaining modeling uncertainties but also robustly shows that renewed policy efforts are needed to meet the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Published
2024
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3. A "Global Safety Net" to reverse biodiversity loss and stabilize Earth's climate.

Author

Dinerstein E, Joshi AR, Vynne C, Lee ATL, Pharand-Deschênes F, França M, Fernando S, Birch T, Burkart K, Asner GP, and Olson D

Subjects
Climate, Earth, Planet, Ecosystem, Humans, Public Health, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources methods
Abstract

Global strategies to halt the dual crises of biodiversity loss and climate change are often formulated separately, even though they are interdependent and risk failure if pursued in isolation. The Global Safety Net maps how expanded nature conservation addresses both overarching threats. We identify 50% of the terrestrial realm that, if conserved, would reverse further biodiversity loss, prevent CO 2 emissions from land conversion, and enhance natural carbon removal. This framework shows that, beyond the 15.1% land area currently protected, 35.3% of land area is needed to conserve additional sites of particular importance for biodiversity and stabilize the climate. Fifty ecoregions and 20 countries contribute disproportionately to proposed targets. Indigenous lands overlap extensively with the Global Safety Net. Conserving the Global Safety Net could support public health by reducing the potential for zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 from emerging in the future., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)

Published
2020
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4. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests.

Author

Anderegg WRL, Trugman AT, Badgley G, Anderson CM, Bartuska A, Ciais P, Cullenward D, Field CB, Freeman J, Goetz SJ, Hicke JA, Huntzinger D, Jackson RB, Nickerson J, Pacala S, and Randerson JT

Subjects
Carbon Sequestration, Droughts, Fires, Policy Making, Climate Change, Forests
Abstract

Forests have considerable potential to help mitigate human-caused climate change and provide society with many cobenefits. However, climate-driven risks may fundamentally compromise forest carbon sinks in the 21st century. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of climate-driven risks to forest stability from fire, drought, biotic agents, and other disturbances. We review how efforts to use forests as natural climate solutions presently consider and could more fully embrace current scientific knowledge to account for these climate-driven risks. Recent advances in vegetation physiology, disturbance ecology, mechanistic vegetation modeling, large-scale ecological observation networks, and remote sensing are improving current estimates and forecasts of the risks to forest stability. A more holistic understanding and quantification of such risks will help policy-makers and other stakeholders effectively use forests as natural climate solutions., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)

Published
2020
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5. Examining Collaborative Processes for Climate Change Adaptation in New Brunswick, Canada.

Author

Feist A, Plummer R, Baird J, and Mitchell SJ

Subjects
Canada, Humans, New Brunswick, Adaptation, Physiological, Climate Change
Abstract

Collaboration is a proposed strategy to address super wicked environmental problems, such as climate change. Yet, understanding how it works for climate change adaptation is nascent. This research aims to advance the understanding of this by a cross-case analysis of three cases in New Brunswick, Canada. We sought to illuminate the inner workings of multiparty collaboration in the context of community climate change adaptation; identify important qualities of the process and outcomes from it, and probe their relationships; and, explore how they come about in practice. A questionnaire was sent to individuals involved in cases and key informant interviews were conducted. Results reveal case-specific variations, but more importantly, common qualities and outcomes across the cases. They offer key insight into elements which may be important in collaborative settings. These are informative for influencing the uptake of collaborative strategies in climate change adaptation and offer the opportunity to better understand their functional effectiveness.

Published
2020
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6. Towards future-oriented conservation: Managing protected areas in an era of climate change.

Author

van Kerkhoff L, Munera C, Dudley N, Guevara O, Wyborn C, Figueroa C, Dunlop M, Hoyos MA, Castiblanco J, and Becerra L

Subjects
Colombia, Decision Making, Ecology, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources
Abstract

Management of protected areas must adapt to climate impacts, and prepare for ongoing ecological transformation. Future-Proofing Conservation is a dialogue-based, multi-stakeholder learning process that supports conservation managers to consider the implications of climate change for governance and management. It takes participants through a series of conceptual transitions to identify new management options that are robust to a range of possible biophysical futures, and steps that they can take now to prepare for ecological transformation. We outline the Future-Proofing Conservation process, and demonstrate its application in a pilot programme in Colombia. This process can be applied and adapted to a wide range of climate adaptation contexts, to support practitioners in developing positive ways forward for management and decision-making. By acknowledging scientific uncertainty, considering social values, and rethinking the rules that shape conservation governance, participants can identify new strategies towards "future-oriented conservation" over the long term.

Published
2019
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7. Putting Climate Adaptation on the Map: Developing Spatial Management Strategies for Whitebark Pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Author

Ireland KB, Hansen AJ, Keane RE, Legg K, and Gump RL

Subjects
Idaho, Montana, Natural Resources, Risk Factors, Wildfires, Wyoming, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources methods, Ecosystem, Environmental Policy, Pinus growth & development
Abstract

Natural resource managers face the need to develop strategies to adapt to projected future climates. Few existing climate adaptation frameworks prescribe where to place management actions to be most effective under anticipated future climate conditions. We developed an approach to spatially allocate climate adaptation actions and applied the method to whitebark pine (WBP; Pinus albicaulis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). WBP is expected to be vulnerable to climate-mediated shifts in suitable habitat, pests, pathogens, and fire. We spatially prioritized management actions aimed at mitigating climate impacts to WBP under two management strategies: (1) current management and (2) climate-informed management. The current strategy reflected management actions permissible under existing policy and access constraints. Our goal was to understand how consideration of climate might alter the placement of management actions, so the climate-informed strategies did not include these constraints. The spatial distribution of actions differed among the current and climate-informed management strategies, with 33-60% more wilderness area prioritized for action under climate-informed management. High priority areas for implementing management actions include the 1-8% of the GYE where current and climate-informed management agreed, since this is where actions are most likely to be successful in the long-term and where current management permits implementation. Areas where climate-informed strategies agreed with one another but not with current management (6-22% of the GYE) are potential locations for experimental testing of management actions. Our method for spatial climate adaptation planning is applicable to any species for which information regarding climate vulnerability and climate-mediated risk factors is available.

Published
2018
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8. Assessing ecosystem service provision under climate change to support conservation and development planning in Myanmar.

Author

Mandle L, Wolny S, Bhagabati N, Helsingen H, Hamel P, Bartlett R, Dixon A, Horton R, Lesk C, Manley D, De Mel M, Bader D, Nay Won Myint S, Myint W, and Su Mon M

Subjects
Adaptation, Physiological, Decision Making, Humans, Myanmar, Social Planning, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem
Abstract

Inclusion of ecosystem services (ES) information into national-scale development and climate adaptation planning has yet to become common practice, despite demand from decision makers. Identifying where ES originate and to whom the benefits flow-under current and future climate conditions-is especially critical in rapidly developing countries, where the risk of ES loss is high. Here, using Myanmar as a case study, we assess where and how ecosystems provide key benefits to the country's people and infrastructure. We model the supply of and demand for sediment retention, dry-season baseflows, flood risk reduction and coastal storm protection from multiple beneficiaries. We find that locations currently providing the greatest amount of services are likely to remain important under the range of climate conditions considered, demonstrating their importance in planning for climate resilience. Overlap between priority areas for ES provision and biodiversity conservation is higher than expected by chance overall, but the areas important for multiple ES are underrepresented in currently designated protected areas and Key Biodiversity Areas. Our results are contributing to development planning in Myanmar, and our approach could be extended to other contexts where there is demand for national-scale natural capital information to shape development plans and policies.

Published
2017
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9. Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement.

Author

van Hooidonk R, Maynard J, Tamelander J, Gove J, Ahmadia G, Raymundo L, Williams G, Heron SF, and Planes S

Subjects
Air Pollutants, Animals, Anthozoa, Forecasting, Oceans and Seas, Public Policy, Software, Temperature, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources, Coral Reefs, Ecosystem
Abstract

Increasingly frequent severe coral bleaching is among the greatest threats to coral reefs posed by climate change. Global climate models (GCMs) project great spatial variation in the timing of annual severe bleaching (ASB) conditions; a point at which reefs are certain to change and recovery will be limited. However, previous model-resolution projections (~1 × 1°) are too coarse to inform conservation planning. To meet the need for higher-resolution projections, we generated statistically downscaled projections (4-km resolution) for all coral reefs; these projections reveal high local-scale variation in ASB. Timing of ASB varies >10 years in 71 of the 87 countries and territories with >500 km 2 of reef area. Emissions scenario RCP4.5 represents lower emissions mid-century than will eventuate if pledges made following the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) become reality. These pledges do little to provide reefs with more time to adapt and acclimate prior to severe bleaching conditions occurring annually. RCP4.5 adds 11 years to the global average ASB timing when compared to RCP8.5; however, >75% of reefs still experience ASB before 2070 under RCP4.5. Coral reef futures clearly vary greatly among and within countries, indicating the projections warrant consideration in most reef areas during conservation and management planning.

Published
2016
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10. Indigenous lands, protected areas, and slowing climate change.

Author

Ricketts TH, Soares-Filho B, da Fonseca GA, Nepstad D, Pfaff A, Petsonk A, Anderson A, Boucher D, Cattaneo A, Conte M, Creighton K, Linden L, Maretti C, Moutinho P, Ullman R, and Victurine R

Subjects
Brazil, Ecosystem, Humans, International Cooperation legislation & jurisprudence, Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources legislation & jurisprudence
Abstract

Recent climate talks in Copenhagen reaffirmed the crucial role of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). Creating and strengthening indigenous lands and other protected areas represents an effective, practical, and immediate REDD strategy that addresses both biodiversity and climate crises at once., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2010
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11. Jequetepeque and Piura river basins Equitable Payment for Watershed Services project

Author

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), CARE, Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase, and DANIDA and DGIS (Holland)

Subjects
Andean valleys, Drought, Community participation, Water, Gender, Agriculture, Hydrological services, Watershed, Floods, Mining, Flood control, Tumbesian-andean valleys dry forests ecoregion, Payments for environmental services, Equitable Payments for Watershed Services (PWS), Forest landscape restoration, Flooding, Dry and humid forests, Climate change, Cattle, Livelihoods
Abstract

Metadata only record CARE Peru's and WWF Peru's Equitable Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) project is part of an international initiative supported by DANIDA and DGIS (Holland) in 5 countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, to promote equitable compensation of hydrological services as a way of promoting sustainable development practices as well as the livelihoods of rural poor communities. The project will work on developing a business case for environmental services in two river basins in Northern Peru (the Jequetepeque River and the Piura River Basins, in the Departments of Cajamarca, La Libertad, and Piura). The project will focus on watershed protection services from natural forest and agroforestry systems and will explore and support other services' opportunities related to PWS, with an emphasis on community involvement and gender. In the long term, such services are expected to potentially benefit 80% of the population of Jequetepeque River Basin, and nearly 1 million inhabitants from the Piura River Basin. PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

Published
2007

12. What do you mean, ‘megafire’?

Author

Grant D. Linley, Chris J. Jolly, Tim S. Doherty, William L. Geary, Dolors Armenteras, Claire M. Belcher, Rebecca Bliege Bird, Andrea Duane, Michael‐Shawn Fletcher, Melisa A. Giorgis, Angie Haslem, Gavin M. Jones, Luke T. Kelly, Calvin K. F. Lee, Rachael H. Nolan, Catherine L. Parr, Juli G. Pausas, Jodi N. Price, Adrián Regos, Euan G. Ritchie, Julien Ruffault, Grant J. Williamson, Qianhan Wu, Dale G. Nimmo, Benjamin Poulter, Australian Wildlife Society, and World Wildlife Fund

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Extreme wildfire event, Anthropocene, Catastrophic fire, Wildfire disaster, Climate change, Mega-fire, Pyrocene, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

[Background]: ‘Megafire’ is an emerging concept commonly used to describe fires that are extreme in terms of size, behaviour, and/or impacts, but the term’s meaning remains ambiguous. [Approach]: We sought to resolve ambiguity surrounding the meaning of ‘megafire’ by conducting a structured review of the use and definition of the term in several languages in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. We collated definitions and descriptions of megafire and identified criteria frequently invoked to define megafire. We recorded the size and location of megafires and mapped them to reveal global variation in the size of fires described as megafires. [Results]: We identified 109 studies that define the term ‘megafire’ or identify a megafire, with the term first appearing in the peer-reviewed literature in 2005. Seventy-one (~65%) of these studies attempted to describe or define the term. There was considerable variability in the criteria used to define megafire, although definitions of megafire based on fire size were most common. Megafire size thresholds varied geographically from > 100–100,000 ha, with fires > 10,000 ha the most common size threshold (41%, 18/44 studies). Definitions of megafire were most common from studies led by authors from North America (52%, 37/71). We recorded 137 instances from 84 studies where fires were reported as megafires, the vast majority (94%, 129/137) of which exceed 10,000 ha in size. Megafires occurred in a range of biomes, but were most frequently described in forested biomes (112/137, 82%), and usually described single ignition fires (59% 81/137). [Conclusion]: As Earth’s climate and ecosystems change, it is important that scientists can communicate trends in the occurrence of larger and more extreme fires with clarity. To overcome ambiguity, we suggest a definition of megafire as fires > 10,000 ha arising from single or multiple related ignition events. We introduce two additional terms – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) and terafire (> 1,000,000 ha) – for fires of an even larger scale than megafires., Threatened Species Recovery Hub; NSW Bushfire Risk Management Research Hub; Australian Wildlife Society; World Wildlife Fund

Published
2022

13. Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests

Author

Stephen W. Pacala, James T. Randerson, Philippe Ciais, William R. L. Anderegg, Grayson Badgley, Christopher B. Field, John Nickerson, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Robert B. Jackson, Deborah N. Huntzinger, Jeremy Freeman, Anna T. Trugman, Scott J. Goetz, Danny Cullenward, Christa M. Anderson, Ann M. Bartuska, SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SALT LAKE CITY USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE WASHINGTON DC USA, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Stanford University, School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO MOSCOW IDAHO USA, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY PRINCETON USA, DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE CA USA, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Sociology of scientific knowledge, Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Policy making, Climate Change, Climate change, Carbon sequestration, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Natural (archaeology), Fires, 03 medical and health sciences, Policy Making, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Carbon sink, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Droughts, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, business
Abstract

Risks to mitigation potential of forests Much recent attention has focused on the potential of trees and forests to mitigate ongoing climate change by acting as sinks for carbon. Anderegg et al. review the growing evidence that forests' climate mitigation potential is increasingly at risk from a range of adversities that limit forest growth and health. These include physical factors such as drought and fire and biotic factors, including the depredations of insect herbivores and fungal pathogens. Full assessment and quantification of these risks, which themselves are influenced by climate, is key to achieving science-based policy outcomes for effective land and forest management. Science , this issue p. eaaz7005

Published
2020

14. Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene

Author

Lionel Bigot, Zoe T. Richards, Gareth J. Williams, Mohsen Kayal, Thamasak Yeemin, Steven Johnson, Simon D. Donner, Martin Krkošek, John F. Bruno, Joleah B. Lamb, Claire Goiran, Fraser A. Januchowski-Hartley, T. Edward Roberts, Maria Beger, Emily S. Darling, Andrew S. Hoey, Nyawira A. Muthiga, Stacy D. Jupiter, Peter D. Steinberg, David Mouillot, Gabby N. Ahmadia, Nur Fadli, James P. Gilmour, George Shedrawi, Michael L. Berumen, James R. Guest, Che Din Mohd Safuan, Shaun K. Wilson, Eva Maire, Patrick F. Smallhorn-West, Nicholas A. J. Graham, Tom C. L. Bridge, Joachim Claudet, Tsai Min Sin, Vianney Denis, Enric Sala, Ku’ulei S. Rodgers, Estradivari, Sara E. Cannon, Erik C. Franklin, Jeffrey Low, Kirsty L. Nash, Peter Houk, Tim R. McClanahan, Makamas Sutthacheep, Chun Hong James Tan, Lauriane Ribas-Deulofeu, Eric K. Brown, Jennifer E. Smith, Bruce Cauvin, David A. Feary, Joshua E. Cinner, Georgina G. Gurney, Ambroise Brenier, Chaolun Allen Chen, Joseph Maina, Helen E. Fox, Jessica Bouwmeester, Christina C. Hicks, Michelle A. C. Lee, Brigitte Sommer, Rohan Arthur, Shinta Pardede, Osamu Nedlic, Jean-Paul A. Hobbs, Lucie Penin, Douglas Fenner, Alan M. Friedlander, John M. Pandolfi, Marji Puotinen, Efin Muttaqin, Marie-Josée Fortin, Mehdi Adjeroud, Camilo Mora, Yashika Nand, Andrew G. Bauman, Chao-Yang Kuo, Stuart Campbell, Vardhan Patankar, William J. Skirving, Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), James Cook University (JCU), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Laboratoire de biologie marine et malacologie, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), World Wildlife Fund, Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital Medical School, Réserve Naturelle Marine de la Réunion (GIP-RNMR), Réserves Naturelles de France, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Marine (ECOMAR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Institut de sciences exactes et appliquées (ISEA), Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University [New York], Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), Wildlife Conservation Society, The Wildlife Conservation Society, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Johnson Matthey plc, Johnson Matthey Plc, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ecosystèmes lagunaires : organisation biologique et fonctionnement (ECOLAG), and Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, biology, Coral bleaching, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Coral, Environmental resource management, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Climate change, Coral reef, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Anthozoa, Foundation species, Marine protected area, 14. Life underwater, business, Reef, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 10 páginas, 5 figuras., Without drastic efforts to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate globalized stressors, tropical coral reefs are in jeopardy. Strategic conservation and management requires identification of the environmental and socioeconomic factors driving the persistence of scleractinian coral assemblages—the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems. Here, we compiled coral abundance data from 2,584 Indo-Pacific reefs to evaluate the influence of 21 climate, social and environmental drivers on the ecology of reef coral assemblages. Higher abundances of framework-building corals were typically associated with: weaker thermal disturbances and longer intervals for potential recovery; slower human population growth; reduced access by human settlements and markets; and less nearby agriculture. We therefore propose a framework of three management strategies (protect, recover or transform) by considering: (1) if reefs were above or below a proposed threshold of >10% cover of the coral taxa important for structural complexity and carbonate production; and (2) reef exposure to severe thermal stress during the 2014–2017 global coral bleaching event. Our findings can guide urgent management efforts for coral reefs, by identifying key threats across multiple scales and strategic policy priorities that might sustain a network of functioning reefs in the Indo-Pacific to avoid ecosystem collapse.

Published
2019

15. Effects of food abundance and early clutch predation on reproductive timing in a high Arctic shorebird exposed to advancements in arthropod abundance

Author

Jérôme Moreau, Jannik Hansen, Theunis Piersma, Lars H. Hansen, Olivier Gilg, Niels Martin Schmidt, Jeroen Reneerkens, Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen [Groningen]-Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University [Aarhus]-Arctic Research Centre, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research ( NIOZ ), Worksupported by an International Polar Year grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific research (NWO), by the Metawad project awarded by Waddenfonds (WF209925, www.metawad.nl), by two INTERACT grants for Transnational Access from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No262693 and a grant from World Wildlife Fund Netherlands, by the French Polar Institute (IPEV, 'Interactions' program 1036) and the Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique (GREA)., Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), and Piersma group

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, food.ingredient, Bird migration, chick growth, POPULATION-SIZE, NEST PREDATION, BREEDING PHENOLOGY, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, phenology, 010605 ornithology, Predation, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, nest survival, food, Calidris alba (Pallas, trophic mismatch, Abundance (ecology), INTERANNUAL VARIATION, CHANGING CLIMATE, timing, NORTHEAST GREENLAND, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Trophic level, Original Research, Calidris alba, trophic interactions, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) [sanderling], [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Ecology, Phenology, Hatching, SNOW-COVER, 1764) [sanderling], PHENOLOGICAL MISMATCHES, Calidris, climate change, MIGRATORY BIRDS, Calidris alba [sanderling], [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Arctic ecology
Abstract

12 pages; International audience; Climate change may influence the phenology of organisms unequally across trophic levels and thus lead to phenological mismatches between predators and prey. In cases where prey availability peaks before reproducing predators reach maximal prey demand, any negative fitness consequences would selectively favor resynchronization by earlier starts of the reproductive activities of the predators. At a study site in northeast Greenland, over a period of 17 years, the median emergence of the invertebrate prey of Sanderling Calidris alba advanced with 1.27 days per year. Yet, over the same period Sanderling did not advance hatching date. Thus, Sanderlings increasingly hatched after their prey was maximally abundant. Surprisingly, the phenological mismatches did not affect chick growth, but the interaction of the annual width and height of the peak in food abundance did. Chicks grew especially better in years when the food peak was broad. Sanderling clutches were most likely to be depredated early in the season, which should delay reproduction. We propose that high early clutch predation may favor a later reproductive timing. Additionally, our data suggest that in most years food was still abundant after the median date of emergence, which may explain why Sanderlings did not advance breeding along with the advances in arthropod phenology.

Published
2016

16. Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement

Author

Gabby N. Ahmadia, Scott F. Heron, Ruben van Hooidonk, Laurie J. Raymundo, Gareth J. Williams, Jeffrey Maynard, Serge Planes, Jerker Tamelander, Jamison M. Gove, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United Nations Environment Programme, Ecosystems and Oceanography Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, World Wildlife Fund, Marine Laboratory, University of Guam, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Marine Geophysical Laboratory, James Cook University (JCU), Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL (LabEX CORAIL), Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de la Polynésie Française (UPF)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC)-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Université des Antilles (UA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Coral bleaching, Oceans and Seas, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Public Policy, coral reefs conservation, C0P21, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Anthozoa, Animals, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Reef, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Air Pollutants, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Coral Reefs, Ecology, Temperature, Coral reef, biology.organism_classification, Fishery, Geography, 13. Climate action, Paris agreement, Spatial variability, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Futures contract, Software, Forecasting
Abstract

Increasingly frequent severe coral bleaching is among the greatest threats to coral reefs posed by climate change. Global climate models (GCMs) project great spatial variation in the timing of annual severe bleaching (ASB) conditions; a point at which reefs are certain to change and recovery will be limited. However, previous model-resolution projections (~1 × 1°) are too coarse to inform conservation planning. To meet the need for higher-resolution projections, we generated statistically downscaled projections (4-km resolution) for all coral reefs; these projections reveal high local-scale variation in ASB. Timing of ASB varies >10 years in 71 of the 87 countries and territories with >500 km2 of reef area. Emissions scenario RCP4.5 represents lower emissions mid-century than will eventuate if pledges made following the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) become reality. These pledges do little to provide reefs with more time to adapt and acclimate prior to severe bleaching conditions occurring annually. RCP4.5 adds 11 years to the global average ASB timing when compared to RCP8.5; however, >75% of reefs still experience ASB before 2070 under RCP4.5. Coral reef futures clearly vary greatly among and within countries, indicating the projections warrant consideration in most reef areas during conservation and management planning.

Published
2016

17. Climate change and consequences in the Arctic: perception of climate change by the Nenets people of Vaigach Island

Author

Galina Mikhailova, Alexander N. Davydov, and The International Ecological Expedition to Vaigach island was organized by the Barentsevomorskoe branch of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

Subjects
Male, RA601-602 Food and food supply in relation to public health, Cultural identity, population, Standard of living, Surveys and Questionnaires, Herding, Animal Husbandry, skin and connective tissue diseases, Child, education.field_of_study, Arctic Regions, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Health Policy, Middle Aged, Geography, Child, Preschool, community, Female, Public Health, Seasons, Reindeer, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Climate Change, Fishing, Population, Climate change, Globalization, Young Adult, Population Groups, Vulnerable Populations in the Arctic, health determinants, medicine, Animals, Humans, education, Aged, Community, Health Determinants, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Sociology, Ethnography, Public Opinion, Quality of Life, Animal Migration, Perception, sense organs, globalization, Demography
Abstract

Background: Arctic climate change is already having a significant impact on the environment, economic activity, and public health. For the northern peoples, traditions and cultural identity are closely related to the natural environment so any change will have consequences for society in several ways. Methods: A questionnaire was given to the population on the Vaigach island, the Nenets who rely to a large degree on hunting, fishing and reindeer herding for survival. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted about perception of climate change. Results: Climate change is observed and has already had an impact on daily life according to more than 50% of the respondents. The winter season is now colder and longer and the summer season colder and shorter. A decrease in standard of living was noticeable but few were planning to leave. Conclusion: Climate change has been noticed in the region and it has a negative impact on the standard of living for the Nenets. However, as of yet they do not want to leave as cultural identity is important for their overall well-being.Keywords: globalization; population; community; health determinants(Published: 14 November 2011)Citation: Global Health Action 2011, 4: 8436 - DOI: 10.3402/gha.v4i0.8436

Published
2011

18. Performance and potential of Conservation Agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Milder, J. C., Majanen, T., Scherr, Sara J., Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase, Ecoagriculture Partners, CARE, World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and World Agroforestry Centre

Subjects
Carbon sequestration, Soil management, Government policy, Climate control, Sub-Saharan Africa, Conservation agriculture, Gender, Economic impacts, Environmental impacts, Climate change, Traditional farming, Conservation tillage, Adoption of innovations, Land tenure, Ecosystem
Abstract

This resource offers an extensive review of Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in an effort to determine future possibilities and applications of these practices in the same region. EcoAgriculture Partners performed a literature review, interviews, field visits to Mozambique and Tanzania, and critical analysis to reveal the current status of CA in SSA, production stages where it may be most relevant, and future extension methodologies. The authors found that despite the many environmental, economic, and social benefits to CA, adoption was sparse. Recommendations for facilitating adoption include intensive education, policy changes, and infrastructure development.

Published
2011

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