Search

Oversteepened valley walls in western Norway have high recurrences of Holocene rock-slope failure activity causing significant risk to communities and infrastructure. Deposits from six to nine catastrophic rock-slope failure (CRSF) events are preserved at the base of the Mannen rock-slope instability in the Romsdal Valley, western Norway. The timing of these CRSF events was determined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating and relative chronology due to mapping Quaternary deposits. The stratigraphical chronology indicates that three of the CRSF events occurred between 12 and 10 ka, during regional deglaciation. Congruent with previous investigations, these events are attributed to the debuttressing effect experienced by steep slopes following deglaciation, during a period of paraglacial relaxation. The remaining three to six CRSF events cluster at 4.9 ± 0.6 ka (based on 10 cosmogenic 10Be samples from boulders). CRSF events during this later period are ascribed to climatic changes at the end of the Holocene thermal optimum, including increased precipitation rates, high air temperatures and the associated degradation of permafrost in rock-slope faces. Geomorphological mapping and sedimentological analyses further permit the contextualisation of these deposits within the overall sequence of post-glacial fjord-valley infilling. In the light of contemporary climate change, the relationship between CRSF frequency, precipitation, air temperature and permafrost degradation may be of interest to others working or operating in comparable settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Brazos, Colorado, and Trinity rivers of Texas drain a tectonically quiescent, non-glaciated, and low-relief landscape inland from the Gulf of Mexico, where long-term [ ] changes in denudation rates are probably driven largely by climate change. Here, we use cosmogenic 10Be to obtain spatially averaged denudation rates for these river catchments, primarily from terrace deposits associated with glacial or interglacial intervals over the past half million years. The denudation rates are ∼30–35% higher during interglacial periods than during glacial periods, and correlate broadly with temperature. The results are consistent with predictions from the BQART sediment flux model, and support the hypothesis that increased weathering rates associated with warmer climates will accelerate landscape erosion. Furthermore, by analyzing 26Al/10Be in these deposits, we can estimate the bed load sourced from up-catchment surfaces. The stored coastal plain fraction varies from ∼10% to 30%, and is greater during times of relatively lower sea level. The results indicate that although sediment flux is moderated by coastal-plain storage, increased up-catchment flux during warmer interglacial periods outpaces evacuation of stored sediment during glacial periods, resulting in a net increase in sediment flux to the ocean during warm intervals. If this temperature–sediment flux relationship is valid beyond the Plio-Pleistocene transition, then global sediment flux to the ocean from passive, non-glaciated, and low-relief landscapes would have been greater during the Pliocene than in the cooler Quaternary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Understanding the timing of mountain glacier and paleolake expansion and retraction in the Great Basin region of the western United States has important implications for regional-scale climate change during the last Pleistocene glaciation. The relative timing of mountain glacier maxima and the well-studied Lake Bonneville highstand has been unclear, however, owing to poor chronological limits on glacial deposits. Here, this problem is addressed by applying terrestrial cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating to a classic set of terminal moraines in Little Cottonwood and American Fork Canyons in the western Wasatch Mountains. The exposure ages indicate that the main phase of deglaciation began at 15.7±1.3ka in both canyons. This update to the glacial chronology of the western Wasatch Mountains can be reconciled with previous stratigraphic observations of glacial and paleolake deposits in this area, and indicates that the start of deglaciation occurred during or at the end of the Lake Bonneville hydrologic maximum. The glacial chronology reported here is consistent with the growing body of data suggesting that mountain glaciers in the western U.S. began retreating as many as 4ka after the start of northern hemisphere deglaciation (at ca. 19ka). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Changes in lake and stream habitats during the growth and retreat of Pleistocene glaciers repeatedly altered the spatial distributions and population sizes of the aquatic fauna of the southern Andes. Here, we use variation in mtDNA control region sequences to infer the temporal dynamics of two species of southern Andean fish during the past few million years. At least five important climate events were associated with major demographic changes: (i) the widespread glaciations of the mid-Pliocene ( c. 3.5 Ma); (ii) the largest Patagonian glaciation (1.1 Ma); (iii) the coldest Pleistocene glaciation as indicated by stacked marine δ18O ( c. 0.7 Ma); (iv) the last southern Patagonian glaciation to reach the Atlantic coast (180 ka); and (v) the last glacial maximum (LGM, 23–25 000 years ago). The colder-water inhabitant, Galaxias platei, underwent a strong bottleneck during the LGM and its haplotype diversity coalesces c. 0.7 Ma. In contrast, the more warm-adapted and widely distributed Percichthys trucha showed continuous growth through the last two glacial cycles but went through an important bottleneck c. 180 000 years ago, at which time populations east of the Andes may have been eliminated. Haplotype diversity of the most divergent P. trucha populations, found west of the Andes, coalesces c. 3.2 Ma. The demographic timelines obtained for the two species thus illustrate the continent-wide response of aquatic life in Patagonia to climate change during the Pleistocene, but also show how differing ecological traits and distributions led to distinctive responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report new mapping, soils, survey, and geochronologic (luminescence, U-series, and cosmogenic-nuclide) data from Pleistocene deposits in the arid setting of eastern Grand Canyon. The result is a stratigraphic framework of inset fill gravels and associated terraces that provide a record of the responses of hillslopes, tributary streams, and the Colorado River to the last ∼400kyr of glacial–interglacial climate change. The best-preserved last 80kyr of this record indicates a stratigraphic–chronologic disconnect between both deposition and incision along the Colorado River versus along the trunks of local tributaries. For example, the Colorado River finished aggrading and had already begun incising before the main pulse of aggradation in the trunks of local catchments during Marine Isotope Stage 3, and then tributary incision followed during the millennial-scale fluctuations of the last glacial epoch, potentially concurrent with mainstem aggradation. The mainstem record appears to broadly correlate with regional paleoclimate and upstream geomorphic records and thus may be responding to climatic–hydrologic changes in its mountain headwaters, with aggradation beginning during full-glacial times and continuing into subsequent interglacials. The contrasting lag time in responses of the dryland catchments within Grand Canyon may be largely a function of the weathering-limited nature of hillslope sediment supply. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]