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1. A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance

Author

Shepherd, Andrew, Ivins, Erik R, A, Geruo, Barletta, Valentina R, Bentley, Mike J, Bettadpur, Srinivas, Briggs, Kate H, Bromwich, David H, Forsberg, René, Galin, Natalia, Horwath, Martin, Jacobs, Stan, Joughin, Ian, King, Matt A, Lenaerts, Jan TM, Li, Jilu, Ligtenberg, Stefan RM, Luckman, Adrian, Luthcke, Scott B, McMillan, Malcolm, Meister, Rakia, Milne, Glenn, Mouginot, Jeremie, Muir, Alan, Nicolas, Julien P, Paden, John, Payne, Antony J, Pritchard, Hamish, Rignot, Eric, Rott, Helmut, Sørensen, Louise Sandberg, Scambos, Ted A, Scheuchl, Bernd, Schrama, Ernst JO, Smith, Ben, Sundal, Aud V, van Angelen, Jan H, van de Berg, Willem J, van den Broeke, Michiel R, Vaughan, David G, Velicogna, Isabella, Wahr, John, Whitehouse, Pippa L, Wingham, Duncan J, Yi, Donghui, Young, Duncan, and Zwally, H Jay

Subjects
Climate Action, Antarctic Regions, Climate Change, Geographic Information Systems, Greenland, Ice Cover, General Science & Technology
Abstract

We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment to estimate the mass balance of Earth's polar ice sheets. We find that there is good agreement between different satellite methods--especially in Greenland and West Antarctica--and that combining satellite data sets leads to greater certainty. Between 1992 and 2011, the ice sheets of Greenland, East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by -142 ± 49, +14 ± 43, -65 ± 26, and -20 ± 14 gigatonnes year(-1), respectively. Since 1992, the polar ice sheets have contributed, on average, 0.59 ± 0.20 millimeter year(-1) to the rate of global sea-level rise.

Published
2012

2. Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

Author

Shepherd, Andrew, Ivins, Erik, Rignot, Eric, Smith, Ben, van den Broeke, Michiel, Velicogna, Isabella, Whitehouse, Pippa, Briggs, Kate, Joughin, Ian, Krinner, Gerhard, Nowicki, Sophie, Payne, Tony, Scambos, Ted, Schlegel, Nicole, Geruo, A., Agosta, Cécile, Ahlstrøm, Andreas, Babonis, Greg, Barletta, Valentina R., Bjørk, Anders A., Blazquez, Alejandro, Bonin, Jennifer, Colgan, William, Csatho, Beata, Cullather, Richard, Engdahl, Marcus E., Felikson, Denis, Fettweis, Xavier, Forsberg, Rene, Hogg, Anna E., Gallee, Hubert, Gardner, Alex, Gilbert, Lin, Gourmelen, Noel, Groh, Andreas, Gunter, Brian, Hanna, Edward, Harig, Christopher, Helm, Veit, Horvath, Alexander, Horwath, Martin, Khan, Shfaqat, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Konrad, Hannes, Langen, Peter L., Lecavalier, Benoit, Loomis, Bryant, Luthcke, Scott, McMillan, Malcolm, Melini, Daniele, Mernild, Sebastian, Mohajerani, Yara, Moore, Philip, Mottram, Ruth, Mouginot, Jeremie, Moyano, Gorka, Muir, Alan, Nagler, Thomas, Nield, Grace, Nilsson, Johan, Noël, Brice, Otosaka, Ines, Pattle, Mark E., Peltier, W. Richard, Pie, Nadège, Rietbroek, Roelof, Rott, Helmut, Sørensen, Louise Sandberg, Sasgen, Ingo, Save, Himanshu, Scheuchl, Bernd, Schrama, Ernst, Schröder, Ludwig, Seo, Ki-Weon, Simonsen, Sebastian B., Slater, Thomas, Spada, Giorgio, Sutterley, Tyler, Talpe, Matthieu, Tarasov, Lev, Jan van de Berg, Willem, van der Wal, Wouter, van Wessem, Melchior, Vishwakarma, Bramha Dutt, Wiese, David, Wilton, David, Wagner, Thomas, Wouters, Bert, Wuite, Jan, Team, The IMBIE, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Andrew Shepherd, Erik Ivin, Eric Rignot, Ben Smith, Michiel van den Broeke, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa Whitehouse, Kate Brigg, Ian Joughin, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Tony Payne, Ted Scambo, Nicole Schlegel, A Geruo, Cécile Agosta, Andreas Ahlstrøm, Greg Baboni, Valentina R. Barletta, Anders A. Bjørk, Alejandro Blazquez, Jennifer Bonin, William Colgan, Beata Csatho, Richard Cullather, Marcus E. Engdahl, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettwei, Rene Forsberg, Anna E. Hogg, Hubert Gallee, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Noel Gourmelen, Andreas Groh, Brian Gunter, Edward Hanna, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Alexander Horvath, Martin Horwath, Shfaqat Khan, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Hannes Konrad, Peter L. Langen, Benoit Lecavalier, Bryant Loomi, Scott Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian Mernild, Yara Mohajerani, Philip Moore, Ruth Mottram, Jeremie Mouginot, Gorka Moyano, Alan Muir, Thomas Nagler, Grace Nield, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noël, Ines Otosaka, Mark E. Pattle, W. Richard Peltier, Nadège Pie, Roelof Rietbroek, Helmut Rott, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu Save, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, Ki-Weon Seo, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Lev Tarasov, Willem Jan van de Berg, Wouter van der Wal, Melchior van Wessem, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, David Wiese, David Wilton, Thomas Wagner, Bert Wouter, Jan Wuite, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Sub Dynamics Meteorology

Subjects
geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global warming, Greenland ice sheet, Climate change, Glacier, GLACIAL ISOSTATIC-ADJUSTMENT, RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL PETERMANN GLACIER, ELEVATION CHANGE, SURFACE, GRACE, CLIMATE, MODEL, ACCELERATION, ANTARCTICA, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Glacier mass balance, 13. Climate action, Taverne, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Environmental science, Climate model, Ice sheet, F840 Physical Geography, Meltwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

ArticlePublished: 10 December 2019This is an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Nature Research are providing this early version of the manuscript as a service to our customers. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting and a proof review before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018The IMBIE TeamNature (2019)Cite this article6914 Accesses1410 AltmetricMetricsdetailsAbstractIn recent decades, the Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise1,2, and it is expected to be so in the future3. Although increases in glacier flow4–6 and surface melting7–9 have been driven by oceanic10–12 and atmospheric13,14 warming, the degree and trajectory of today’s imbalance remain uncertain. Here we compare and combine 26 individual satellite measurements of changes in the ice sheet’s volume, flow and gravitational potential to produce a reconciled estimate of its mass balance. Although the ice sheet was close to a state of balance in the 1990s, annual losses have risen since then, peaking at 335 ± 62 billion tonnes per year in 2011. In all, Greenland lost 3,800 ± 339 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2018, causing the mean sea level to rise by 10.6 ± 0.9 millimetres. Using three regional climate models, we show that reduced surface mass balance has driven 1,971 ± 555 billion tonnes (52%) of the ice loss owing to increased meltwater runoff. The remaining 1,827 ± 538 billion tonnes (48%) of ice loss was due to increased glacier discharge, which rose from 41 ± 37 billion tonnes per year in the 1990s to 87 ± 25 billion tonnes per year since then. Between 2013 and 2017, the total rate of ice loss slowed to 217 ± 32 billion tonnes per year, on average, as atmospheric circulation favoured cooler conditions15 and as ocean temperatures fell at the terminus of Jakobshavn Isbræ16. Cumulative ice losses from Greenland as a whole have been close to the IPCC’s predicted rates for their high-end climate warming scenario17, which forecast an additional 50 to 120 millimetres of global sea-level rise by 2100 when compared to their central estimate.

Published
2020
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3. Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica From the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions

Author

Melchior van Wessem, Eric Rignot, T. C. Sutterley, Felix W. Landerer, Isabella Velicogna, Michiel R. van den Broeke, David N. Wiese, Yara Mohajerani, Geruo A, Jeremie Mouginot, Brice Noël, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Glaciology, Glacier mass balance, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Peninsula, Data continuity, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, High mass, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Physical geography, Mass gain, Ice sheet, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; We examine data continuity between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow‐On (FO) missions over Greenland and Antarctica using independent data from the mass budget method, which calculates the difference between ice sheet surface mass balance and ice discharge at the periphery. For both ice sheets, we find consistent GRACE/GRACE‐FO time series across the data gap, at the continental and regional scales, and the data gap is confidently filled with mass budget method data. In Greenland, the GRACE‐FO data reveal an exceptional summer loss of 600 Gt in 2019 following two cold summers. In Antarctica, ongoing high mass losses in the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica cumulate to 2130, 560, and 370 Gt, respectively, since 2002. A cumulative mass gain of 980 Gt in Queen Maud Land since 2009, however, led to a pause in the acceleration in mass loss from Antarctica after 2016.

Published
2020
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4. Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017

Author

Ted Scambos, Richard I. Cullather, Helmut Rott, David N. Wiese, Valentina R. Barletta, Isabella Velicogna, Brice Noël, Jeremie Mouginot, Edward Hanna, Melchior van Wessem, W. Richard Peltier, Thomas Nagler, Alejandro Blazquez, Eric Rignot, Jennifer Bonin, Nadege Pie, Veit Helm, Bernd Scheuchl, Louise Sandberg-Sørensen, Brian Gunter, Ines Otosaka, Ben Smith, Denis Felikson, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Bryant D. Loomis, Cécile Agosta, Peter L. Langen, Wouter van der Wal, Christopher Harig, René Forsberg, Philip Moore, Giorgio Spada, Ernst Schrama, Alex S. Gardner, T. C. Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Daniele Melini, Xavier Fettweis, Andreas Groh, Gerhard Krinner, Bert Wouters, Sebastian H. Mernild, Kate Briggs, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Erik R. Ivins, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Johan Nilsson, Hannes Konrad, Nicole Schlegel, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Greg Babonis, Malcolm McMillan, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Ingo Sasgen, Lev Tarasov, Ki-Weon Seo, Lin Gilbert, Geruo A, Yara Mohajerani, Scott B. Luthcke, Gorka Moyano, Andrew Shepherd, Thomas Slater, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Roelof Rietbroek, Alexander Horvath, Hubert Gallée, Tony Payne, Willem Jan van de Berg, Martin Horwath, Alan Muir, Ian Joughin, Beata Csatho, Himanshu Save, Mark E. Pattle, Sophie Nowicki, Ludwig Schröder, Grace A. Nield, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Andrew Shepherd, Erik Ivin, Eric Rignot, Ben Smith, Michiel VDBroeke, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa Whitehouse, Kate Brigg, Ian Joughin, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Tony Payne, Ted Scambo, Nicole Schlegel, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas Ahlstrøm, Greg Baboni, Valentina Barletta, Alejandro Blazquez, Jennifer Bonin, Beata Csatho, Richard Cullather, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettwei, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallee, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Andreas Groh, Brian Gunter, Edward Hanna, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Alexander Horvath, Martin Horwath, Shfaqat Khan, Kristian Kjeldsen, Hannes Konrad, Peter Langen, Benoit Lecavalier, Bryant Loomi, Scott Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian Mernild, Yara Mohajerani, Philip Moore, Jeremie Mouginot, Gorka Moyano, Alan Muir, Thomas Nagler, Grace Nield, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noel, Ines Otosaka, Mark Pattle, William Peltier, Nadege Pie, Roelof Rietbroek, Helmut Rott, LouiseSandberg Sørensen, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu Save, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, KiWeon Seo, Sebastian Simonsen, Tom Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Lev Tarasov, Willem JVdeBerg, Wouter vanderWal, Melchior van Wessem, BramhaDutt Vishwakarma, David Wiese, Bert Wouters, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Antarctic ice sheet, NN, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Glacier mass balance, Peninsula, Taverne, SDG 13 - Climate Action, F890 Geographical and Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified, Sea level, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Post-glacial rebound, Balance (accounting), 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical geography, Tonne
Abstract

The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6 ± 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates of ice loss from West Antarctica to increase from 53 ± 29 billion to 159 ± 26 billion tonnes per year; ice-shelf collapse has increased the rate of ice loss from the Antarctic Peninsula from 7 ± 13 billion to 33 ± 16 billion tonnes per year. We find large variations in and among model estimates of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, with its average rate of mass gain over the period 1992–2017 (5 ± 46 billion tonnes per year) being the least certain.

Published
2018
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5. Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica From the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions.

Author

Velicogna, Isabella, Mohajerani, Yara, A, Geruo, Landerer, Felix, Mouginot, Jeremie, Noel, Brice, Rignot, Eric, Sutterley, Tyler, Broeke, Michiel, Wessem, Melchior, and Wiese, David

Subjects
MELTWATER, ICE sheets, CONTINUITY, TIME series analysis
Abstract

We examine data continuity between the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow‐On (FO) missions over Greenland and Antarctica using independent data from the mass budget method, which calculates the difference between ice sheet surface mass balance and ice discharge at the periphery. For both ice sheets, we find consistent GRACE/GRACE‐FO time series across the data gap, at the continental and regional scales, and the data gap is confidently filled with mass budget method data. In Greenland, the GRACE‐FO data reveal an exceptional summer loss of 600 Gt in 2019 following two cold summers. In Antarctica, ongoing high mass losses in the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica, the Antarctic Peninsula, and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica cumulate to 2130, 560, and 370 Gt, respectively, since 2002. A cumulative mass gain of 980 Gt in Queen Maud Land since 2009, however, led to a pause in the acceleration in mass loss from Antarctica after 2016. Key Points: We demonstrate data continuity of the GRACE and GRACE‐FO missions over Greenland and Antarctica using independent dataGRACE‐FO data capture a record‐high summer loss (600 Gt) in Greenland in 2019Mass gain in Queen Maud Land mitigate high losses in the Amundsen Sea, Peninsula, and Wilkes Land to pause the acceleration in mass loss [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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6. A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance

Author

Duncan A. Young, Julien P. Nicolas, Natalia Galin, Martin Horwath, David H. Bromwich, Andrew Shepherd, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Valentina R. Barletta, Ian Joughin, Michael J. Bentley, John Wahr, Jeremie Mouginot, Duncan J. Wingham, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Hamish D. Pritchard, Willem Jan van de Berg, Jilu Li, Antony J. Payne, Ted Scambos, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, S. S. Jacobs, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Isabella Velicogna, Scott B. Luthcke, Ernst Schrama, Glenn A. Milne, Eric Rignot, Rakia Meister, Malcolm McMillan, Ben Smith, Donghui Yi, Alan Muir, Aud Venke Sundal, Helmut Rott, Srinivas Bettadpur, Erik R. Ivins, Kate Briggs, Bernd Scheuchl, John Paden, Geruo A, H. Jay Zwally, Jan H. van Angelen, David G. Vaughan, Adrian Luckman, and Matt A. King

Subjects
geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mass distribution, Meteorology, Climate Change, Greenland, Antarctic Regions, Climate change, Glacier, Post-glacial rebound, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Snow, Geodesy, 01 natural sciences, Glacier mass balance, 13. Climate action, Geographic Information Systems, Ice Cover, Gravimetry, Ice sheet, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Warming and Melting Mass loss from the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica account for a large fraction of global sea-level rise. Part of this loss is because of the effects of warmer air temperatures, and another because of the rising ocean temperatures to which they are being exposed. Joughin et al. (p. 1172 ) review how ocean-ice interactions are impacting ice sheets and discuss the possible ways that exposure of floating ice shelves and grounded ice margins are subject to the influences of warming ocean currents. Estimates of the mass balance of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have differed greatly—in some cases, not even agreeing about whether there is a net loss or a net gain—making it more difficult to project accurately future sea-level change. Shepherd et al. (p. 1183 ) combined data sets produced by satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry to construct a more robust ice-sheet mass balance for the period between 1992 and 2011. All major regions of the two ice sheets appear to be losing mass, except for East Antarctica. All told, mass loss from the polar ice sheets is contributing about 0.6 millimeters per year (roughly 20% of the total) to the current rate of global sea-level rise.

Published
2012
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