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Addressing the imperative need for advancements in thermoelectric generation, this study pioneers an analysis of nanofluid-cooled solar segmented thermoelectric generators with non-uniform cross-sections. Insights into thermal management, structural integrity, and economic efficiency in thermoelectric systems are provided, employing a numerical model that accurately represents thermoelectric effects by accounting for temperature dependencies of semiconductor materials. Through research, exploration of diverse coolant strategies, including TiO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , Al 2 O 3 , and graphene, offers key insights into their impact on cooling dynamics. Findings demonstrate that graphene nanofluid, operating at a flow velocity of 2 m/s, outperforms others, achieving optimal power generation of 221.77 mW and an exergy efficiency of 8.99 %. Additionally, at a concentrated irradiance of 595 kWm−2, graphene leads in environmental benefits, with the highest CO 2 savings of 0.38 kgyr−1, and demonstrates economic advantages with a cost-effective dollar per mW value of 3.79×10−6 $mW−1. Furthermore, the study verifies the structural integrity of these systems, with graphene achieving an optimal von Mises stress of 1.35 GPa at a semiconductor height of 0.2 mm. These advancements contribute to environmentally friendly and high-performance generators for sustainable energy solutions, paving the way for future innovations in thermoelectric technology. • Graphene nanofluid yields 221.77 mW power and 8.99 % exergy efficiency at 2 m/s. • At 595 kWm−2, graphene saves highest CO 2 of 0.38 kgyr−1. • Optimal von Mises stress of 1.35 GPa at 0.2 mm leg height • Minimized cost of electric power is 3.79×10−6 $mW−1. • Non-uniform TEGs assessed for sustainable, efficient energy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the significance of renewable energy generation has increased and photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV-TE) technologies have emerged as a promising solution. However, the incorporation of these technologies still faces difficulties in energy storage and optimization. This review paper addresses these challenges by providing a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in PV-TE technologies. The paper emphasizes the integration of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage, also buttressing the use of encapsulated PCM for thermal storage and efficiency, and the use of hybrid PCM to enhance overall performance. Furthermore, reviews on the use of machine learning techniques for efficient optimization and the integration of thermoelectric modules into tandem perovskite silicon solar cells have been comprehensively analyzed. The advancements in photovoltaic-thermoelectric systems, as reviewed in this article, signify significant progress in attaining sustainable and effective energy production and storage. This review comprehensively addresses the 4Es, underlining their importance. It not only consolidates recent developments but also charts a path for future research in the field of PV-TE technologies, offering precise insights to guide upcoming studies and innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents groundbreaking advancements in sustainable power through a comprehensive exploration of double-stage segmented thermoelectric generators (DSSTEGs) optimized for efficient solar energy conversion. Specifically comparing DSSTEGs with other solar thermoelectric generator (STEG) configurations through geometry parametric optimization, we elucidate the intricate interplay between material properties and design parameters using a finite element method-driven numerical approach. The focus is on achieving 4E optimization (energy, exergy, environmental, and economic factors). Our results demonstrate that a skutterudite content of 6.17% maximizes DSSTEG performance, showcasing its superiority over conventional STEGs. The optimized DSSTEG excels with remarkable CO 2 savings of 23.78 kgyr−1 and an impressive high output power of 50.08 W at the optimal skutterudite content. Moreover, the DSSTEG design demonstrates a balanced cost-effectiveness with an outstanding $0.05 per watt output, surpassing conventional STEGs' cost-efficiency. These findings offer a pragmatic framework for integrating innovative materials and optimized designs in concentrated solar energy applications, signifying a significant stride in the field of thermoelectric generators. The pivotal role of materials and design in defining and optimizing performance for enhanced solar energy conversion is highlighted, propelling the path towards a more sustainable and efficient energy future. • Optimized DSSTEGs for efficient solar energy conversion. • Skutterudite content at 6.17% maximizes DSSTEG performance. • CO 2 savings of 23.78 kgyr−1 achieved with optimal parameters. • High output power of 50.08 W at optimal skutterudite content. • Balanced cost-effectiveness with $0.05 per watt output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the Concentrated Solar Two-Stage Segmented Thermoelectric Generator (TSTEG) for efficient solar energy conversion. Through numerical optimization, the TSTEG's geometry parameters are fine-tuned to maximize performance under varying solar irradiances and heat transfer coefficients. A comprehensive 4E analysis evaluates key performance indicators: power output, exergy efficiency, entropy generation, CO 2 savings per year, and dollar per watt. The results reveal optimized parameters, unlocking the TSTEG's full potential. The system achieves remarkable power generation of 41.12 W at a concentrated solar flux of 95 kWm−2, with a heat transfer coefficient of 4 kWm−2 K−1. Significant CO 2 savings of 19.53 kgyr−1 are achieved. Furthermore, the peak exergy efficiency of 9.52% was attained at a concentrated solar flux of 20 kWm−2 and optimal semiconductor cross-sectional area of 0.01 mm2. Moreover, for optimal economic operation, the lowest dollar per watt value of 0.16 $/W is obtained at an optimal skutterudite amount of 92.59% under 40 kWm−2. These findings highlight the TSTEG's capacity for efficient power production and substantial carbon dioxide reduction, demonstrating its potential for sustainable and environmentally-friendly energy generation. • Proposed TEG achieves 41.12 W power output and 19.53 kgyr−1 CO 2 savings at 95 kWm−2 flux. • Exergy efficiency of 9.52% at 20 kWm−2 flux and 0.01 mm2 cross-sectional area. • Optimal skutterudite content and flux gives economic viability of 0.16 $W−1 cost. • Parameter optimization enhances 4E performance. • Insights for designing efficient and sustainable solar energy systems are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]