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The global energy landscape is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, increased regulatory pressures, and rising stakeholder expectations. This study aims to explore the impact of ESG integration on the financial performance of Pertamina Geothermal Energy (PGE), a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (Persero), which plays an important role in the energy transition in Indonesia. This study uses secondary data from financial statements, prospectuses, annual reports, and information from the PGE website. In addition, historical data on the stock prices of power generation companies and comparative analysis of the industry are used. The analysis was carried out using the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method to calculate the intrinsic value of the company, as well as an assessment of sustainability policies, community engagement programs, and improvement of corporate governance. The results show that ESG integration has a positive impact on PGE's sales growth, profitability, and return on investment. Improved sustainability policies, community engagement programs, and corporate governance contribute significantly to better financial performance. The integration of ESG principles in PGE not only improves financial performance but also shows that sustainability and profitability can go hand in hand. These findings provide valuable insights for the broader energy sector, suggesting that ESG integration can drive positive change and facilitate an era where financial growth and environmental responsibility complement each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy is calling for the rapid use of already-developed renewable energies. However, the successful implementation of those new fuels is limited by economic and political issues. For instance, in the Brandenburg region, Germany, biogas production from anaerobic digestion of biomass and wastes is a current alternative. However, the upgrading biogas to biomethane is still challenging and the economic viability is unknown. Therefore, we performed an economic analysis for biogas upgrading to biomethane in the Brandenburg region. Five biogas plant sizes were analyzed by the method of discounted cash flow. This method yields the net present value of the projects, thus revealing the profitability or non-profitability of the plants. Results indicate profitable outputs for medium and large plants, with net present values between 415 and 7009 k€. However, the smallest plants have net present values from -4250 to -3389 k€, thus needing further economic efforts or subsidies to reach profitability. Indeed, biomethane prices should range between 52.1 and 95.6 €/MWh to make these projects profitable. Combinations of 50% of investment subsidized and 11.5 €/MWh feed-in tariffs subsidies could make the projects reach profitability. These findings reveal that political actions such as green policies and subsidies are needed to implement green energy. This case study should serve as a potential tool for policy-makers toward a sustainable bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments in renewable energy resources have become inevitable due to increasing energy demand and energy prices, diminishing non-renewable energy resources, and the outgrowth of carbon footprints. Photovoltaic (PV) systems offer high solar energy potential in sustainable energy production whereas their high initial costs necessitate critical strategic valuation of investments. Valuation with conventional methods has been challenging due to existence of uncertainties such as fluctuating PV panel prices, changing meteorological conditions with certain effects on power generation, and governmental policies on energy market regulations. This study aims to propose a real options approach to valuation of residential rooftop PV system investments considering these uncertainties and demonstrate benefits of this approach with an application on the residential PV investment decisions in Turkey. The proposed method, Real Options Valuation (ROV) with Least-Squares Monte Carlo Simulation (LSMC) considers the deferral option of the investor by utilizing stochastic simulations, the discounted cash flow method, linear regression, and backward dynamic programming and thus evaluates the effects of uncertainties on financial attractiveness of residential PV investments. The case study findings proved that ROV with LSMC having a 7-years deferral option supported the investment decision with realizable cost-effective options while "NPV method" resulted in an infeasible investment. Scenario analysis was also conducted to explore policy options that can be used to promote solar energy investments in Turkey. This study has a potential to have practical contributions for investors as well as implications for policy-makers. [Display omitted] • Considering strategic value of flexibility for investment time with deferral option. • Handling uncertainties using stochastic simulations. • ROV method can prevent faulty rejection of investments with classical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines the roles of biomethane for a double-green transition, through the integration of an effective management of renewable energy and municipal waste. The authors perform an assessment of the potential transition of the municipality of Rome to a more sustainable transport system, based on the economic feasibility of production of biomethane as analysed with the Discounted Cash Flow methodology. The potential reduction of emissions is quantified considering biomethane, to be used as vehicle fuel instead of natural gas. The provision of subsidies is found to be an essential condition to support the development of the biomethane sector. The subsidies must be coordinated with other policies such as the construction and operation of new fuelling stations and the increase of vehicles fuelled by biomethane. Several economic indicators are used to support investors by defining the conditions in which the profitability and economic opportunities are quantified. The transformation of bio-wastes into clean energy, closes the loop and helps societies to make progress toward becoming circular economies, which can contribute to decarbonizing the transport sector. Results of these analyses are applicable in other municipalities, which are currently under-utilizing their organic wastes and by-products. Image 1 • Biomethane supports the development of CE models. • Biomethane can contribute to a double green transition.. • A total NPV varies from 4.6 million € to 63.3 million €. • Do Nothing cost varies from 365 thousand € to 2872 thousand €. • The decrease of GHG emissions ranges from 43 to 51 thousand ton CO2eq/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large-scale hydrogen supply chain is an alternative for the transportation of energy generated from a renewable energy source. Utilizing this technology would drastically improve the generation of clean energy. Therefore, an analysis method to estimate the economic and environmental benefits of the introduction of a hydrogen supply chain using an existing pipeline is developed. The proposed method first estimates the energy and exergy flows in the system to calculate the overall efficiency of these quantities. Afterward, the payback period is estimated based on the overall energy efficiency using the discounted cash flow (DCF) method. The overall efficiency of the system, based on the energy analysis presented, would seem to be the final delivered electrical, fuel and useable heat energy delivered to end use divided by the input solar and wind energy. Furthermore, the environmental effects due to the introduction of the systems are evaluated considering the reduction of global warming and air pollution gases, such as CO 2 and PM2.5. The proposed analysis method was applied considering a natural gas pipeline that connects Qinghai and Shanghai. As a result, conversion ratios of 24.9% for electricity and 17.5% for heat were achieved, with the overall efficiency of the system of 42.4% based on the electricity obtained from photovoltaics. 3.02 Gt of CO 2 , 104 kt of SO x , and 134 kt of NO x , which represent 3.3%, 0.5%, and 0.6% of the annual discharge in China, respectively, and 8.66 kt of PM2.5 would be reduced every year. Furthermore, a reduction of 953 Mt in coal consumption is expected. The payback period of the proposed system using the DCF method is 4.17 and 2.28 years for the two alternatives evaluated in this work. The cash flow of the DCF is influenced by installation cost and operation cost of equipment. • Introductory method of a hydrogen supply chain using gas pipeline was shown. • Economic and environmental benefits were clarified from the energy flow. • Potentiality of a large-scale clean energy using hydrogen was suggested. • Gas pipeline currently installed between Qinghai and Shanghai was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose is a promising biopolymer compound which is produced from pulp. However, the traditional approaches do not produce it in an energy efficient and sustainable way. The production of nanocellulose through moderate refining and froth flotation has the potential to reduce the traditional nanocellulose production cost. This technoeconomic analysis explores the financial profitability of using moderate refining followed by enhanced froth flotation technology at pilot scale (best case scenario) to produce nanocellulose in an affordable and sustainable way. With a 100% nanocellulose yield, the yearly the operational cost was $7312 AUD/ton nanocellulose for the best-case scenario. The 25-year NPV coming from discounted cumulative cash flow rate for best case scenario is approximately 9.5 million AUD (profit). From the sensitivity analysis it was revealed that the key driver behind profitability of nanocellulose production is Capital Cost and Labour cost. Lastly four different case scenarios are explored to examine the economic viability for commercial scale nanocellulose production. For a similar level of nanocellulose pulp quality development, there is an energy savings of approximately 5000 kWh/t (aspect ratio), 2000 kWh/t (fines) and 15,000 kWh/t (volumetric specific surface) in moderate refining combined with enhanced flotation at bench scale, when compared with extensive refining stand alone. There is minimal or no energy savings when flotation is used at a laboratory scale. Technoeconomic assessment for nanocellulose production at pilot scale was evaluated and compared with that of bench scale and it was revealed that moderate refining followed with flotation at pilot scale is most economical. The high ROI of 175.3% and NPV of $9.5 million for moderate refining along with flotation at pilot scale demonstrates flotation technology is worth investing for nanocellulose production at pilot scale. [Display omitted] • Bench vs pilot scale comparison for nanocellulose production. • Harnessing the energy saving and financial profitability of flotation technology. • Capital expenditure and Labour Operating cost are major economic factors. • Enhanced bench scale flotation is energy efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gasification has been promoted as a sophisticated clean energy technology alternative to coal burning these days. Aside from the usual technical difficulties, economic issues of such projects—especially valuation challenges—are important problems that practitioners usually struggle with. This is because of the major extent of managerial flexibility linked with specific characteristics of coal gasification projects, in particular, possibilities to mothball/restart manufacturing lines, or change between different outputs. The value of such flexibilities may be well assessed by real options valuations. The aim of this paper is to show that for the coal gasification technologies the real options valuation is more suitable than traditional discounted cash flow technique. This approach was applied to calculate an integrated plant that can produce either electricity or methanol. As the valuation approach the multiplicative stochastic process was used. As a consequence, binomial lattices of end-product (electricity and methanol) were developed. Then, in regard to them (reference instruments), two corresponding lattices of net cash flows (consecutive instruments) were created. In the end, two trees of switching option value were developed—one for electricity production as an initial mode, and the second for methanol production, delivering expanded net present (strategic) value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]