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Family Clathrinidae Minchin, 1900 Genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 Diagnosis. Calcinea in which the cormus comprises anastomosed tubes. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or parasagittal triactines, to which diactines and tripods may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system (from Azevedo et al. 2015)., Published as part of Sim-Smith, Carina, Hickman, Cleveland & Kelly, Michelle, 2021, New shallow-water sponges (Porifera) from the Galápagos Islands, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 5012 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5012.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5158062, {"references":["Minchin, E. A. (1900) Chapter III. Sponges. In: Lankester, E. R. (Ed.), A Treatise on Zoology. Part II. The Porifera and Coelenterata. Vol. 2. Adam & Charles Black, London, pp. 1 - 178.","Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558.","Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Willenz, P., Hajdu, E., Hooker, Y. & Klautau, M. (2015) Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from the Peruvian coast: morphology, molecules, and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173, 787 - 817. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12213"]}

The Western Indian Ocean Province is reckoned for its rich marine diversity; however, sponges of the Mascarene Islands ecoregion are still poorly known. In La Réunion, only three species of class Calcarea have been registered. Hence, calcareous sponges were searched in seven sites representing various habitats of the Western coast of La Réunion, but found in only three of them. A total of 23 sponge samples was identified using morphological and molecular taxonomy. This sampling represents 11 species, all new records for the region, and seven of them are new to science: Ascandra mascarenica sp. nov., A. oceanusvitae sp. nov., Janusya indica gen. et sp. nov., Leucascus tenuispinae sp. nov., Lelapiella tertia sp. nov., Soleneiscus intermedius sp. nov. and Leucandra ornata sp. nov.; and a new genus, Janusya gen. nov.. Based on results from this and from previous studies, we propose the synonymization of the order Murrayonida with Clathrinida. A very low sampling effort has thus increased the number of calcareous sponge species from the Mascarenes Islands ecoregion by 69 % and from La Réunion by 367%.

GENUS JANUSYA GEN. NOV. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7F1DD58A-C896-4DF1-9DDC-817B4D30E400. Type species: Janusya indica sp. nov. Etymology: The new genus is dedicated to Jean Vacelet, who is affectionately known as Janus, in recognition for all his work on Porifera, including calcareous sponges. Diagnosis: Calcinea in which the cormus comprises a typical clathroid body. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or subregular triactines and tetractines. Tetractines are less abundant than triactines, sometimes even rare, but they always have needle-like apical actines. Diactines may be added. The aquiferous system is asconoid., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Tavares, Gabriela & P��rez, Thierry, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from R��union Island, Indian Ocean, pp. 671-725 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on page 682, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab014, http://zenodo.org/record/6354284

JANUSYA INDICA SP. NOV. (FIGS 5, 6; TABLE 2) Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 79DA23AC-B3EE-42B0-8BB3-1DA5F592AF9A. Etymology: Named in reference to the type locality located in the Indian Ocean. Diagnosis: Yellowish to beige Janusya in which the cormus is incrusting to globulose, formed by regular and tightly anastomosed tubes with long, apical, water-collecting tube. The skeleton contains fusiform diactines, trichoxeas, triactines and rare tetractines. Type locality: Passe de l���Hermitage, La R��union, Indian Ocean. Type material: Holotype ��� UFRJPOR 8945 (= 171109- PAE2 - TP20). Paratype ��� UFRJPOR 8932 (= 171109- PAE2 - TP6). Passe de l���Hermitage Reef, La R��union, Indian Ocean, coll. T. P��rez, 9 November 2017, 18��� 20 m depth. A d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l e x a m i n e d: U F R J P O R 8 9 3 1 (= 1 7 1 1 0 9- PA E2 -T P 5), U F R J P O R 8 9 4 0 (= 171109-PAE2-TP16). Passe de l���Hermitage Reef, La R��union, Indian Ocean, coll. T. P��rez, 9 November 2017, 18��� 20 m depth. Colour: Sponge yellowish beige in life (Fig. 5A, B) and light brown in ethanol (Fig. 5C, D). Morphology and anatomy: Sponge incrusting to globulose (Fig. 5). Cormus clathroid, formed by regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 5). One or few apical oscula, surrounded by membrane (Fig. 5A). The osculum is a long water-collecting tube, i.e. a larger tube with osculum that receives the water from several other thinner tubes. Underneath the osculum of globulose specimens, there is a cavity that is not lined by a continuous membrane. Cells with yellow granules are present and distributed homogeneously in the mesohyl of the specimens UFRJPOR 8945 and UFRJPOR 8932 (Fig. 6A, B, respectivelly). The aquiferous system is asconoid and the skeleton is composed of diactines, trichoxeas, triactines and rare tetractines (Fig. 6C���F)., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Tavares, Gabriela & P��rez, Thierry, 2022, Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from R��union Island, Indian Ocean, pp. 671-725 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on page 682, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab014, http://zenodo.org/record/6354284

Six Indo-Pacific sponges are recorded for the first time from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Agelas ceylonica sensu Thomas, 1981, Axinella donnani (Bowerbank, 1873), Dragmacidon australe (Bergquist, 1970), Siphonodictyon maldiviense (Calcinai, Cerrano, Sarà & Bavestrello, 2000), Clathrina clara Klautau & Valentine, 2003 and Plakortis bergquistae Muricy, 2011. Among them, D. australe, S. maldiviense and P. bergquistae are indeed new records to India. These findings not only represent new additions to sponge fauna of India, but also highlight the importance of markedly overlooked sponge diversity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Clathrina clara Klautau & Valentine, 2003 (Figures 6 A–D) Synonymy: Clathrina clara Klautau & Valentine 2003: 46–47, fig. 39; Veena and Laxmilatha 2011: 2–3, fig.1, 2 Material examined: 1 specimen, ZSI/ANRC–20973, September 15, 2017, Rutland Island (site I), South Andaman, Coll. Preeti Pereira. Description: Encrusting on the undersurface of rocks shaded from sunlight; the specimen examined comprised a thin network of loosely anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes are present, with raised oscula (0.5 cm high and 1cm wide); specimen colour white when alive and on preservation (Fig. 6A); consistency soft and fragile. Spicules: The spicules are equiangular and equiradiate triactines in two size categories (Fig. 6B); actines smooth, conical, with sharp ends. Larger triactines (Fig. 6C) measuring 154.8–213.2–275.4 × 21.5–24.9– 31.2 µm, smaller triactines (Fig. 6D) measuring 60.6–97.2–130.1 × 3.3–6.6– 9.2 µm. Distribution: Clathrina clara is being reported for the first time from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Andaman province. Originally described by Klautau & Valentine (2003) from Christmas Island, Java Transitional province, this species has been known from Vishakapatnam, Bay of Bengal province (Veena & Laxmilatha 2011). Clathrina clara is an Indo-Pacific species and its distribution range is restricted to the Central-west Indo-Pacific realm. Remarks: At present, Clathrina clara is known only from a single specimen from South Andaman. The specimen reported herein has retained its colour on preservation in isopropyl alcohol as opposed to colour change from white to brown in holotype as noted by Klautau & Valentine (2003)., Published as part of Pereira, Preeti & Raghunathan, Chelladurai, 2020, New records of Indo-Pacific sponges from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands India, pp. 81-97 in Zootaxa 4894 (4) on pages 90-91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4315490, {"references":["Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003) Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Veena, S. & Laxmilatha, P. (2011) Clathrina clara (Calcarea: Clathrinida: Clathrinidae) as foulers on onshore farmed oysters (Pinctada fucata). Marine Biodiversity Records, 2011, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000893"]}

Clathrina huahineae sp. nov. (Fig 4; Table 4) Synonym. Clathrina sp. nov. 5, Klautau et al. 2013: 449. Etymology. From the type locality (Huahine Island). Type locality. Fare. Huahine Island, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6461 = MNHN-IP- 2018-32 — Huahine Island, Society Islands, Station SH 02 (16° 42.596’ S– 151° 02.640’ W), depth: 14 m, coll. C. Debitus, 20/VIII/2009, P99. Teavonae (Takaroa). Avatoru (Rangiroa). Mehetia. French Polynesia. Paratype: UFRJPOR 6886 = MNHN-IP- 2018-51 — Mehetia, Society Islands, Station SME02 (17°53.110’ S– 148°04.454’ W), depth: 16 m, coll. E. Folcher, 26/IV/2011, P228– SME02. Other material: UFRJPOR 6879 = MNHN-IP- 2018-44 — Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TTAK01 (14°27.717’ S– 145°02.356’ W), depth: 12 m, coll. D. Fleurisson, 14/ V /2011, P228- TTAK01. UFRJPOR 6880 = MNHN-IP- 2018-45 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAN07 (14°56.215’ S– 147°42.024’ W), depth: 30 m, coll. A. Renaud, 24/ V /2011, P228- TRAN07. UFRJPOR 8954 = MNHN-IP- 2018-63 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAR15 (16°09.586’ S 142°31.998’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. M. Dumas, 07/XI/2018, P667- TRAR15. UFR- JPOR 8957 = MNHN-IP- 2018-66 — Makemo, Tuamotu Islands, Station TMAK09 (16°38.948’ S– 143°33.333’ W), depth: 23 m, coll. S. Petek, 08/XI/2018, P671- TMAK09. Diagnosis. Yellow Clathrina with large and loosely anastomosed tubes, water-collecting tubes and triactines with very thin, cylindrical actines and rounded to blunt tips. Colour. Yellow alive and beige in ethanol (Fig 4A). Morphology and anatomy. The cormus of this species is massive but delicate, formed by large, irregular, and loosely anastomosed tubes. Large water-collecting tubes are present. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of two size categories of triactines (Fig B). The triactines I are smaller (Fig 4C) and the triactines II are larger and more abundant (Fig 4D). Spicules (Table 4) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical, with sharp tips (Fig 4C). Size: 65/ 7.1 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate), subregular or parasagittal. Actines are cylindrical, very thin, with rounded to blunt tips (Fig 4D). The spicules with rounded tips seem to be larger. Frequently actines are undulated. Size: 142.4/ 7.5 µm. Geographical distribution. Huahine Island, Society Islands; Teavonae (Takaroa); Avatoru (Rangiroa); Mehetia; Takaroa, Tuamotu Islands; Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands. Remarks. According to our molecular analysis, Clathrina huahineae sp. nov. is sister species of the Tropical Western Atlantic species C. mutabilis Azevedo et al., 2017. They are morphologically very similar. Both are yellow and formed by large, loose and irregularly anastomosed tubes and present water-collecting tubes. Besides, they have two kinds of spicules, a regular small triactine with conical actines and sharp tips, which is less abundant, and an abundant regular, subregular or parasagittal large triactine with cylindrical actines. Their only morphological differences are the post-fixation colour, which is white in C. mutabilis and beige in C. huahineae sp. nov., and the tip of the triactines II, which are blunt to rounded in the new species and blunt to sharp in C. mutabilis. We also found a slight difference in the size of the spicules, thicker in C. mutabilis (Holotype, UFRJPOR 6526—Triactine I: 56.7–69.8–91.8/ 8.1–8.4– 9.5 µm; Triactine II: 94.5–121.7–148.5/ 6.8–8.1– 9.5 µm). The other species of Clathrina morphologically similar to the new species are C. beckingae Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 and C. purpurea Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015. Unfortunately, they could not be molecularly compared because there are no ITS sequences available of those species. Both C. beckingae and C. purpurea have cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, water-collecting tubes and triactines with very thin cylindrical actines (6 µm). Those species are from Indonesia and can be differentiated from C. huahineae sp. nov. by the colour, which is yellow in our species, white in C. beckingae and reddish purple in C. purpurea (Van Soest & De Voogd 2015). Besides, C. purpurea does not have water-collecting tubes and C. beckingae has smaller spicules (48.0–84.9–106.0/ 6.0 µm)., Published as part of Klautau, Michelle, Lopes, Matheus Vieira, Guarabyra, Bruna, Folcher, Eric, Ekins, Merrick & Debitus, Cécile, 2020, Calcareous sponges from the French Polynesia (Porifera: Calcarea), pp. 261-295 in Zootaxa 4748 (2) on page 271, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4748.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3698777, {"references":["Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, C. A. M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53, 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039","Van Soest, R. W. N. & De Voogd, N. J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3951.1.1"]}

Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. (Fig 5, Table 5) Etymology. From the Latin “variabilis” (varied, changeable), due to its variable spicule shape. Type locality. Rairoa, Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 8963 = MNHN-IP- 2018-56 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar08 (16°02.831’ S 142°25.701’ W), depth: 17 m, coll. M. Dumas, 05/XI/2018, P455- TRAR08. Paratype: UFR- JPOR 8918 = MNHN-IP- 2018-59 — Raivavae, Australes Islands, Station ARAI07 (23°53.282’ S– 147°40.902’ W), depth: 6 m, coll. C. Debitus, 23/III/2013, P455. Other material. UFRJPOR 8962 = MNHN-IP- 2018-71 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station TRAR02 (16°01.99’ S 142°25.565’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. CS. Petek, 04/XI/2018, P455- TRAR02. UFRJPOR 8964 = MNHN-IP- 2018-42 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar09 (16°02.074’ S 142°25.701’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. V. Bouvot, 05/XI/2018, P455- TRAR09. UFRJPOR 8965 = MNHN-IP- 2018- 52 — Raroia, Tuamotu Islands, Station trar12 (16°00.896’ S 142°25.323’ W), depth: 20 m, coll. M. Dumas, 06/ XI/2018, P455- TRAR12. Diagnosis. Yellow Ernstia with spherical cormus and thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. A single long osculum atop of and atrial cavity. Skeleton composed of two categories of triactines and tetractines, mainly differentiated by shape and size. Aquiferous system solenoid. Colour. Yellow alive and light brown in ethanol (Fig 5A). Morphology and anatomy. Cormus spherical to subspherical formed by thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Figs 5A, B). There is usually one long apical osculum (Fig 5C), with a continuous endopinacoderm lining the atrial cavity. Aquiferous system solenoid. The skeleton is composed of two categories of triactines, two of tetractines, and trichoxeas (Fig 5D). The apical actines of the tetractines project into the tubes lumen and atrial cavity. The size of triactines II and tetractines II is different depending on the regions of the sponge: the spicules in the oscular region are noticeably larger than the spicules in the other parts of the body. Due to its transitional changes from osculum to choanosome, we consider it the same variable category. Tetractines occur in higher frequencies than triactines. Spicules (Table 5) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and smaller than triactines II. This category ressembles a young spicule on formation, but due to its relatively abundance, we considered it as a category apart. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 5E). Size: 41.4/ 5.3 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and very abundant. Actines vary highly in shape and size. Spicules from the oscular region are usually cylindrical, ondulated and larger, with blunt tips. Spicules from choanosome are slightly conical to conical and straight, with blunt to slightly sharp tips (Fig 5E). Size: 94.3/ 6.9 µm. Tetractines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and smaller than tetractines II. This category ressembles a young spicule on formation, but due to its relatively abundance, we considered it as a category apart. Actines are conical with sharp tips. The apical actine is cylindrical, the same size of basal actines, sharp, smooth, and frequently curved (Fig 5G). Size: 43.0/ 5.1 µm (basal actine); 39.1/ 4.1 µm (apical actine). Tetractines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and very abundant. Actines vary highly in shape and size. Spicules from the oscular region are usually cylindrical, ondulated and larger, with blunt tips. Spicules from choanosome are slightly conical to conical and straight, with blunt to slightly sharp tips (Fig 5F). The apical actine is cylindrical, very long, sharp, smooth, and frequently curved (Fig 5G). Size: 90.6 / 7.0 µm (basal actine); 51.9/ 4.7 µm (apical actine). Geographical distribution. Raroia, Tuamotu Islands and Raivavae, Australes Islands (present work). Remarks. Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. formed a very well supported clade (100% bootstrap) with E. pyrum Sanamyan et al., 2019 and E. citrea Azevedo et al., 2017. The three species are morphologically almost identical, all of them having a spherical yellow cormus formed by tight and regularly anastomosed tubes, long apical osculum and solenoid aquiferous system. Although in the original description of E. citrea it was said that this species has asconoid aquiferous system, we re-analised it and found the membrane of pinacocytes surrounding the atrium, proving that its aquiferous system is solenoid, as Sanamyan et al. (2019) had observed for E. pyrum. We are describing E. variabilis sp. nov. as possessing two categories of triactine and two of tetractines. Re-analysing E. citrea, we think it has also these categories, though in the original description it was considered as having only one category of tri- and one of tetractines. The same can be considered for E. pyrum, if we take into account the size variation of the spicules and look at the original pictures (Sanamyan et al. 2019). Therefore, these three species can be distinguished only by slight differences in the size of their spicules. Ernstia variabilis sp. nov. has spicules thicker than those of E. citrea [Holotype—Triactine: 81.3 (4.3)/ 10.4 (0.7), Tetractine: 82.4 (6.2)/ 10.4 (1.1)] (to compare with Table 5). Ernstia pyrum has a little thicker spicules [Holotype—Triactine—surface and choanosome: 74.8 (14.4)/ 6.9, Triactine—atrial membrane: 83.7 (22.1)/ 7.9, Tri- actine—osculum: 103.9 (30.5)/ 6.9 (1.0), Tetractine—surface and choanosome: 73.6 (13.7)/ 6.6, Tetractine—atrial membrane: 94.1 (24.5)/ 7.4)] (to compare with Table 5). Hence, the three species are almost cryptic, however, we decided to distinguish them based on the molecular tree (Fig 13). In the tree, although the three species form a very well supported clade (100% bootstrap), E. citrea and E. variabilis sp. nov. form two well supported clades (99% and 100% bootstrap, respectively). As E. variabilis sp. nov. is the third species of the genus with solenoid aquiferous system, we proposed an emendation to the current diagnosis: Calcinea in which the cormus comprises a typical clathroid body. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or sagittal triactines and tetractines. Tetractines are the most abundant spicules or occur at least in the same proportion as the triactines. Tetractines frequently have very thin (needle-like) apical actines. Diactines may be added. Asconoid or solenoid aquiferous system (Klautau et al. 2013).

Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov. (Fig 3, Table 3) Etymology. From the type locality (Fakarava) Type locality. Maruka (Fakarava). Tuheiava (Tikehau). Avatoru (Rangiroa) Tuamotu Islands. French Polynesia. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 6884 = MNHN-IP- 2018-49 — Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands, station TRAN05 (14°56.481’ S– 147°51.752’ W), depth: 24 m, coll. E. Folcher, 23/V/2011, P322. Paratype: UFRJPOR 6873 = MNHN-IP- 2018-38 — Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands, Station TFAK08 (16°08.230’ S– 145°49.323’ W), depth: 15 m, coll. A. Renaud, 19/ V /2011, P305˗ TFAK08. Other material: UFRJPOR 6875 = MNHN-IP- 2018-40 — Tikehau, Tuamotu Islands, station TTIK03 (14°59.629’ S– 148°16.922’ W), depth: 40 m, coll. E. Folcher, 29/ V /2011, P305˗ TTIK03. Diagnosis. White Clathrina with large and loosely anastomosed tubes, no water-collecting tubes and three categories of triactines: conical, slightly conical and cylindrical. Colour. White alive and beige to light yellow in ethanol (Fig 3A). Morphology and anatomy. The cormus of this species is formed by large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes but in some regions the anastomosis is very tight, giving an appearance of a continuous membrane. Watercollecting tubes were not observed. Aquiferous system asconoid. The skeleton is composed of two categories of triactines, one cylindrical to slightly conical (the most abundant) and the other conical (Fig 3B). Spicules (Table 3) Triactines I. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical with sharp tips (Fig 3E). Size: 95.7/ 7.2 µm. Triactines II. Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). These spicules are larger. Actines are conical with sharp tips (Fig 3D). Size: 159.8/ 12.3 µm. Geographical distribution. Rangiroa, Tuamotu Islands; Fakarava, Tuamotu Islands; Tikehau, Tuamotu Islands. Remarks. Although the tight anastomosis of the tubes in some parts of the cormus gives the impression of a begining of a continuous membrane formation, there is no cavity (pseudoatrium), therefore, it could not be an Ascaltis. As it seems to us that there is no true continuous membrane, we consider we have a true Clathrina, perhaps with a beginning of cortex formation (cortical membrane). Unfortunately, for this species we were not able to get DNA sequence. Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov. has two categories of triactines (cylindrical to slightly conical and conical) and white cormus formed by irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes without water-collecting tubes, hence, we compared it with: C. rotundata Voigt et al., 2017 and C. zelinhae Azevedo et al., 2017. Clathrina rotundata, however, has also parasagittal triactines and actines with rounded tips, while the new species has always regular spicules with sharp tips. Clathrina zelinhae has tightly anastomosed tubes and the difference between the size of its conical and cylindrical spicules is much larger than in C. fakaravae sp. nov. [C. fakaravae sp. nov. —Triactines with cylindrical actines: 95.7 (±7.2)/ 7.2 (±1.5) µm; Triactines with conical actines: 159.8 (±13.2)/ 12.3 (±1.4) µm; C. zelinhae (holotype)—Triactines with cylindrical actines: 95.8 (±5.4)/ 3.9 (±1.0) µm; Triactines with conical actines: 271.1 (±13.2)/ 20.8 (±2.2) µm]. Therefore, our specimens constitute a new species for science.

WOS:000518678100003; Although the French Polynesian reefs are among the most well studied reefs of the world, sponges are still poorly known, with only 199 species or OTUs of sponges having been described from French Polynesia, 167 at an OTU level and 32 at a species level. From those 199 species, just five are calcareous sponges. As it is possible that this number is underestimated, the aim of the present work was to study the diversity of calcareous sponges from French Polynesia. Hence, different French Polynesian archipelagos were surveyed by SCUBA from 3 to 60 m of depth. Identifications were performed using morphological and molecular (ITS and C-LSU) tools. We found a total of nine species of Calcarea, comprising five different genera. Five species are new to science: Clathrina fakaravae sp. nov., Clathrina huahineae sp. nov., Ernstia variabilis sp. nov., Leucascus digitiformis sp. nov., and Leucandra tahuatae sp. nov. With the present work, the number of identified sponges from French Polynesia at a species level increased from 32 to 41. The only calcareous sponge previously known from French Polynesia that was recollected by our group was Leucetta chagosensis. Our results suggest that the Eastern Indo-Pacific Realm shows more affinity with the Central and the Western Indo-Pacific Realms Four species supported these affinities: Ascandra cf. crewsi, previously known only from Papua New Guinea, Leucascus simplex from South Australia, and Leucetta chagosensis and L. microraphis, both widespread species in the Indo-Pacific. These two Leucetta species, however, most likely represent species complexes. Once again the molecular markers ITS and C-LSU helped in the identification of calcareous sponges, showing how important is an integrative taxonomy. Although our work has increased in 250% (6 spp to 15 spp) the diversity of calcareous sponges in French Polynesia, it is most possible that this number is still underestimated.

Sanamyan, Karen, Sanamyan, Nadya, Martynov, Alexander, Korshunova, Tatiana (2019): A new species of Ernstia (Porifera: Calcarea) described from marine aquarium. Zootaxa 4603 (1): 192-200, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4603.1.11

Ernstia pyrum sp. nov. (Figures 1–3, Table 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1B70AF30-D9DB-42CF-98AE-173D1D0776C4 Material examined. Holotype: ZIN 11879, marine aquarium, on “live stones” imported from Indonesia (more accurate location is not available), 17 January 2019. Paratypes: ZIN 11880, same data, 1 specimen; ZMMU G-259, same data, 1 specimen; ZIN 11881, same data, 24 specimens. Etymology. The specific epithet pyrum (pear in Latin) refers to the shape of most specimens of this sponge. General morphology. The cormus is yellow, oval, pear-shaped or, occasionally somewhat less regular compact mass made up of tightly anastomosed thin tubuli (Fig. 1A, B). It is attached to the substratum by a wider basal part or by a side, usually upright. The consistence is not especially soft, compressible. Overall size is up to 2 cm in its greatest dimension, but usually smaller, most specimens 10–12 mm in height and 5–8 mm in diameter. All tubuli are of about the same diameter (0.2–0.3 mm), no water collecting tubes are recognizable on the surface or in the sections. Usually one terminal osculum is present, up to 6 mm long and 2–3 mm in diameter, rarely several oscular tubes are developed. There is a rather voluminous atrial cavity delimited by clear atrial membrane without choanocytes (Fig. 1A, C). No cells with granules are present. Skeleton. The skeleton has no special organization and is composed of triactines, tetractines and often, but not always, trichoxeas. Trichoxeas are present only on the surface, some of them protrude perpendicularly or obliquely to the surface of the sponge but most are parallel to it (Fig. 2C). The walls of the tubuli are built by a few layers of triactines and tetractines. The apical actines of the tetractines protrude into the tubule lumen (Fig. 2D). Triactines are the most numerous spicules, the ratio of triactines to tetractines on the surface and internal layers (choanosome) is rather stable and varied from 5:1 to 5.7: 1 in several measured specimens. Tetractines occur in somewhat higher frequency in the wall of the atrial cavity but still are two times less numerous here than the triactines. The size of triactines and tetractines differs in different regions of the sponge: the spicules in the wall of the atrial cavity and, especially, in the oscular membrane and are noticeably larger than the spicules in the other parts of the body. Spicules (Table 2, Fig. 2). Triactines. Equiangular and mostly equiradiate. They possibly may be divided into two categories: the spicules with the short and wide conical actines and sharp tips, and the spicules with the long narrow cylindrical, sometimes slightly undulating actines and usually blunt tips. However there are all transitions between these extremities and we failed to delimit these categories clearly either by size or by the shape (Fig. 2A) and measured them together as a single category. Tetractines. Similar to the triactines and show the same size and shape variations. Apical actine is needle-like, smooth, long (80–120 µm), thin, straight and sharp. Trichoxeas. Thin, long and straight. Habitat. Numerous specimens of this species were found on so called “live stones” (lime stones consisting mostly of dead parts of stony corals collected at coral reefs), imported from Indonesia for marine aquarium trade. They rapidly proliferate in the so called “reef aquarium” with stony corals and marine fishes at the conditions required to maintain stony corals: water temperature 25–27ºC, salinity 35‰, low level of inorganic nutrients (concentration of inorganic nitrate is about 2 ppm, inorganic phosphate less than 0.05 ppm). These sponges prefer dim places but may occur on well-lit areas too. Type locality. Article 76.1.1. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999) says for the species based on the specimens transported by humans: “the type locality is the place from which the name-bearing type [...] began its unnatural journey”. The type locality for Ernstia pyrum sp. nov. is therefore assigned to Indonesia from where the “living stones” with this species were imported. Remarks. Molecular sequence data render this species as belonging to the genus Ernstia and being closely related to E. citrea Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy & Klautau, 2017 described from Rocas Atoll, Brazil (Fig. 3). Indeed, in life these two species appear to be very similar, both have compact yellow cormus composed of tightly anastomosed tubuli and a long terminal osculum (see Azevedo et al. 2017, Figure 16E). As perceived from the published photographs (Azevedo et al. 2017, Figures 10A, B and 16E), E. citrea has less tightly anastomosed tubuli forming larger meshes on the surface of the sponge than in E. pyrum sp. nov. The diameter of the tubuli in E. citrea is said to be 3 mm, but according to scale bars on the above mentioned photographs this is an obvious mistype, probably should be 0.3 mm i.e. about the same as in E. pyrum sp. nov. The triactines and tetractines of E. pyrum sp. nov. show significantly greater range of size variations (38–185 µm) than those of E. citrea (67–108 µm). Further, the spicules with long cylindrical actines, occurring in the oscular and atrial wall of E. pyrum sp. nov., are not reported for E. citrea. Other similar yellow Ernstia species with tightly anastomosed tubuli are E. arabica Voigt, Erpenbeck & Wörheide, 2017 from the Red Sea, E. solaris Azevedo, Padua, Moraes, Rossi, Muricy & Klautau, 2017 from the SW Atlantic off Brazil, and E. klautauae Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 from Indonesia. According to molecular data they all group together but are less related to E. pyrum sp. nov. than E. citrea (Fig. 3). Morphological differences are as follows: E. solaris has smaller and significantly less variable spicules than E. pyrum sp. nov., triactines and tetractines are in almost the same proportion (Azevedo et al. 2017); E. arabica and E. klautauae have tri- and tetractines with conical actines, no spicules with long cylindrical actines are mentioned, tetractines either dominate or are in the same proportion as triactines (Voigt et al. 2017; Van Soest & De Voogd 2015; 2018).

Genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 Diagnosis. "Calcinea in which the cormus comprises anastomosed tubes. A stalk may be present. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) and/or parasagittal triactines, to which diactines and tripods may be added. Asconoid aquiferous system" (Klautau et al. 2013)., Published as part of Lopes, Matheus V., Padua, Andr��, C��ndor-Luj��n, B��slavi & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Florida: new species, new records and biogeographical affinities, pp. 127-150 in Zootaxa 4526 (2) on page 131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611472, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 492 - 558.","Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, C. A. M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039"]}

Florida is among important marine biodiversity areas with high richness and endemism of marine taxa. Despite the economic and scientific importance of the region, knowledge on the diversity and distribution of some groups, such as calcareous sponges, is still reduced and scattered in old literature. In the present work, sponges collected in the Florida Keys were studied under an integrative perspective (traditional morphology and DNA: ITS). Three calcinean species were found: Clathrina smaragda sp. nov., C. lutea, and Ernstia rocasensis. Clathrina smaragda sp. nov. is the first Clathrina described with a green cormus. The occurrence of C. lutea in Florida was confirmed, and E. rocasensis had its geographical distribution widened from the Northeastern Brazilian waters to Florida, although Floridian individuals of this species have presented differences in morphological characters that resulted in the proposition of a new diagnosis and a discussion on morphological plasticity in Clathrinidae. A complete list of the calcareous sponges from Florida is presented and their distributional patterns are discussed.

Clathrina smaragda sp. nov. (Fig 3; Table 3) Diagnosis. Clathrina with green cormus formed by loosely and irregularly anastomosed tubes and two categories of triactines: regular and parasagittal. Material examined. Holotype: UFRJPOR 8359, Looe Key, Florida, United States of America (24°32’51 N, 81°24’24 W), 10–15 m of depth, coll. A. Padua & M. C. Díaz, 12 August 2015. ETYMOLOGY. From the Latin smaragdus (= emerald) for its dark green colour. Colour. Dark green when alive (Fig 3A) and light green after fixation (Fig 3B). Morphology. Cormus encrusting, formed by loose and irregularly anastomosed tubes. The tubes are large (reaching 0.7 mm of diameter), bright and rigid probably due to the presence of thicker spicules in the external surface. There are no water-collecting tubes (Figs 3A, B). The single specimen collected is small and measured 4.5 x 5.0 x 1.0 mm. The aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed. The skeleton has no special organisation. It is composed mainly of parasagittal triactines, and few regular (tripod-like) triactines located on the surface of the tubes (Figs 3 C–F). These tripod-like spicules are probably responsible for the rigid consistency of the tubes. Spicules (Figs 3D, E, Table 3). Triactines I (Fig 3D): Parasagittal (equiangular, but with the unpaired actine longer than the paired ones). Actines are cylindrical to slightly conical with blunt to sharp tips. Triactines II (Fig 3E): Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical with blunt to sharp tips. Ecology. The single specimen was found between 10 to 15 m of depth. It was attached to a coral fragment, protected from the sunlight. No associated organisms were found. Distribution. Provisionally endemic to Looe Key, Florida, United States of America. Remarks. This is the first species of the genus Clathrina to be green. It is also one of the six known species of Clathrina without a peduncle but with parasagittal spicules composing the skeleton: C. broendstedi Rapp et al., 2011, C. curacaoensis Cóndor-Luján et al., 2018, C. rotundata Voigt et al., 2017, C. rowi Voigt et al., 2017, and C. sororcula Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015. Besides the green colour, C. smaragda sp. nov. can be distinguished from all those other species of Clathrina based on the proportion of parasagittal spicules. In C. smaragda sp. nov., parasagittal spicules (triactines I) are more frequent than the regular ones (triactines II), while in the other species, they occur mainly as a variation of the regular triactines, being rare or less frequent. In our molecular results, C. smaragda sp. nov. formed a clade together with C. curacaoensis with 91% bootstrap and a p-distance of 1.3%. They can be morphologically differentiated from each other by the frequency and location of the parasagittal spicules. In C. smaragda sp. nov., parasagittal spicules are the most abundant spicules and are present in the entire cormus, while in C. curacaoensis they are not abundant and are present only in the tubes that attach the sponge to the substrate. Moreover, the regular triactines differ in size: in C. curacaoensis, they range from 87.5 to 130.0 µm, while in C. smaragda sp. nov. they are smaller (67.5 to 86.4 µm).

Clathrina lutea Azevedo et al., 2017 (Fig 2; Table 2) Synonyms. Clathrina primordialis��� Lehnert & Van Soest 1998: 99, Fig. 23. Leucetta sp. ��� Moraes et al. 2003: 17. Clathrina sp. nov. 2 ��� Moraes et al. 2006: 166. Clathrina sp. 1 ��� Rossi et al. 2011: 1028. Clathrina sp. nov. 8 ��� Klautau et al. 2013: 449. Clathrina lutea��� Azevedo et al. 2017: 318, C��ndor-Luj��n et al. 2018: 21. Diagnosis. Clathrina with yellow cormus formed by tight and regularly anastomosed tubes, and with water collecting tubes with large oscula. Triactines have slightly conical actines with blunt tips (Azevedo et al. 2017). Material examined. UFRJPOR 8358, UFRJPOR 8372, Looe Key, Florida, United States of America (24��32���51 N, 81��24���24 W), 10���15 m of depth, coll. A. Padua & M. C. D��az, 12 August 2015. Material used for comparison. UFRJPOR 5173 (Holotype), Pedra Lixa reef, Abrolhos Archipelago, 7 m of depth, coll. C. Zilberberg & L. Monteiro, 21 March 2005. UFRJPOR 5172, UFRJPOR 5174 (Paratypes), same information as the holotype. MNRJ 2930, Barreta Falsa, Rocas Atoll, 3 m of depth, coll. F. Moraes, 22 November 1999. Colour. Bright yellow when alive and light beige after fixation (Fig 2A). Morphology. The cormus is massive and firm. It is composed of thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes, forming a reticulated surface, with multiple conspicuous oscula where water-collecting tubes arrive. The largest specimen (UFRJPOR 8358) was 2.5 x 2.3 x 0.5 cm and the smallest (UFRJPOR 8372) 1.0 x 1.6 x 0.9 cm. The aquiferous system is asconoid. No granular cells were observed. The skeleton is composed of only one category of regular triactines without organisation (Fig 2B). Spicules (Fig 2, Table 2). Triactines (Fig 2C): Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are slightly conical with blunt tips. Size: 83.1 to 104.5/ 7.1 to 9.1 ��m (Table 2). Ecology. Specimens described in the present work were found between 10 and 15 m of depth. They were both collected in a burrow, one specimen was on the ceiling. No associated organisms were observed among the analysed specimens. Distribution. Clathrina lutea has a wide distribution in the Western Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Florida down to the Northeastern Brazilian coast. It was previously reported to Florida (Klautau et al. 2013), Virgin Islands (Klautau et al. 2013), Cura��ao (C��ndor-Luj��n et al. 2018), Rocas Atoll, and Abrolhos Bank (archipelago and shallow reefs, Azevedo et al. 2017). Remarks. The colour, external morphology, and shape of the triactines observed in the specimens analysed in the present work match the original description of C. lutea (Azevedo et al. 2017). However, the specimens from Florida had larger spicules than those from Brazil and Cura��ao (Table 2) (Azevedo et al. 2017; C��ndor-Luj��n et al. 2018). In the phylogenetic tree, the two specimens of C. lutea from Florida and other regions form a clade with a bootstrap support of 82% and presented a p-distance that ranged from 0.0 to 0.11% among them, corroborating our morphological analysis (see the Molecular results section)., Published as part of Lopes, Matheus V., Padua, Andr��, C��ndor-Luj��n, B��slavi & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Florida: new species, new records and biogeographical affinities, pp. 127-150 in Zootaxa 4526 (2) on pages 131-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/2611472, {"references":["Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4311.3.1","Lehnert, H. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71 - 103.","Moraes, F. C., Vilanova, E. P. & Muricy, G. (2003) Distribuicao das Esponjas (Porifera) na Reserva Biologica do Atol das Rocas, Nordeste do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 61, 13 - 22.","Moraes, F. C., Ventura, M., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (2006) Biodiversidade de esponjas das ilhas oceanicas brasileiras. In: Alves, R. V. & Castro, J. W. (Eds.), Ilhas oceanicas brasileiras-da pesquisa ao manejo. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Brasilia, pp. 147 - 177.","Rossi, A. L., Russo, C. A. M., Sol-Cava, A. M., Rapp, H. T. & Klautau, M. (2011) Phylogenetic signal in the evolution of body colour and spicule skeleton in calcareous sponges. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 1026 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00739. x","Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, C. A. M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039","Condor-Lujan, B., Louzada, T., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2018) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curacao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, XX, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 082"]}

Borojevia tubulata sp.nov. Figures 8a–c, 9a–f, 10a–h, 11a–f Material examined. Holotype, RMNH Por. 10158, Maldives, Faafu Atoll, Wallstreet, 3.119°N 72.979556°E, depth 12 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAD10 /MAS119, 20 February 2015. Paratype, RMNH Por. 10113, Maldives, Faafu Atoll, Free Climbing, 3.066583°N 72.923028°E, depth 15 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAD06 /MAS068, 18 February 2015. Additional material, ZMA Por. 12435, Seychelles, Amirantes, Desroches Atoll, SW rim, outer reef slope, 5.7167°S 53.6167°E, depth 5–30 m, scuba, coll. M.J. de Kluijver, NIOP-E stat.nr. 774/04, 30 December 1992. Description. Irregularly arranged, groups of tubular individuals, the walls of which consist of tightly anastomosed tubuli. In situ white (Figs 8a, 10a) or cream or yellow-white (Fig. 8b) colored, on deck (Figs 8c, 10b) and preserved they are cream to pale beige (Figs 10c, 11a). Height of tubes up to about 3 cm, width 0.5 cm at the aperture and 1 cm at the base, but individual tubes may be smaller and thinner. Tube apertures are about as wide as the (pseudo-)atrium or slightly narrower. In preservation the tubes collapse to form easily damaged soft and flabby fragments (Figs 8c, 10b–c, 11a), which have their (pseudo-)atrium flattened to a narrow slit (Fig. 11b). The tube walls are ‘punctate’ (Figs 9a, 10d) caused by regularly distributed pseudopores (cf. Dendy’s (1913) description of Ascaltis gardineri, as Leucosolenia), which give access to the densely crowded tubuli. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. The pseudopores of the outer tube walls are strengthened by larger triactines, arranged in a distinct cortical pattern (Figs 9a, 10d), the skeleton of the walls of the tubuli are built by one-two layers of smaller triactines and tetractines, with the apical actines of the tetractines protruding into the lumina of the tubuli. The atrial sides of the tube walls (Fig. 9b) have an irregular skeleton and do not exhibit a special arrangement of larger triactines as observed on the outer wall, which indicates that the atrium is in fact a pseudoatrium, as is characteristic of the genus Ascaltis according to the Systema Porifera (Borojević et al. 2002a). See below for a further discussion. Spicules. (Figs 9d–f, 10e–h, 11c–f) Triactines in two size classes, tetractines with spined apical actines. The latter invariably have the spines in three distinct rows the position of which match the basal triadiate system. We did not observe the presence of tripods, but we presume the larger category of triactines is homologous. Because of slight discrepancies between the specimens, we provide separate images of the samples and measurements of the three samples: Holotype RMNH Por. 10158: Larger triactines (Fig. 9c) of the outer tube wall, equiradiate or very rarely sagittal, robust, with conical actines, which may slightly differ in length in the same spicule, actines 92– 133 –189 x 11 – 13.4 –16 µm. Smaller triactines (Figs 9d,d 1), equiradiate (Figs 8d), or rarely sagittal (Fig. 9d 1) with undulate paired actines, measuring 54– 63 –111 x 5 – 6.3 –7.5 µm. Tetractines (Figs 9e–f), with basal triradiate system usually equiradiate, but very occasionally there may be sagittal spicules, 51– 68 – 96 x 6 – 6.6 –9 µm, apical actines (Fig. 9f) 24– 37 – 48 x 3.5– 4.4 –5 µm. Paratype RMNH Por. 10113: Larger triactines (Fig. 10e) with conical actines, 129– 151 –174 x 14 – 15.2 –18 µm; one single sagittal triactine was observed in the slides. Smaller triactines (Figs 10f), with conical actines, 59– 72 – 93 x 6 – 7.2 –10 µm. Tetractines (Figs 10g), with conical actines, those of the basal radiate system 48– 67 – 78 x 4.5– 6.6 –8 µm, apical actines with spines (Fig. 10h), 35– 43 – 58 x 4 – 5.2 –7 µm. ZMA Por. 12435 (Figs 11c–f): Larger triactines (Fig. 11c), 102– 117.6 –134 x 11 – 13.4 –17 µm Smaller triactines (Fig. 11d), 51– 75.1 – 94 x 6 – 8.4 –10 µm Tetractines (Figs 11e), 61– 76.3 – 88 x 7 – 8.6 –10 µm, apical actines with spines (Figs 10f), 40– 53.4 – 74 x 6 – 6.6 –7µm. Distribution and ecology. Maldives, Seychelles, under overhangs on coral reefs, depth 5– 30 m. Etymology. Tubulatus (L.) means tube-shaped, referring to the habitus of the species. Remarks. The three samples show some discrepancies, which we consider to be infraspecific variability. The two Maldives samples have similar habitus, but show some color differentiation between distinctly white and more creamy or pale yellow. The holotype has a larger proportion (though still a clear minority) of sagittal tri- and tetractines than the paratype. The Seychelles specimen was noted to be yellow in color, and it lacks sagittal spicules entirely. The Seychelles specimen has smaller triactines than the Maldives and the distinction between larger and smaller spicules is less obvious. For this reason, we limited the type material to that of the Maldives only. However, we believe that the three samples are conspecific. The species is assigned to the genus Borojevia despite the elaborate shape and presence of a pseudoatrium, and despite the absence of clear tripods among the triactines. In fact, we initially assigned the specimens to the genus Ascaltis, based on the habitus and skeletal structure and because a Western Indian Ocean species, Ascaltis gardineri (Dendy, 1913) appeared to be close in skeletal characters. The major difference between that species and our specimens is the lobate, non-tubular habitus in the former. Molecular sequence data (partial 28S, cf. Fig. 2B) were obtained for the holotype and the Seychelles material of Borojevia tubulata sp.nov. Our phylogenetic analysis of Calcinean sequences, obtained from our own Western Indian Ocean samples, Voigt et al. ’s (2017) samples (we were allowed to include a recent sequence of Borojevia sp. from the Maldives kindly sent to us by Oliver Voigt, which is likely a member of the present new species), and from GenBank, clearly showed that the present species is closely related to Borojevia aspina (Klautau et al., 1994), Borojevia aff. aspina sensu Voigt et al. 2017, B. cerebrum (Haeckel, 1872), B. brasiliensis (Solé-Cava et al. 1991) and a new Borojevia species decribed below, and was distant from Ascaltis reticulum (Schmidt, 1862), the only Ascaltis for which molecular data are available. As Klautau et al. (2016) pointed out, we cannot be certain about the molecular affiliation of the genus Ascaltis yet, because there are no sequences available for the type species Ascaltis lamarcki (Haeckel, 1872). We have chosen to follow the molecular signal and keep our species in the genus Borojevia, against the weight of morphological evidence for a possible membership of Ascaltis. The new species differs from the above-described Borojevia voigti sp.nov. in the presence of a pseudoatrium and the more prominent and consistent spination of the apical actines of the tetractines. A further similar species appears to be Leucascus simplex Dendy, 1892, from South Australia, reported also from Providence Island in the Seychelles by Dendy (1913). The type of that species has spined apical actines (cf. redescription of L. simplex in Cavalcanti et al. 2013), but it has not been verified for the Providence specimen. This differs from the present species also in habitus (massive, with only a slit-like atrial cavity). Below we describe a new species of Leucascus from Eastern South Africa. Apart from a more elaborate shape, it is distinct by having a surface palisade of short diactines. The present species is not a likely Leucascu s, as in our phylogeny of Fig. 2, Leucascus flavus Cavalcanti et al,. 2009 is not at all closely related to Borojevia species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 28-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002 a) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1141 - 1152. Available from: http: // www. springer. com / us / book / 9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Klautau, M., Sole-Cava, A. M. & Borojevic, R. (1994) Biochemical systematics of sibling sympatric species of Clathrina (Porifera: Calcarea). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22 (4), 367 - 375. Available from: http: // www. sciencedirect. com / science / article / pii / 0305197894900272 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)","Sole-Cava, A. M., Klautau, M., Boury-Esnault, N., Borojevic, R. & Thorpe, J. P. (1991) Genetic evidence for cryptic speciation in allopatric populations of two cosmopolitan species of the calcareous sponge genus Clathrina. Marine Biology, 111 (3), 381 - 386. Available from: https: // link. springer. com / article / 10.1007 / BF 01319410 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp.","Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series 5, 69 - 116. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 34434 page / 111 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Cavalcanti, F. F., Rapp, H. T. & Klautau, M. (2013) Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 3619 (3), 275 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3619.3.3"]}

Clathrina blanca sensu Jenkin 1908 This was discussed above in the Remarks paragraph of Clathrina aff. pulcherrima, Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Clathrina maremeccae sp.nov. Figures 25a–c Material examined. Holotype, RMNH Por. 9662, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Thuwal, Um Albalam, 22.193556°N 38.9475°E, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. THU10/JED166, 12 November 2014. Description. Cormus clathroid (Fig. 25a), forming a loosely anastomosed small mass of tubuli 0.2–1 mm in diameter leading to a few wider oscules. The single specimen is 15 x 8 x 4 mm in size. No evident water-collecting tubes. Color pale yellow, based on an on deck photo as there is no in situ photo. Skeleton. (Fig. 25b) The tubule walls have a single layer of overlapping triactines. Spicules. (Figs 25c) Equiradiate and sagittal triactines, with cylindrical actines, ending in often slightly swollen, blunt endings. Actines 67– 127.8 –165 x 5 – 6.4 –7.5 µm. A few broken trichoxeas are considered foreign. Distribution and ecology. Saudian part of the Red Sea, on reefs. Etymology. The name refers to the type locality, the Red Sea, which was named Mare Mecca by historical geographers (Wikipedia.org). Remarks. The new species resembles Red Sea Clathrina rotundata Voigt et al., 2017 both in morphological aspects (loosely clathroid and with cylindrical actines of the triactines), and in a molecular sense as this species, based on partial 28SrRNA, also falls outside the larger clades of Clathrina species in our phylogenetic tree of Western Indian Ocean Clathrina species (Fig. 2A). However, there are also compelling reasons not to assign the present specimen to C. rotundata. Morphologically, the on deck photo shows a pale yellow color, whereas C. rotundata is white, and the upper actine length of the triactines is considerably higher than that of C. rotundata (165 vs. 123 µm). Molecularly, according to our phylogenetic analysis, the two species are not closely related. In a separate trimmed alignment of the two species of 382 sites length, C. maremeccae sp.nov. and C. rotundata differed in 49 sites. There is considerable morphological similarity with Indonesian Clathrina beckingae Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015, which has the same shape and tube diameter, colors also white and cream in various specimens, and equiradiate triactines with cylindrical actines. Differences are the presence of distinct water-collecting tubes and the absence of sagittal spicules in C. beckingae. Actine sizes of the triactines are also considerably smaller than those in C. maremeccae sp.nov. (up to 103 µm in C. beckingae). We obtained partial 28srRNA sequences for this Indonesian material, and found that it differed in a separate trimmed 28S rRNA alignment of 382 sites length in 26 different sites. No closely related species were identified in our partial 28SrRNA tree (Fig. 2A). At the suggestion of one of the reviewers, we obtained an ITS sequence (not submitted to GenBank) for this species and in an analysis (not shown here) of ITS sequences of Clathrina species that appeared highly similar in a BLAST attempt, downloaded from GenBank, we noted that the new species ended up in a highly supported clade with Clathrin a sp. 4 and sp. 5 sensu Klautau et al. 2013, respectively a species from the Caribbean and from French Polynesia. A trimmed alignment of 556 sites of the three species showed 35 site differences between C. maremeccae sp.nov. and C. sp. 4, and 21 site differences with C. sp. 5.

Family Clathrinidae Minchin, 1900 Remarks. Since the Systema Porifera classification of the order Clathrinida (see Borojević et al. 2002a), substantial changes of the contents of the family Clathrinidae have been proposed (Klautau et al. 2013) and elaborated (Klautau et al. 2016). The genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 has been subdivided into five distinct genera, Arturia Azevedo et al., 2017 (pro Arthuria Klautau et al., 2013), Borojevia Klautau et al., 2013, Ernstia Klautau et al., 2013, Brattegardia Klautau et al., 2013, and Clathrina s.s.. The only other genus of the family recognized in the Systema Porifera, genus Guancha Miklucho-Maclay, 1868, has been subsumed into Clathrina s.s., because its type species Guancha blanca Miklucho-Maclay, 1868 has been transferred to Clathrina sensu Klautau et al., 2013. One former Guancha species, G. tetela Borojević & Peixinho, 1976 was recently reassigned to a new genus, Nicola Cond��r-Luj��n & Klautau, 2016. The classification is still in a flux, as it was recently revealed that the name Arthuria was preoccupied by two Mollusca genera (Polyplacophora and Pulmonata). It has just now been replaced by Arturia, but it is still complicated by our discovery (see below) that Arturia is probably not a monophyletic genus. The family contents are also possibly overlapping with other families of the order Clathrinida, awaiting an overhaul based on a phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data. We will here follow the classification as presented in Klautau et al. 2013, with above listed recognized genera presented in alphabetical order (Brattegardia excepted as it was not represented in our material). Below we will use the word ���tubuli��� to describe the anastomosed ascon tubes of Clathrinidae species to avoid confusion with the tubes of tubular habitus in some species with a pseudoatrium. We maintain the term ���watercollecting tubes��� for those wider tubuli leading to oscules., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Minchin, E. A. (1900) Chapter III. Sponges. In: Lankester, E. R. (Ed.), A Treatise on Zoology. Part II. The Porifera and Coelenterata. 2. Adam & Charles Black, London, 178 pp.","Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002 a) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1141 - 1152. Available from: http: // www. springer. com / us / book / 9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 93424 page / 514 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4311.3.1","Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1868) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spongien I. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 4, 221 - 240.","Borojevic, R. & Peixinho, S. (1976) Eponges calcaires du Nord-Nord-Est du Bresil. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 3 A, 402, 987 - 1036.","Condor-Lujan, B. & Klautau, M. (2016) Nicola gen. nov. with redescription of Nicola tetela (Borojevic & Peixinho, 1976) (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea: Clathrinida). Zootaxa, 4103 (3), 230 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.3.2"]}

Arturia (?) adusta (Wörheide & Hooper, 1999) Figures 5a–e Clathrina adusta Wörheide & Hooper, 1999: 865, figs 4D–H. Ernstia adusta; Klautau et al. 2013: 12. Arthuria adusta; Voigt & Wörheide 2016: 61 Clathrina aff. adusta; Voigt et al. 2017: 5, fig. 3. Material examined. ZMA Por. 10612, Seychelles, La Digue Island, S coast, 4.3833°S 55.8333°E, depth 2–8 m, snorkling, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr. NIOP-E stat. 735/ 32, 23 December 1992. Description. Cormus a small cushion (Fig. 5a), about 1 x 0.7 cm in lateral expansion, thickness 2–4 mm. Life color is unknown, in alcohol it is orange-yellow. Structure compact, made up of tightly anastomosed thin tubuli. No visible oscules. Consistency soft. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Fig. 5b) Wall of tubuli thin, consisting of one-two spicule layers with a prominence of triactines. The apical actines of the tetractines are protruding into the tubule lumina. Spicules. (Figs 5c–e) Triactines and tetractines, the latter present in clearly smaller numbers. No distinct trichoxeas were found. Triactines (Figs 5c) equiradiate and equiangular, with conical actines, some verging toward tripod-shape; actine sizes 48– 76 –108 x 6.5– 8.7 –12 µm. Tetractines (Figs 5d) of similar shape and size to the triactines, actines of the basal triradiate system 54– 73 – 87 x 6.5– 7.6 –9.5 µm; apical actines (Fig. 5e) smooth, straight, sometimes with a slightly upturned apex, 39– 55 – 78 x 3 – 5.9 –7.5 µm. Distribution and ecology. Egyptian Red Sea (Voigt et al. 2017), Seychelles, NE Australia, on reefs in shallow depths. Remarks. We base our identification largely on the sequence we obtained for our species, which ended up in a clade together with Voigt et al. ’s (2012) Australian sequence of Arturia adusta and Voigt et al. ’s (2017) Red Sea Clathrina aff. adusta (see his fig. 3). Klautau et al. (2013) had earlier assigned Clathrina adusta to Ernstia. Voigt & Wörheide (2016) discovered that this species falls outside the Ernstia clade and suggested that it should go to Arturia. We confirm that C. adusta is not an Ernstia, but with Voigt et al. (2017) we agree that assignment of C. adusta to Arturia s.s. is probably not correct, because Arturia sueziana and the type species of the genus Arturia, did not group in the same clade as C. adusta (see discussion above). The present specimen resembles the type of Wörheide & Hooper (1999), although the white color cannot be affirmed. In glutaraldehyde the color of the type apparently changed to dark brown. Actine sizes 90–142 x 12–20 µm, more robust than in the Seychelles specimen, but overlapping. Voigt et al.’s (2017) record from the Red Sea mentioned actine sizes of 66– 73 x 9–10 µm, more similar to our specimen than to the type. The three sequences for these specimens differed only in a few sites (two between the type and the Seychelles specimen, three between the type and the Red Sea specimen)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Voigt, O., Wulfing, E. & Worheide, G. (2012) Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of classification and scenarios of character evolution in calcareous sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLOS One, 7 (3), e 33417. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033417"]}

Clathrina repens sp.nov. Figures 26a���d Material examined. Holotype, RMNH Por. 10161a, Maldives, Faafu Atoll, Wallstreet, 3.119��N 72.979556��E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAD10 /MAS122, 20 February 2015. Description. Open network of creeping and upright tubuli, covering the surface of a keratose sponge (Hyrtios sp.) (Fig. 26a), size several cm2. A second specimen (Fig. 26a 1, not collected) encrusted an ascidian. Individual tubuli approximately 2 mm high and 1 mm diameter. Upright tubuli often open-ended, presumed to be oscules. Color shades of dull orange, pink-orange and beige; pale beige in preservation (Fig. 26b). Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Fig. 26c) Walls of tubuli with a single layer of spicules. Spicules. (Fig. 26d) Triactines with conical actines, variable in length, 66��� 97 ���129 x 6 ��� 7.4 ���9 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Maldives, coral reef, 10 m. Etymology. Repens (L.) means creeping, referring to the reticulation of small tubuli closely adhering to the substratum. Remarks. Morphologically, this appears a unique species. Its habitus and spicule sizes show similarity to Indonesian Arturia tubuloreticulata Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015, but this has a minority of tetractines. We examined the present specimen exhaustively, but could find no tetractines. Unfortunately, no sequences were obtained from it., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239

Clathrina cerebrum sensu Borojević, 1967 Borojević (1967: 192) reported this Mediterranean species, originally described by Haeckel (1872: 54, as Ascaltis), from Kwazulu Natal, Eastern South Africa. The Mediterranean species has been reassigned to Borojevia by Klautau et al. 2016. Like the Mediterranean B. cerebrum, Borojević���s specimen has tripods of 60���100 x 20���32 ��m, unlike the three Borojevia species described above. Like these three species the South African specimen has spined apical actines of the tetractines. This record likely represents an additional undescribed species of Borojevia., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)"]}

Ernstia arabica Voigt et al., 2017 Figures 28a���c, 29a���c, 30a���e Ernstia arabica Voigt et al., 2017: 9, figs 5a���e. Material examined. ZMA Por. 13640, Israel, Coral Garden, Gulf of Aqaba, depth 1.5 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. AQ140, 15 July 1998; ZMA Por. 13642, Egypt, Ras Mohammed, Shark Observatory, depth 15 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. RM 222, 23 July 1998. Description. There are two, rather different specimens from the Gulf of Aqaba, which are assumed to be members of this species. Because of the differences we describe them separately. Cormus of ZMA Por. 13640 (Fig. 28a) small yellow cushions connected by thinner stolon-like parts, structure compact made up of tightly anastomosed thin tubuli (Fig. 28b). Oscules centrally located on the cushions and slightly elevated. Lateral size of cormus up to 2.5 x 1 cm, thickness about 5���8 mm. ZMA Por. 13642 is a flatly encrusting cormus (Fig. 30a) consisting of tightly anastomosed thin tubuli. Pale yellow in life, dirty white in alcohol. Several broader tubuli lead to a few wide oscules slightly raised above the cormus. Lateral size 5 x 4 cm. Constency soft. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Figs 28b���e) Walls of tubuli in both specimens are thin (Fig. 28c), consisting of one���two spicule layers (Figs 28d, 30b) with a mixture of tri- and tetractines; the apical actines of the latter are protruding into the tubule lumina (Fig. 28c) forming a dense palisade (Fig. 28e). Consistency firm. Spicules. (Figs 29a���c, 30c���e) Triactines and tetractines, the latter present in clearly larger numbers. No distinct trichoxeas were found. Triactines equiradiate and equiangular, with conical actines, some verging toward tripod-shape. Actine sizes of ZMA Por. 13640 (Fig. 29a) measure 89��� 98 ���105 x 9 ��� 11.2 ���13 ��m. Actine sizes of ZMA Por. 13642 (Figs 30c) measure 102��� 125 ���165 x 11 ��� 16.4 ���26 ��m. Tetractines of similar shape and size to the triactines, equiangular, with conical actines. Actines of the basal triradiate system in ZMA Por. 13640 (Figs 29b) measure 87��� 94 ��� 99 x 9 ��� 10.3 ���12 ��m, apical actines (Fig. 30c) smooth, straight, 66��� 76 ��� 91 x 5 ��� 6.6 ���8 ��m. Actines of the basal triadiate system in ZMA Por. 13642 measure (Figs 30d) 67��� 127 ���182 x 9 ��� 15.2 ���27 ��m; apical actines (Fig. 30e) shorter, thinner and sharper, 23��� 38 ��� 59 x 3 ��� 5.7 ���11 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Israelian Red Sea, Saudi Arabian and Egyptian Red Sea (Voigt et al. 2017), down to 15 m. Remarks. The present specimens closely resemble the type in most aspects, except for the absence of trichoxeas. These were also not consistently present in the type material (Voigt et al. 2017). A small further difference is the length of the apical actine of the tetractines, which has a greater range in the type material (up to 156 ��m). The two present specimens differ subtly in the habitus and the smaller-thinner vs. the larger and more robust spicules. Voigt et al. (2017) described and measured the spicules of specimens from the Northern and Southern Red Sea and found triactines and tetractines having actine lengths between 38 and 116 ��m, and apical actines between 56 and 156 ��m, while our own specimens have these data respectively 67���182 ��m and 23���91 ��m. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain partial 28S rRNA sequences for these specimens. Below we compare E. arabica with Western Indian Ocean specimens identified as the closely related Ernstia naturalis Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 55-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x"]}

Ascaltis compacta Schuffner, 1877 Schuffner���s description (1877: 404, pl. 25 fig. 9) points towards Arturia or Ernstia. It is obviously close to Arturia sueziana Klautau & Valentine, 2003, but these authors pointed out that Schuffner���s drawing does not show the presence of water-collecting tubes, which are so characteristic of A. sueziana. The additional argument for specific distinction, viz. the greater size of the actines of the triactines and tetractines, is not very convincing. In the absence of the type, which appears to be lost, it seems best to reassign A. compacta to Arturia as Arturia compacta., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Schuffner, O. (1877) Beschreibung einiger neuer Kalkschwamme. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 11, 403 - 433. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 92049 page / 413 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x"]}

Clathrina tenuipilosa sensu Row 1909 Although Row���s (1909: 185) description contains many words, there are no measurements of the spicules. He describes ���oxeas of such unusual and constant form, being very long and extremely slender���, and mentions tetractines, from which we may conclude that it is possible the identification is correct. The species has originally been described by Dendy (1905) from Sri Lanka, and it has been transferred to Arturia by Klautau et al. (2013). Burton (1952) reported this species from the Egyptian part of the Gulf of Aqaba (as Leucosolenia), giving their size (up to 3 cm), but failing to describe the skeleton and the spicules., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar 3. Supplement 18. Royal Society, London, pp. 57 - 246. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 18069 page / 71 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Burton, M. (1952) The ' Manihine' expedition to the Gulf of Aqaba 1948 - 1949. Sponges. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 1 (8), 163 - 174. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 19429 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Leucetta primigenia sensu Vacelet & Vasseur 1965 The species is Mediterranean. No description was given of the Madagascar material, except that it was bright yellow in color. This suggests that the record concerns Leucetta chagosensis., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1965). Spongiaires des grottes et surplombs des recifs de Tulear (Madagascar). Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d'Endoume, 2 - 4, 71 - 123."]}

Clathrina primordialis sensu Row 1909 No description has been given by Row (1909: 184). Voigt et al. 2017 suggested it is likely conspecific with Clathrina rowi. The original description by Haeckel (1872) (vol. 2: 16, as Ascetta) is from the Mediterranean. See also below in the paragraph of additional East African Calcarea)., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)"]}

Genus Clathrina Gray, 1867 sensu Klautau et al. 2013 Remarks. The species of the former large genus Clathrina have been subdivided by Klautau et al. 2013 into distinct genera. The restricted genus Clathrina unites the species with asconoid tubuli anastomosed into loosely organized or more tightly anastomosed cormi with spiculation consisting exclusively of small triactines. We obtained a considerable number of partial 28SrRNA sequences to assist us in classifying the collected members of this still very large genus. We combined our sequences with our Indonesian, Oliver Voigt���s (2017), Sponge Barcode Project and GenBank Clathrina sequences in an analysis the results of which are given in the phylogenetic tree of Fig. 2A. See above for further comments on the results., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 93424 page / 514 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Clathrina luteoculcitella W��rheide & Hooper, 1999 Figures 18a���f, 19a���e, 20a���e Clathrina luteoculcitella W��rheide & Hooper, 1999: 868, figs 5A���E Clathrina aff. luteoculcitella; Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 13, figs 6a���d. Material examined. RMNH Por. 11623, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Passe Baladirou, 19.6683��S 63.46307��E, depth 12 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG024, 16 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11641, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.76203��S 63.46273��E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG044, 17 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11659, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.76203��S 63.46273��E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG063, 17 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11686, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Passe Baladirou, 19.6683��S 63.46307��E, depth 12 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG094, 18 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11687, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.7648��S 63.4626��E, depth 12 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG101, 19 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11703, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Passe Saint Fran��ois, 19.69893��S 63.5005��E, depth 15 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG117, 20 October 2016; ZMA Por. 17438, Oman, Muscat, Ras al Khayran, on rocks, 23.75��N 58.75��E, (depth not recorded, but shallow), scuba, coll. O. Eerland, field nr. 02/IO/ DEC08 /OE/006, 6 December 2002; ZMA Por. 10223b, Seychelles, Mah��, NE coast, Cap Ma��ons and Anse de Forbans, 4.7667��S 55.5167��E, depth 0���6 m, snorkeling, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr. NIOP-E stat. 612, 12 December 1992. Description. Cushion-shaped masses of tightly anastomed tubuli (Figs 18a���e). Tubuli thin, 0.2���0.4 mm in diameter. Numerous prominent oscules much wider than individual tubuli are visible on the upper side on in situ images (e.g. Fig. 18a). Color beige or orange-brown in situ, dirty white or pale beige ���on deck���, (Fig. 18f), pale beige in preserved condition. Consistency soft. Sizes up to 6 x 3 x 3 cm, individual tubuli 0.2���0.3 mm in diameter. The specimen from Oman had white live color, the Seychelles specimen was of unknown life color; both are pale beige (Fig. 20a) in preserved condition. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Figs 19a���b, 20b,d) Thin tubules with the walls single-spicule layered, not very dense. Spaces between the tubuli small, 0.1���0.5 ��m. Spicules. (Figs 19c���e, 20c,e) Triactines equiangular equiradiate, with small conical actines; some broken trichoxeas (Fig. 19d). Measurements of the actines of the triactines in three of the specimens from Rodrigues show a very limited variation: RMNH Por. 11641: 69��� 99 x 6.5���9.5 ��m RMNH Por. 11659: 72��� 94 x 6���9 ��m RMNH Por. 11687: 74��� 93 x 6 ���9.5 ��m Overall, sizes are 69��� 99 x 6 ���9.5 ��m (n= 50). Few broken trichoxeas are found in one of the specimens. Triactines of the Oman specimen (Figs 20c) are slightly larger, 72��� 95.6 ���108 x 6.5��� 9.4 ���12 ��m (n=25); those of the Seychelles specimen (Fig. 20e) are similar to the Rodrigues specimens: 71��� 84 ��� 96 x 7 ��� 8.6 ���9.5 ��m (n= 25). Distribution and ecology. Rodrigues, Oman, Australia, Indonesia, on reefs at 0���15 m depth. Remarks. The identification of the Rodrigues specimens with C. luteoculcitella is based on morphological and molecular characters. The species is distinct by its cushion-shaped mass of tightly meshed tubuli in combination with prominent oscules and small conical-actined triactines. Partial 28S sequence data point towards close relationship with Indonesian specimen ZMA Por. 0 8657 assigned to Clathrina luteoculcitella (cf. Van Soest & De Voogd 2015) and the Northeast Australian holotype of the species in the Sponge Barcode Project database. Together they form a sisterclade to a clade containing specimens of C. rowi (see Fig. 2A). Clathrina rowi is morphologically distinct from C. luteoculcitella as the cormus is more loosely organized and has different color. As reported above, the two show small but consistent molecular differences. Likely members of C. luteoculcitella from Oman and the Seychelles have also a tightly meshed cormus and small spicules. The sequence of the Oman specimen matches closely with those of Rodrigues and Indonesian specimens of that species. However, the in situ color was noted as white, so some doubt is in order. The Seychelles specimen was very small and no sequence could be obtained, but what information we obtained makes membership of this species likely. We provide separate illustrations of the various specimens to support our conclusion that all are assumed to be conspecific., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Leucetta pyriformis Dendy, 1913 Figs 47a���c, 48a���e Leucetta pyriformis Dendy, 1913: 11, pl. 1 fig. 7, pl. 4 fig. 3. ? Leucetta microraphis; Voigt et al. 2017: 21, figs 12a���d (cf. below). Material examined. RMNH Por. 9528, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Thuwal, Shi'b Nazer (exposed), 22.303417��N 39.048917��E, depth 6 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd. field nr. THU02/JED011, 6 November 2014;? ZMA Por. 10461, Seychelles, Mah��, NE coast, North East Point, 4.5833��S 55.4667��E, depth 0���5 m, snorkeling, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr. NIOP-E stat. 604, 8 December 1992. Description. In situ these are globular to lobate, white-transparant sponges (Figs 47a���b), with at the surface giant triactines clearly visible to the naked eye. There is a narrow atrial cavity in the center of the lobes, ending in an oscule with small rim. Largest individual lobe 3 cm high, 2 cm in diameter. Preserved fragments (Fig. 47c) are yellowish white in color and rough looking and feeling. Consistency firm to hard. Aquiferous system. Leuconoid. Skeleton. Dense mass of triactines, with giant triactines especially numerous at the surface, and with tetractines at the atrial surface. Spicules. Giant triactines, small triactines, and tetractines. The Saudi Arabian material is slightly different from the Seychelles material and both differ slightly from Dendy���s type specimens from Cargados Carajos, so we provide spicule data for all specimens separately. RMNH Por. 9528: Giant triactines (Fig. 48a), equiradiate, equiangular, 504��� 1073 ���1711 x 61 ��� 131.8 ���204 ��m; ZMA Por. 10461: 354��� 852 ���1470 x 42 ��� 109.8 ���181 ��m; Dendy (1913): 1000 x 100 ��m. RMNH Por. 9528: Small triactines (Figs 48b), equiradiate, equiangular, 102��� 191 ���234 x 11 ��� 14.9 ���24 ��m, some smaller sagittal triactines (Fig. 48c) with wavy paired actines may represent spicules from the oscular rim; ZMA Por. 10461: 132��� 182 ���222 x 11 ��� 14.8 ���19 ��m; Dendy (1913): 170 x 12.5 ��m, including some sagittal triactines. RMNH Por. 9528: Tetractines, (Fig. 48d) basal radiate system similar to triactines, but actines smaller and thinner, 121��� 152 ���184 x 8 ��� 11.7 ���14 ��m; apical actines (Fig. 48e) relatively long, straight, sharply pointed, 47��� 99 ���146 x 3 ��� 8.1 ���11 ��m; ZMA Por. 10461, respectively 133���161���201 x 9 ��� 12.9 ���17 ��m and 41���118���164 x 5 ��� 9.2 ���11 ��m; Dendy (1913): similar in size to triactines, apical actine long and slender. Distribution and ecology. Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Cargados Carajos, on reefs at shallow depth. Burton (1959) reported this species from the Maldives, but provided no description. Remarks. Dendy���s (1913) type material is similar in shape (although slightly smaller) and also has the giant triactines clearly visible at the surface (cf. Dendy 1913: pl.1 fig. 7). The white live color was not recorded by Dendy. The combination of characters differs clearly from Leucetta chagosensis (yellow, smooth, with clearly thinner giant triactines, and the apical actines of the tetractines usually curved) and L. microraphis (red-browngreenish, apical actines of the tetractines thin and usually curved). Voigt et al. ���s (2017) record of L. microraphis consisted of pinkish white lobes, with prominent oscules. The transparent surface shows giant triactines like in our material, and the apical actines of the tetractines are long, up to 180 x 13 ��m, so we assume that their record could belong to the present species. Unfortunately we were not succesfull in obtaining partial 28S sequences., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 82-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Burton, M. (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition 1933 - 34. British Museum (Natural History), London, 10 (5), 151 - 281. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 195785 page / 189 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Van, Rob W.M., De, Nicole J. (2018): Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Zootaxa 4426 (1): 1-160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1

Clathrina darwinii sensu Jenkin 1908 Jenkin (1908: 436) decribed and illustrated specimens assigned to Haeckel���s Ascaltis darwinii from Zanzibar. This record is discussed above in the Remarks on Arturia sueziana., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Clathrina contorta var. spinosa sensu Jenkin 1908 Jenkin (1908: 437) described three specimens of a pure white sponge from Zanzibar with irregularly anastomosed tubuli under this name. Leucosolenia contorta (Bowerbank, 1866) from Northeast European waters has a checkered history (cf. Minchin 1905; Klautau & Valentine 2003) with the current not well-established conclusion that it is a senior synonym of Ascetta spinosa Von Lendenfeld, 1891 described from the Adriatic and now assigned to the genus Ascandra as Ascandra contorta (see Klautau et al. 2016). How Jenkin (1908) came to consider his specimens to be a member of this species from Europe is not quite clear. The triactines and basal actines of the tetractines were 80–150 x 10–12 µm, the apical actines of the tetractines were 50– 65 x 5–7 µm. It is likely, but not certainly a species of Ernstia and its pure white color may indicate it is as yet undescribed., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 152, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Bowerbank, J. S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 18176 page / 7 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Minchin, E. A. (1905) On the sponge Leucosolenia contorta Bowerbank, Ascandra contorta Haeckel, and Ascetta spinosa Lendenfeld. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905, 3 - 20. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99487 page / 53 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Von Lendenfeld, R. (1891) Die Spongien der Adria, I. Die Kalkschwamme. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 53 (2), 185 - 321, (3), 361 - 463. Available from: http: // www. zobodat. at / pdf / Zeitschrift-fuer-wiss-Zoologie _ 53 _ 0185 - 0321. pdf (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Leucetta microraphis Haeckel, 1872 Figs 45a���f, 46a���e Leucetta primigenia var. microraphis Haeckel, 1872: 119, pl. 21 figs 10���17. ? Leucandra primigenia var. microraphis; Row 1909: 186. Leucetta microraphis; Van Soest & De Voogd 2015: 54, figs 39a���d, 40a���d, with further synonyms. Material examined. RMNH Por. 8318, Mayotte, Ankazoberavina, Roland Point, 12.9731��S 44.9793��E, coll. A. Bialecki, field nr. MAY01 -018, 4 May 2013; RMNH Por. 8341, Mayotte, Passe Boueni Sud, 12.9265��S 44.9668��E, coll. A. Bialecki field nr. MAY03-41, 5 May 2013; RMNH Por 8717, Madagascar, Riva Be, 12.9849��S 48.3910��E, depth 2���3 m, coll. A. Bialecki, field nr. MAD12-IM047, 27 December 2012. Description. Because this species was extensively treated recently by Van Soest & De Voogd (2015), we provide here only a summary treatment. The in situ habitus (Figs 45a���d) with its pinkish red-green-brown masses of tubular outgrowths with lighter colored undersides and tube rims, is quite characteristic, leaving no doubt that it is conspecific with Indonesian specimens previously described by us. Tubular outgrowths are 3���6 cm high and 1���2 cm in diameter. Surface optically smooth, but rough. Consistency is firm. On deck habitus (Fig. 45e) similar in color to in situ habitus. Aquiferous system. Leuconoid Skeleton. (Figs 45f, 46a) A dense mass of triactines of various sizes, with tetractines lining the atrial cavities. Giant triactines concentrated at the surface. Spicules. (Figs 46b���d) These include a large size range of giant triactines, small triactines, and tetractines. Giant triactines (Fig. 46b), equiradiate, equiangular, actines measuring 480��� 846 ���1260 x 65 ��� 107 ���155 ��m Small triactines (Figs 46c,c 1), equiradiate, equiangular, possibly in two overlapping sizes, actines measuring overall 124��� 171 ���216 x 10 ��� 15.1 ���22 ��m. Tetractines (Figs 46d), basal triadiate system with actines 78��� 119 ���148 x 8 ��� 10.3 ���12 ��m, apical actines wobbly (Fig. 46e) or curved, relatively small and thin 14��� 36 ��� 48 x 4 ��� 5.7 ���7 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Mayotte, Madagascar, Red Sea, Indonesia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, on reefs in shallow depths. Remarks. This species is reported throughout the Indo-West Pacific tropical region, but the identities of all these records need critical re-examination. The present specimens conform closely in habitus and color to the Indonesian specimens described by us previously (Van Soest & De Voogd 2015), but the giant triactines are smaller and thinner in the present specimens. The habitus does not seem to match in some aspects with e.g. W��rheide & Hooper���s (1999) Australian record and with Voigt et al. ���s (2017) Red Sea records, as these specimens lack the redbrown-greenish pink-with-white coloration characteristic of our concept of this species. Spicule sizes of the triactines of these latter records do match better with those of the present specimens. Critical comparison with uniformly pinkish white specimens is made below. We obtained partial 28S rRNA sequences from several Western Indian Ocean specimens (Mayotte and Madagascar), downloaded several more from Indonesia and Australia. Oliver Voigt���s Red Sea sequences were made available to us. All are presented in Fig. 2C. They are discussed below in the Remarks of a new species, L. sulcata sp.nov. from Rodrigues. Row���s (1909) records of two specimens from the northern and southern parts of the Red Sea were not described, so these remain incertae sedis. Thacker et al. (2013) reported the West Indian species Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872 from Malaysia. This likely concerns Leucetta microraphis., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 80-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)","Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Thacker, R. W., Hill, A. L., Hill, M. S., Redmond, N. E., Collins, A. G., Morrow, C. C., Spicer, L., Carmack, C. A., Zappe, M. E., Pohlmann, D., Hall, C., Diaz, M. C. & Bangalore, P. V. (2013) Nearly complete 28 S rRNA gene sequences confirm new hypotheses of sponge evolution. Integrative & Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 373 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 071"]}

Genus Arturia Azevedo et al., 2017 Remarks. Our Calcinea phylogeny (Figs 2, 2A, 2C) shows a peculiar discrepancy in the affiliation of the two species of Arturia we found in our collection of Calcarea from the Western Indian Ocean. A. sueziana (Klautau & Valentine, 2003) is grouped on its own in Figs 2 and 2C outside any of the Calcinean genus and family clades, whereas A. adusta (Wörheide & Hooper, 1999) ended up close to the main group of Clathrina species. We investigated which of the two species is closest to the type species of Arturia, i.e. A. hirsuta (Klautau & Valentine, 2003), by downloading the available GenBank 18S sequences of Arturia species, because apart from Voigt et al. ’s (2017) 28S rRNA sequences and our own, there are no other Arturia sequences of that gene in GenBank. The 18S sequences of the type species (accession numbers KC843431 & KC985143), of A. sueziana (KY366410), of Clathrina adusta (AM 180962), of two additional unnamed Arturia species (KC985141 & KC985142), of Ernstia tetractina, of Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003 (KY366407), and of Leucetta floridana Haeckel, 1872 (KC843456) were analyzed with the MEGA package.The result (not shown) clearly confirmed that A. sueziana is close to the type species A. hirsuta and the two unnamed Arturia, near Leucetta floridana, and that Clathrina adusta did not group with these, but ended up separately and nearer to Clathrina sinusarabica and Ernstia tetractina. In our Fig. 2A it is demonstrated that Arturia adusta is joined by the Indonesian Arturia tubuloreticulosa Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 and Arturia angusta (Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015) (transferred here, but originally as Ascaltis). We are not proposing a new genus for this second Arturia group, but we confirm Voigt et al. ’s (2017) suggestion that the Ernstia - Arturia relationships need to be analyzed further, not only molecularly, but also morphologically. The morphological characters provided by Klautau et al. (2013) fail to give sufficient support for recognition of three Clathrina -like generic taxa with tetractines, Ernstia, Arturia s.s. and ‘ Arturia ’., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4311.3.1","Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)"]}

Clathrina rowi Voigt et al., 2017 Figures 16a���c, 17a���c Clathrina rowi Voigt et al., 2017: 14, fig. 8. Material examined. RMNH Por. 10002, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Thuwal, Tahlah, 22.25725��N 38.880917��E, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. THU14/JED209, 13 November 2014; ZMA Por. 13446, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, North Pinnacle, in cave, depth 9 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. AQ52, 4 July 1998. Description. The RMNH Por. 10002 specimen in situ (Fig. 16a) is an overall loose mass of intermediate-sized tubuli, provided with several water-collecting tubes ending in oscules. Cormus anastomosed in places to densely connected smaller tubes. Individual tubes 0.4���2 mm in diameter. Color pale beige to dirty white, semi-transparent. Preserved specimen massive due to compression of tubules during preservation and manipulation in transport, 4.5 x 3 cm in lateral expansion, about 1 cm thick, dirty white in color. The ZMA Por. 13446 specimen (Fig. 17a) from Aqaba is small. It has a conical, transparent-white cormus with faint purple tinge, consisting of loosely, occasionally more tightly, anastomosed tubules, leading to a prominent single water-collecting tube ending in a wide oscule. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Figs 16b, 17b) Tubuli walls with one to two spicule layers, rather dense in preserved condition. Spicules. (Figs 16c, 17c) Triactines only, neither specimen contained clearly identifiable trichoxeas as reported for some specimens in the type series. Triactines with thin cylindroconical actines, endings mucronate to shortly pointed, occasionally slightly sagittal, size range limited, in RMNH Por. 10002 it is 68��� 124 ���151 x 7.5��� 9.3 ���11 ��m, in ZMA Por. 13446 it is 48��� 84 ���102 x 5 ��� 7.4 ���9 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Saudi Arabian Red Sea, Israelian Gulf of Aqaba, on reefs. Remarks. The molecular sequence of the Jeddah specimen grouped with Voigt et al. ���s C. rowi specimens (cf. Fig. 2A); no sequence for the Aqaba specimen was obtained. For that reason we present separate morphological data for the two available specimens. The shape of the cormus of the Jeddah specimen with the longer wider tubuli combined with a fine network of thinner tubuli is the same as in Voigt et al. ���s type series. However, the shape (cylindroconical) and the size (up to 151 ��m) of the triactines of the Jeddah specimen differ from the triactines of the type series, which has actines up to 103 ��m long as described by Voigt et al. The Aqaba specimen has a comparable spicule size as the type series. Sequence data for specimens assigned to C. rowi by Voigt et al. 2017 were not strongly separated from sequences we found in specimens which we assigned to Clathrina luteoculcitella W��rheide & Hooper, 1999 (cf. Fig. 2A). A larger clade with high bootstrap value unites our specimen and Voigt et al. ���s (2017) specimens of C. rowi, with Indonesian and Australian specimens of C. luteoculcitella as well as with Rodrigues specimens assigned below to C. luteoculcitella. In a separate analysis, a trimmed alignment with length 395 sites of both species comprising Australian (downloaded from the Sponge Barcode Project), Indonesian, Red Sea and Oman specimens of C. luteoculcitella, together 8 sequences, and 10 Red Sea sequences of C. rowi (most donated by Oliver Voigt, but including one of ours, RMNH 10002), showed nine non-conserved sites. Four of these sites showed a neat separation between C. luteoculcitella and C. rowi, the other 5 sites showed single specimen differences or a mixed set of differences., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Arturia sueziana (Klautau & Valentine, 2003) Figures 4a–f Clathrina canariensis var. compacta; Row 1909: 184 (not: Schuffner, 1877). Clathrina sueziana Klautau & Valentine, 2003: 43, fig. 35. Arthuria sueziana; Voigt et al. 2017: 15, figs 9a–h. Material examined. RMNH Por. 9537, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Thuwal, Al Bilut (Rose Reef), 22.309861°N 38.886472°E, depth 12 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. THU03/JED022, 7 November 2014; RMNH Por. 10112, Maldives, Faafu Atoll, Free Climbing, 3.066583°N 72.923028°E, depth 15 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. MAD06 /MAS067, 18 February 2015. Description. Relatively massive, rounded to conical cormi of tightly anastomosed tubuli, converging at the upper surface to a few wide, tapering oscular (water-collecting) tubes (Figs 4a–c). Overall size is up to 3 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm, tubuli diameters 0.2–0.5 mm, water-collecting tubes up to 8 mm in diameter. Color pale yellow or dirty white. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Figs 4d) The tubule wall has two or more layers of overlapping triactines and tetractines, the latter with the apical actines protruding in the tubar lumen. The ratio of triactines vs. tetractines was 7: 1 in RMNH 9537 and 7.5: 1 in RMNH 10112, a clear predominance of triactines. Spicules. (Figs 4e–f) Triactines and tetractines; trichoxeas were observed in a very low frequency in all samples, invariably broken. Triactines (Figs 4e) predominantly equiradiate and equiangular, but a few are sagittal with paired actines wingshaped. Actines conical, actine lengths in the various specimens: RMNH Por. 9537: 96– 128.8 –146 x 8.5– 10.5 –14.5 µm (paired and unpaired actines of sagittal triactines of approximately same length). RMNH Por. 10112: 48– 111 –153 x 6 – 11.8 –15 µm (ditto). Tetractines (Fig. 4f) with basal triradiate system predominantly equiradiate, occasionally sagittal, with apical actines smooth, thinner, but up to the same length of the actines of the basal triradiate system. Basal actines conical, actine sizes in the various specimens: RMNH Por. 9537: 36– 119.4 –147 x 4 – 10.7 –14 µm, apical actines 54– 104.4 –164 x 4 – 4.9 –7 µm. RMNH Por. 10112: 64– 115 –156 x 6 – 10.2 –13 µm, apical actines 32– 84 –153 x 4 – 5.7 –8.5 µm. Distribution and ecology. Red Sea (Suez; Thuwal Reefs, near Jeddah), Maldives, in reef localities under overhangs. Remarks. This is the first time the species has been recorded from outside the Red Sea. The habitus and spicular characters of the Jeddah and Maldives specimens in our collection are so close that conspecificity seems obvious. There are some spicule size differences with the Suez holotype (tetractines are only up to 98 µm, apical actines of the tetractines are only up to 63 µm). In Voigt et al. ’s (2017) specimens there was a clear presence of trichoxeas (also mentioned in the holotype, quite rare in the present material). However, trichoxeas are notoriously variable in Clathrinidae, and the habitus and overall characters match with all three records. We obtained a partial 28S rRNA sequence for the Maldives specimen (sequencing of our Red Sea specimen failed). The Maldives sequence ended up in the same clade together with three Red Sea sequences from Voigt et al. (2017) in a high bootstrap support (cf. Fig. 2C). Nevertheless, the identical Red Sea sequences together differed substantially from the Maldives sequence (in more than 10 sites), indicating a possible specific difference, which may become evident when more studies of Western Indian Ocean localities have been made. Arturia darwinii (Haeckel, 1872) was reported from Zanzibar by Jenkin (1908) as Clathrina. It was described as bright lemon-yellow in color and the tri-and tetractines had basal actines 60–120 x 12–16 µm, with the apical actines of the tetractines having the same length but thinner (8 µm). These measurements overlap with the above given data on A. sueziana. The species is also reported from the Mozambique Channel by Barnes & Bell (2002), but no description was given. The type locality of A. darwinii is Java, Indonesia (cf. Van Soest & De Voogd 2015), but Haeckel also reported specimens from the Red Sea. The distinction between A. darwinii and A. sueziana remains to be further established. All the above presented discrepancies with the holotype of A. sueziana support Klautau & Valentine’s (2003) statement that A. sueziana is a complex of species., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Schuffner, O. (1877) Beschreibung einiger neuer Kalkschwamme. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft, 11, 403 - 433. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 92049 page / 413 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)","Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Barnes, D. K. A. & Bell, J. J. (2002) Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 337 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2028.2002.00387. x"]}

Clathrina aff. pulcherrima (Dendy, 1891) Figures 27a–e ? Leucosolenia pulcherrima Dendy, 1891: 52, pl. I fig. 7, pl. IV fig. 3, pl. X fig.3. ? Clathrina blanca; Jenkin 1908: 438, figs 85–87 (not: Miklucho-Maclay 1868) ? Clathrina blanca f. pulcherrima; Borojević 1967: 191 (? not: Dendy 1891) Material examined. ZMA Por. 22408c, Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique and Madagascar, E of Juan de Nova Island, 17.2817°S 43.1567°E, depth 60 m, trawl, coll. RV‘Pelagia’ Around Africa II expedition, field nr. 20- ASC 10, 1 April 2001. Description. Stalked Guancha -like sponge with flattened cormus (Fig. 27a) consisting of a tightly anastomosed mass of thin tubuli. The upper rim of the cormus has a row of tiny oscules (Fig. 27a 1). Size entire specimen 3.3 cm high, stalk 1.8 cm long and 0.17 cm thick, cormus 1.3 cm wide, 0.4 cm thick. Tubuli about 0.05–0.1 mm in thickness, with thicker tubuli running the entire length of the cormus. Color in alcohol dirty white to light beige. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Fig. 27b) Stalk and outer tubule walls consist of strongly sagittal triactines and to a lesser extent regular triactines; inner tubuli predominantly have regular triactines in their walls. Spicules. (Figs 27c–e) Triactines only. Triactines, in two distinct types, (1) equiradiate equiactinal triactines (Fig. 27c) with thin cylindrical actines 59– 101 –126 x 5 – 6.3 –8 µm, occasionally slightly sagittal with thicker conical actines (Fig. 27d), and (2) strongly sagittal (parasagittal) triactines (Figs 27e), with conical actines, with unpaired actines usually thicker halfway, paired actines usually tapering gradually, but occasionally also thicker halfway, unpaired actines strongly variable in length, 151– 226 –267 x 7.5– 11.5 –13 µm, paired actines 61– 114 –140 x 7 – 10.1 –12 µm. Distribution and ecology. Mozambique Channel, possibly SE coast of South Africa, possibly Southeast Australia, shallow water to 60 m depth. Remarks. The shape of this specimen closely resembles the description and drawing of the Southeast Australian species Clathrina pulcherrima Dendy, 1891 (see Dendy, 1891, p. 52, pl. I fig. 7, as Leucosolenia). This is likewise a stalked sponge with upper body of laterally compressed oval shape, with the upper rim provided with a row of oscules. The spicules are also divisible in regular equiradiate and equiangular triactines and parasagittal triactines. However, there is a significant difference in the lengths of the actines: the equiradiate actines measure 84 x 4.2 µm, the parasagittal unpaired actines are 100 x 8 µm long and the paired actines are 56 x 8 µm. Although Dendy did not give ranges of the actines, it is clear from these data that the spicules are distinctly shorter and thinner than the present ones. It is currently judged to be uncertain whether this difference merits specific distinction. Jenkin (1908) reported a flattened specimen of Clathrina blanca (Miklucho-Maclay, 1868) from Zanzibar, which reminds of our specimen, but is more irregular and the stalk is not a separately developed structure. It likewise has two types of triactines, regular triactines with actines of 60–100 x 4–9 µm and sagittal triactines with long unpaired actines of 100–160 x 7–11 µm. These measurements are somewhat inbetween those of Dendy and ours. Clathrina blanca is not flattened and is confined to the North Atlantic. Borojević (1967) described specimens from South Africa (East London and Durban) as Clathrina blanca forma pulcherrima, but since he did not give spicule measurements, nor illustrations, it is not certain his specimens belonged to the same species as the present. He also signaled the presence of tripods, shaped similar to the regular triactines but with raised centre, which were not clearly present in the above-described specimen. Haeckel (1872) reported (p. 16) and illustrated (his pl. 2 figs 5 and 6) stalked Clathrina primordialis specimens from the Red Sea, which he obtained from Miklucho-Maclay with the manuscript name ‘ Nardoa arabica ’. The specimens had only a single oscule and the spicules were all regular triactines. Row (1909) also reported C. primordialis but gave no description or illustration. Recently, Klautau et al. 2016 redescribed C. primordialis from the Adriatic and restricted that species to the Mediterranean. The identity of the Red Sea population referred to by Haeckel and Row remains uncertain. Voigt et al. 2017 stated that it possibly was conspecific with their Clathrina rowi. Although there is no morphological similarity, molecular sequence analysis of partial 28SrRNA put this species closest to Clathrina rotundata Voigt et al., 2017. Still, a trimmed alignment with length of 395 sites showed 45 site differences between the present species and C. rotundata. This result merely expresses the isolated positions of these two species. Guancha Miklucho-Maclay, 1868, for a long time used for stalked Clathrina - type sponges, has been synonymized with Clathrina s.s. because its type species C. blanca conforms to the new definition of Clathrina. However, it is quite possible that a species group of that genus with the combination of stalked habitus and differentiated regular and long-unpaired actine sagittal triactines deserves to be recognized at the genus level. This is not further elaborated here., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 52-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Dendy, A. (1891) A monograph of the Victorian sponges, I. The organisation and classification of the Calcarea Homocoela, with descriptions of the Victorian Species. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 3, 1 - 81. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 112423 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1868) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Spongien I. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 4, 221 - 240.","Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme. Eine Monographie in zwei Banden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1 - 3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 44605 page / 5 / mode / 1 up (accessed 13 March 2018)","Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x"]}

Borojevia voigti sp. nov. Figures 6a���d, 7a���d Material examined. Holotype, ZMA Por. 13444, Israel, pillar container port, Gulf of Aqaba, depth 5 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. AQ 65, 5 July 1998. Description. Cormus (Figs 6a,a 1) a greyish white cushion (Fig. 6a 1, arrow), brighter white in alcohol (Fig. 6a), made up of tightly anastomosed thin tubuli. Oscules small, about 2 mm diameter, flush with the surface. Size of entire specimen is 2.5 x 2 x 1 cm. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Figs 6b���d) Tubuli walls consist of one���two layers of triactines and tetractines. Apical actines of tetractines protruding into the tubar lumen (Fig. 6d). Spicules. (Figs 7a���d) Triactines and tetractines, about equal in number. Some trichoxea-like spicules appear present in the spicule slides. Triactines (Fig. 7a) equiradiate and equiangular, with conical actines measuring 42��� 89 ���117 x 7 ��� 8.7 ���11 ��m. Tetractines (Figs 7b���d) shaped similarly and of approximate equal size. Apical actines straight, equal in length or longer than the actines of the basal triradiate system, tapering to a thin point (Fig. 7b), occasionally entirely smooth (Fig. 7c left), but usually provided with a few small spines (Figs 7c right). Actines of the basal triradiate system 32��� 61 ���105 x 4 ��� 6.8 ���10 ��m, apical actines 24��� 67 ���138 x 3 ��� 5.1 ���7 ��m. ?Trichoxeas (Fig. 7d), up to 300+ ��m, quite thin (less than 0.5 ��m in thickness). Not certainly proper as they are not visible in the sections. Distribution and ecology. Red Sea, Aqaba, under overhangs in reef localities. Etymology. Named after Dr Oliver Voigt, M��nchen, for his excellent contributions to Calcarea systematics. Remarks. The present specimen resembles to some extent Voigt et al. ���s (2017) description of Borojevia aff. aspina (Klautau et al., 1994). The trichoxea-like spicules are present in the spicule slide at a low frequency. In the surface section (Fig. 6c) there are some thin long spicules, but they are indistinct and may not be proper to the sponge. Voigt et al. also observed that the trichoxeas are difficult to find in the slides. Voigt et al. did not observe spines on the apical actines of the tetractines, which is a distinct difference. In our new species the spines were very small and occasionally absent in our specimen (Figs 7c left), thus we assume our and Voigt et al. ���s specimens belong to different closely related species. Like Voigt et al. ���s specimen ours has whitish color and it lacks distinct tripods. Since Borojevia aspina is a Brazilian species, the likelihood that a species living on reefs in the Red Sea is conspecific with the Brazilian population is judged to be quite small. Borojević (1967) described the Mediterranean species Clathrina cerebrum from Eastern South Africa (Natal coast). This combination is now assigned to Borojevia and restricted to the Mediterranean (cf. Klautau et al. 2016). It is cushion-shaped like the new species, but it has tripods, making it unlikely to be the same species. So far, no other species of Borojevia have been reported from the region, but below we will describe two additional species. Differences with the present species will be given in the Remarks sections of these species. We were unable to obtain a partial 28SrRNA sequence of this specimen., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Klautau, M., Sole-Cava, A. M. & Borojevic, R. (1994) Biochemical systematics of sibling sympatric species of Clathrina (Porifera: Calcarea). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22 (4), 367 - 375. Available from: http: // www. sciencedirect. com / science / article / pii / 0305197894900272 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00359196709519066"]}

Leucetta sulcata sp.nov. Figs 49a–d, 50a–d Material examined. Holotype, RMNH Por. 11639, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.76203°S 63.46273°E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG042, 17 October 2016. Paratypes, RMNH Por. 11643, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.76203°S 63.46273°E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG046, 17 October 2016; RMNH Por. 11645, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Mourouk Ebony, Castel Rock, 19.76203°S 63.46273°E, depth 10 m, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. ROG048, 17 October 2016. ? Additionally: ZMA Por. 1 6368, Madagascar, Nosy Bé, Ambariobé, N of Kosy Komba, depth 6–8 m, scuba, coll. J.H. Stock, 28 December 1963. Description. The in situ shape is a massive lumpy sponge (Fig. 49a) with irregular grooves and deep holes. Live color pale greyish white with pink rims in the peripheral parts. Surface irregular, in places somewhat conulose. Oscules inconspicuous, almost flush with the surface. Color of specimens on deck (Fig. 49b–c) and preserved (Fig. 49d) remains the same. Size of preserved specimens up to 13 x 8 x 8 cm, oscules 5 mm in diameter. Grooves and ridges up to 1 cm wide. Consistency coarse, harsh and hard. Aquiferous system. Leuconoid. Skeleton. A dense mass of giant triactines and small triactines. The oscules lead to into round atrial cavities lined with tetractines and triactines. Spicules. (Figs 50a–d) Giant triactines, small triactines, tetractines. Giant triactines (Figs 50a) equiradiate, equiangular, 408– 984 –1380 x 43 – 107.2 –204 µm. Small triactines (Figs 50b) equiradiate, equiangular, 124– 186 –241 x 10 – 16.8 –22 µm; small sagittal triactines with wavy paired actines (not shown), 83– 106 –133 x 7 – 10.2 –14 µm. Tetractines (Figs 50c–d) with basal triradiate system similar to triactines, 102– 163 –204 x 9 – 12.6 –16 µm, apical actines thin, curved (Fig. 50d), 29– 58 – 96 x 3 – 5.2 –8 µm. Distribution and ecology. Rodrigues, possibly Madagascar, on reefs in shallow depth. Etymology. Sulcatus (L.) meaning grooved, referring to the habitus. Remarks. The spicule sizes and shapes are similar to those of Leucetta microraphis, to which the present species is most closely related. Two small irregular fragments of a white sponge, ZMA Por. 16368, collected near Nosy Bé, Madagascar, could belong to the present species based on its skeleton and spicules, but the small material without a definite shape precludes a definite conclusion. We obtained sequences of the holotype and two of the paratypes and in our phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 2C) they grouped together (at 85% bootstrap value) in a larger clade containing sequences of L. microraphis from Mayotte, Madagascar, Australia and the Red Sea. Aligned and trimmed sequences of this larger L. microraphis - group (length 396 sites), showing 19 non-conserved sites, resulted in observed differences of 2–8 sites between L. sulcata sp.nov. and various sequences of L. microraphis s.l. The four sequences of L. sulcata sp.nov. shared two unique non-conserved sites. The three sequences of L. microraphis with pinkish red-brown-green color, described above from Mayotte and Madagascar, shared three unique non-conserved sites. These were not shared by the one Indonesian sequence of a specimen with similar morphology as the Mayotte and Madagascar specimens. Remarkably, Oliver Voigt’s Red Sea sequences did not have any uniquely shared sites, individual sequences sharing non-conserved sites variously with L. sulcata sp.nov. or Western Indian Ocean L. microraphis, and the Australian and Indonesian sequences. Clearly, the morphological discrepancies and inconsistencies in L. microraphis s.l. are not easily solved by molecular sequence data. L. microraphis s.l. are likely a complex of sister species. The morphological differences of the present new species (white color, grooved and holed habitus) with L. microraphis s.s. (pinkish red-brown-green tubular masses) preclude conspecificity. The pink-white Red Sea specimens and L. pyriformis specimens described above are additional members of the group, differing in shape, color and e.g. in the long straight vs. curved condition of the apical actines of the tetractines. More study is necessary to differentiate the species. Leocorny et al. (2016) recently studied the Leucetta species from (sub-)tropical Australian waters: Leucetta prolifera (Carter, 1878) (originally as Teichonella), L. insignis Row & Hozawa, 1931, L. infrequens Row & Hôzawa, 1931, L. expansa Row & Hôzawa, 1931, L. villosa Wörheide & Hooper, 1999, L. foliata Leocorny et al., 2016 and L. purpurea Leocorny et al., 2016. Of these species, two are slightly similar to the new species in having a folded habitus, L. prolifera and L. foliata, but the former has the folds broadly bladed with rows of oscules on the upper surface of the folds, whereas the latter has the folds sharply and thinly bladed. Both do not really resembly the irregularly grooved-holed specimens of the new species. Both species have next to the usual complement of giant triactines, small triactines and small tetractines also large tetractines of the same size or larger as the giant triactines. The remaining species have a more compact or globular habitus, also unlike our new species: L. insignis is shaped like L. chagosensis but has tripod-like giant triactines, L. infrequens is a small erect clump, which apparently lacks small tetractines, L. expansa is also a small, but squat clump, possessing ectosomal microdiactines in addition to the usual spicule complement, L. villosa is provided with villous hair-like outgrowths on the surface, and finally L. purpurea is a small globular purple-colored sponge with giant tripods, sharing this feature with L. insignis., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Leocorny, P., Alencar, A., Fromont, J. & Klautau, M. (2016) New Leucettidae de Laubenfels, 1936 (Porifera, Calcarea) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4175 (4), 319 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.4.2","Carter, H. J. (1878) On Teichonia, a new family of calcareous sponges with description of two species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 2 (7), 35 - 40. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 81237 page / 49 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Row, R. W. H. & Hozawa, S. (1931) Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tohoku University, Series 4, 6 (1), 727 - 809.","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Clathrina rotundata Voigt et al., 2017 Recently described extensively in Voigt et al. 2017 and discussed above in the Remarks of C. maremeccae sp.nov., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x"]}

Clathrina primordialis sensu Jenkin, 1908 Jenkin (1908: 436) gave a short description of specimens of Clathrina with actines of 160���180 x 16���20 ��m. He assigned these to Haeckel���s Clathrina primordialis (originally as Ascetta). This species is reported widely in the literature but it was recently restricted to the Mediterranean (Klautau & Valentine, 2003; Klautau et al. 2016). The spicule sizes of Jenkin���s material could indicate membership of above described Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003, but the short description is insufficient for a definite conclusion., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on page 151, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 99643 page / 46 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x"]}

Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003 Figures 14a���d, 15a���d Clathrina coriacea; Row 1909: 184 (not: Montagu 1814). Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003: 45, fig. 37; Voigt et al. 2017: 12, fig. 7. Material examined. RMNH Por. 10003, Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, near Thuwal, Tahlah, 22.25725��N 38.880917��E, scuba, coll. N.J. de Voogd, field nr. THU14/JED 210, 13 November 2014; ZMA Por. 13414, Israel, Schuhmacher���s Pinnacle, Gulf of Aqaba, depth 6 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. AQ11, 1 July 1998; ZMA Por. 13476, Israel, pillar container port, Gulf of Aqaba, depth 5 m, scuba, coll. M. Wunsch, field nr. AQ61, 5 July 1998. Description. Cushion of loosely anastomosed semi-transparent white tubuli (Figs 14a���c) of 0.5���1.2 mm diameter. Water collecting tubes (Fig. 14a 1) are common at the upper and lateral sides, but are less prominent in the Aqaba specimens (Figs 14b���c). Preserved material is now fragmented and has pinkish color in alcohol. Size of the entire Jeddah specimen is 5 x 3 x 2 cm, the Aqaba specimens are slightly smaller. Aquiferous system. Asconoid. Skeleton. (Fig. 15a) Tubule walls thin, with single layer of spicules. Spicules. (Figs 15b���d) Equiradiate equiangular triactines with thin cylindroconical actines ending in pointed apices, 78���214 x 7.5���17.5 ��m (n=75). The spicules sizes of the three specimens are: RMNH Por. 10003: 83��� 164.4 ���194 x 7.5��� 9.04 ���11 ��m ZMA Por. 13414: 107��� 167 ���214 x 9 ��� 13.4 ���17.5 ��m ZMA Por. 13476: 78��� 132 ���162 x 9 ��� 11.2 ���14.5 ��m. Distribution and ecology. Saudi Arabia, Jeddah, on reefs; if correctly identified it occurs in the Sudanese Red Sea, Agig, and the Israelian part of the Gulf of Aqaba, on reefs, depth 5��� 6 m. Remarks. The type of Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine, 2003 resembles our specimens in habitus and color, but the actines of its spicules are significantly shorter, 72���103 x 8.4 ��m (according to Klautau & Valentine 2003). We base ourselves for the identification on Voigt et al. ���s (2017) description, which gives actines of 50���166 x 8���18 ��m. The partial 28S sequence obtained for the Jeddah specimen conforms to Voigt���s molecular data (cf. Fig. 2A). The Jeddah specimen was sequenced, the Aqaba specimens were not. The Aqaba specimens appear to be morphologically similar, so we assume they are members of C. sinusarabica, but we gave separate measurements of the spicules of the three specimens, just in case. Morphologically, the present specimens resemble Rodrigues and Seychelles material described below as Clathrina rodriguesensis sp.nov., having firm whitish tubuli and robust triactines, but molecular data do not support this similarity (cf. Fig. 2A). The present specimens show also considerable resemblance to the Indonesian species Clathrina sororcula Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015, which has loosely anastomosed semi-transparent white tubes, cylindrical triactines of the same average length. Differences are the presence of several water-collecting tubes (raised oscules, absent in C. sororcula) and the greater size of the actines of the spicules. No molecular sequence data for C. sororcula could be obtained. Clathrina rowi Voigt et al., 2017, Clathrina luteoculcitella W��rheide & Hooper, 1999 and Clathrina chrysea Borojević & Klautau, 2000 sensu Van Soest & De Voogd 2015 are closely related in a molecular sense (cf. Fig. 2A). The New Caledonian type material of the latter was yellow, but life color of the Indonesian material was unknown. The color in alcohol is transparent-white like the present specimen. Spicule sizes match reasonably (75���144 x 7���11 ��m), but actines are more conical. C. rowi and C. luteoculcitella are treated below., Published as part of Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, pp. 1-160 in Zootaxa 4426 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4426.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1271239, {"references":["Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Row, R. W. H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904 - 5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182 - 214. Available from: https: // academic. oup. com / zoolinnean / article / 31 / 206 / 182 / 2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)","Montagu, G. (1814) An Essay on Sponges, with Descriptions of all the Species that have been discovered on the Coast of Great Britain. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 2 (1), 67 - 122. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 165543 page / 101 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., Gonzalez-Pech, R. A., Al-Aidaroos, A. M., Berumen, M. L. & Worheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009 - 1034. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 017 - 0671 - x","Worheide, G. & Hooper, J. N. A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859 - 891. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 124162 page / 409 / mode / 1 up (accessed 21 January 2018)","Borojevic, R. & Klautau, M. (2000) Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema, 22 (2), 187 - 201. Available from: http: // sciencepress. mnhn. fr / fr / periodiques / zoosystema / 22 / 2 / eponges-calcaires-de-nouvelle-caledonie (accessed 21 January 2018)"]}

Borojevia Klautau, Azevedo, Cóndor-Luján, Rapp, Collins & Russo, 2013 Diagnosis. "Calcinea in which the cormus comprises tightly anastomosed tubes. The skeleton contains regular (equiangular and equiradiate) triactines, tetractines, and tripods. The apical actine of the tetractines has spines. Aquiferous system asconoid" (Klautau et al. 2013). Type species. Ascaltis cerebrum (Haeckel, 1872)., Published as part of Fontana, Tayara, Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pérez, Thierry & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Diversity and distribution patterns of Calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from Martinique, pp. 331-369 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on pages 340-341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1221622, {"references":["Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, CAM. (2013) A Molecular Phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida Rekindles and Refines Haeckel's Taxonomic Proposal for Calcareous Sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039","Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 418 pp."]}

Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (Figure 13, Table 12) Synonyms. Amphoriscus floridanus: Haeckel 1872: 144. Dyssycus floridanus: Haeckel 1872: 144. Leucaltis floridana: Haeckel 1872: 144. Leucaltis impura: Haeckel 1872: 144. Leucaltis pura: Haeckel 1872: 144. Leucetta aff. floridana: Lehnert & Van Soest 1998: 99. Leucetta floridana: de Laubenfels 1950: 146, Moraes et al. 2006: 167, Muricy et al. 2008: 132, Valderrama et al. 2009: 9, Lanna et al. 2009: 7, Muricy et al. 2011: 36–37, Rützler et al. 2014: 102, Azevedo et al. 2017: 333, Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018: 25. Leucetta microraphis: Tanita 1942: 111, Borojevic & Peixinho 1976: 1003. Leucetta sp.: Moraes et al. 2003: 17. Leucilla floridana: Jenkin 1908: 453. Lipostomella floridana: Haeckel 1872: 144. Material Examined. (22 specimens) UFRJPOR 7403, UFRJPOR 7405, UFRJPOR 7407, UFRJPOR 7408, UFRJPOR 7409, UFRJPOR 7423, UFRJPOR 7424, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by M. Klautau and T. Pérez, 0 6 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7406, UFRJPOR 7410, UFRJPOR 7411, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by J. Vacelet, 0 3 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7412, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by P. Leocorny, 0 6 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7863, UFRJPOR 7865, UFRJPOR 7871, UFRJPOR 7877, UFRJPOR UFRJPOR 7777, UFRJPOR 7778, Anse de Fortune, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°30.377' N – 61°05.850' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 16 May 2015, 6 m depth. UFRJPOR 7859, UFRJPOR 7861, Anse de Fortune, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°30.377' N – 61°05.850' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 15 May 2015, 3 m depth. UFRJPOR 7862, Anse de Fortune, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°30.377' N – 61°05.850' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 16 May 2015, 5 m depth. UFRJPOR 7845, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by B. Cóndor-Luján, 14 May 2015, 7– 8 m depth. UFRJPOR 7404, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by J. Vacelet, 0 4 December 2013. *From Valderrama et al. (2009). Colour. White to light blue alive and beige to brown in ethanol. Description. Body amorphous, consistency firm and friable and surface harsh (Figures 13A–C). Oscula are large and apical, without crown. Aquiferous system leuconoid. Skeleton. Skeleton disorganised (Figure 13D), composed of two size categories of triactines and two of tetractines. It is not easy to recognise a distinct cortex and atrial membrane, as the spicules are present in all parts of the sponge body. However, triactines II and tetractines II are mainly concentrated in the cortex, while triactines I and tetractines I are principally in the choanosome and surrounding the atrium, which is hispid by the presence of the apical actines of tetractines I. Spicules (Table 12). Triactines I: Regular or sagittal. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips. They are the most abundant spicules (Figure 13E). Size: 90.0–170.0/10.0–20.0 µm. Tetractines I: Regular or sagittal. Actines are slightly conical, straight, with blunt to sharp tips (Figure 13F). The apical actine is smooth, thinner than the basal actines and has a sharp tip. Basal actines: 95.0–175.0/10.0–20.0 µm; Apical actine: 85.0–135.0/5.0–17.5 µm. Triactines II: Regular. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips (Figure 13G). Size: 800.0–1650.0/125.0– 225.0 µm. Tetractines II: Regular. These spicules are rare. Actines are conical, straight, with blunt tips (Figure 13H). Size: 1225.0–1350.0/200.0 µm. Ecology. In Martinique, specimens of this species were found in caves and crevices, in depths of 3 to 8 m. Geographical distribution. Florida (Haeckel 1872), Bermuda (de Laubenfels 1950), Jamaica and Cayman Islands (Lehnert & Van Soest 1998, Miloslavich et al. 2010), Panama and Colombia—Uraba and San Andres (Valderrama et al. 2009, Klautau et al. 2013), Brazil—Pará State, Maranhão State, Ceará State, Rio Grande do Norte State, Paraíba State, Pernambuco State, Alagoas State, Sergipe State, Bahia State, Espírito Santo State, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll (Borojevic & Peixinho 1976, Lanna et al. 2009, Valderrama et al. 2009, Muricy et al. 2011, Azevedo et al. 2017), Martinique (Pérez et al. 2017), Curaçao (Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018). Remarks. Originally described from Florida (Haeckel 1872), L. floridana is very common in the Caribbean Sea and in the North and Northeast of Brazil, where the water is still warm. This distribution evidences the faunistical connection between Brazil and Caribbean. In our phylogenetic tree (Figure 16), the specimens analysed in this article grouped with specimens from Urabá and Brazil analysed by Valderrama et al. (2009) and specimens from Curaçao analysed by Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018 with a bootstrap of 99%. The p-distance ranged from 0 to 0.5%., Published as part of Fontana, Tayara, Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pérez, Thierry & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Diversity and distribution patterns of Calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from Martinique, pp. 331-369 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on pages 357-359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1221622, {"references":["Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 418 pp.","Lehnert, H. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48 (5), 71 - 103.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27 (1), 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x","Lanna, E., Cavalcanti, F. F., Cardoso, L., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2009) Taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from Potiguar Basin, NE Brazil. Zootaxa, 1973, 1 - 27.","Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4311.3.1","Condor-Lujan, B., Louzada, T., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2018) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curacao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, XX, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 082","Borojevic, R. & Peixinho, S. (1976) Eponges calcaires des cotes nord et nord-est du Bresil. Bulletin du Museum d'histoire Naturelle de Paris, 402, 987 - 1036.","Jenkin, C. F. (1908) The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M. A., in the Years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1908. tb 07387. x","Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, CAM. (2013) A Molecular Phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida Rekindles and Refines Haeckel's Taxonomic Proposal for Calcareous Sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039"]}

Arturia alcatraziensis (Lanna, Rossi, Cavalcanti, Hajdu & Klautau, 2007) (Figure 2, Table 2) Synonyms. Clathrina alcatraziensis: Lanna et al. 2007: 1556. Arthuria hirsuta: Klautau et al. 2013: 458, Pérez et al. 2017: 13. Arturia hirsuta: Azevedo et al. 2017: 306. Material examined. (One specimen) UFRJPOR 7442, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by M. Klautau, 0 3 December 2013, 11 m depth. Material for comparison. Holotype (MNRJ 5859) and samples from Cape Verde (ZMAPOR 0 7103 and ZMAPOR 07061). Colour. White in life and in ethanol. Description. The specimen has a massive globular shape (Figure 2A). The cormus is composed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes with a central water-collecting tube. No cells with granules were found. Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton. The skeleton is disorganised (Figure 2B) and composed of triactines, tetractines and diactines (Figures 2C–E). Diactines protrude through the surface, giving it a very hispid appearance. Spicules (Table 2) Triactine: Regular (equiangular and equiradiate). Actines are conical with blunt tips (Figure 2D). Size: 87.5– 125.0/10.0–12.5 µm. Sagittal triactines were also found. Tetractine: Regular. Actines are conical with blunt tips (Figure 2E). Size: 82.5–137.5/10.0–12.5 µm. The apical actine is slender and smooth (Figure 2F). Size: 82.5–87.5/7.5 µm. Diactines: Fusiform with one sharp tip and the other thicker and blunt (Figure 2C). Size: 227.5–860.0/10.0– 150.0 µm. Ecology. The specimen was found in a crevice. Remarks. Currently the genus Arturia is composed of 13 species. Among these species, Arturia hirsuta (Klautau & Valentine, 2003) is the most similar to A. alcatraziensis. In fact, the specimen from Martinique was previously identified as A. hirsuta (Pérez et al. 2017). Although both species have some similarities, they differ mainly by the anastomosis of the cormus and shape of the diactines. In A. alcatraziensis, the cormus is spherical, the anastomosis is dense and regular, and the diactines are fusiform or have one tip almost arrow shaped, while in A. hirsuta, the cormus does not seem to be spherical (although the holotype is fragmented), the anastomosis is loose and irregular and the diactines are only fusiform (Klautau & Valentine 2003). Therefore, the specimen from Martinique matches the description of A. alcatraziensis. It has a spherical cormus composed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes and its diactines vary from fusiform to arrow shaped. The only difference is in the size of the diactines, which is larger in the Martinique specimen (Table 2). We compared our specimen from Martinique with another one from Cape Verde (ZMAPOR 07061) previously identified by Klautau et al. (2013) as A. hirsuta (see also Cóndor-Luján et al. 2018). Our specimen grouped with the specimen from Cape Verde with 100% bootstrap and presented 0% of p-distance (Figure 16), however, based on the cormus and shape of the diactines, we think that the specimen from Cape Verde was wrongly identified. Therefore, we correct here its identification to A. alcatraziensis and identify the specimen from Martinique as A. alcatraziensis as well. The ITS sequence published as A. hirsuta by Klautau et al. (2013) has then to be corrected to A. alcatraziensis. Geographical distribution. Alcatrazes Archipelago—São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil (Lanna et al. 2007), Cape Verde (Klautau et al. 2013; Azevedo et al. 2017) and Martinique (Pérez et al. 2017). *From Lanna et al. (2007). **From Klautau & Valentine (2003)., Published as part of Fontana, Tayara, Cóndor-Luján, Báslavi, Azevedo, Fernanda, Pérez, Thierry & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Diversity and distribution patterns of Calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from Martinique, pp. 331-369 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on pages 337-339, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1221622, {"references":["Lanna, E., Rossi, A. L., Cavalcanti, F. F., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2007) Calcareous sponges from Sao Paulo State, Brazil (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) with the description of two new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87 (6), 1553 - 1561. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315407056871","Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Condor-Lujan, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A. & Russo, CAM. (2013) A Molecular Phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida Rekindles and Refines Haeckel's Taxonomic Proposal for Calcareous Sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ict 039","Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4311.3.1","Klautau, M. & Valentine C. (2003) Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139, 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 0024 - 4082.2003.00063. x","Condor-Lujan, B., Louzada, T., Hajdu, E. & Klautau, M. (2018) Morphological and molecular taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Curacao, Caribbean Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, XX, 1 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 082"]}

Leucetta Haeckel, 1872 Diagnosis. " Leucettidae with a homogeneous organization of the wall and a typical leuconoid aquiferous system. There is neither a clear distinction between the cortex and the choanoskeleton, nor the presence of a distinct layer of subcortical inhalant cavities. The atrium is frequently reduced to a system of exhalant canals that open directly into the osculum or may be a large cavity" (Valderrama et al. 2009). Type species. Leucetta primigenia Haeckel, 1872 (by original designation)., Published as part of Fontana, Tayara, C��ndor-Luj��n, B��slavi, Azevedo, Fernanda, P��rez, Thierry & Klautau, Michelle, 2018, Diversity and distribution patterns of Calcareous sponges (subclass Calcinea) from Martinique, pp. 331-369 in Zootaxa 4410 (2) on page 357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1221622, {"references":["Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwamme, eine Monographie. G. Reimer, Berlin, 418 pp."]}

Ernstia adunca sp. nov. (Figure 10, Table 10) Diagnosis. Ernstia with an apical actine strongly curved, forming a hook. Etymology. From the Latin aduncus (= hooked, curved), for the shape of the apical actine of the tetractine. Type Locality. Le Rocher du Diamant, Martinique. Synonyms. Ernstia sp. nov.: Pérez et al. 2017: 13. Type Material. (Three specimens) Holotype: UFRJPOR 7644, Le Rocher du Diamant, Martinique (14°26.556' N – 61°2.408' W), collected by F. Azevedo, 25 April 2015, 18.8 m depth. Paratypes: UFRJPOR 7422, Pointe Burgos, Anses d'Arlet, Martinique (14°29.787' N – 61°5.351' W), collected by M. Klautau and T. Pérez, 0 6 December 2013. UFRJPOR 7672, Le Rocher du Diamant, Martinique (14°26.556' N – 61°2.408' W), collected by F. Azevedo, 25 April 2015, 18.8 m depth. Colour. Yellow alive and light beige in ethanol. Description. Clathroid body formed by thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Figure 10A). No cells with granules. Water-collecting tubes are present and they are very large and conspicuous (Figures 10A–C). Aquiferous system asconoid. Skeleton. The skeleton has no special organisation (Figure 10D) and is formed by two categories of triactines and one of tetractines. Triactines and tetractines are present in the same proportion. Spicules (Table 10). *From van Soest & de Voogd (2015). Triactine I: Regular or subregular. Actines are cylindrical and straight or slightly undulated, with blunt tips (Figure 10E). Size: 27.5–65.0/2.5–5.0 µm. Triactine II: Regular. Actines are conical to slightly conical with sharp or blunt tips (Figure 10F). Size: 81.1– 118.9/5.4–8.1µm. Tetractine: Similar to the triactine I (Figure 10G). The apical actine is thicker than the basal ones and it is curved at the distal part (Figure 10H). Size: Basal actines: 73.0–110.8/5.4–6.7 µm. Apical actine: 59.5–94.6/9.0 µm. Ecology. Specimens of this species were found protected from the sunlight. Geographical distribution. Martinique. Remarks. The only species of Ernstia with an apical actine strongly curved as in E. adunca sp. nov. is E. chrysops Van Soest & De Voogd, 2015 from Indonesia. The difference is that in E. adunca sp. nov. the actine turns to the basal actines (360o), forming a hook (Figures 10F–H), while in E. chrysops it curves 90o. In addition, not all apical actines of E. chrysops are curved, while in E. adunca sp. nov., all of them are. Besides, the spicules of E. chrysops are larger than those of E. adunca sp. nov. (Table 10). In our phylogenetic tree (Figure 17), E. adunca sp. nov. did not present intraspecific variation (boostrap 100% and p-distance of 0%), and was closer to E. arabica with bootstrap of 96% and p-distance ranging from 5.6% to 5.9%.