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Prevalent etiological agents and treatment options are essential for diagnosing and managing fish diseases. Therefore, this study used standard microbiological procedures to enumerate and identify the total bacterial count in the water, skin, and gastrointestinal tract of 75 moribund cultured Clarias gariepinus from different culture facilities. Following that, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to eight antibiotics was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Various clinical signs and pathological lesions were observed on the sampled moribund fish. Total bacterial count varied significantly (P < 0.05) regardless of the types of culture facilities. Bacteria species from eight different genera were present, comprising three Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Staphylococcus aureus, and five Gram-negative bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica, in which Gram-negative bacteria (> 70%) were the most prevalent type of bacteria isolated. There was an association between the bacteria species isolated from the water and the different parts of the fish sampled regardless of the culture facilities. The antibiogram of the bacteria recovered revealed different sensitivity and resistance profiles. More than fifty percent of the Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while the Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin (> 40%). Amoxicillin, ampicillin oxytetracycline, and tetracycline resistance were high in the bacteria isolates. This study confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria isolated with a multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.63-0.75, indicating indiscriminate and irrational use of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aeromonas species are one of the most important etiologies of diseases in fish farms, leading to clinical manifestation and mortality and are associated with public health risks. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Aeromonas species isolated from farmed Clarias gariepinus using 16 S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, their antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index were determined using a disc diffusion test. Results: A total of 230 Aeromonas strains were isolated from Clarias gariepinus with 40.9% obtained from diseased fish, and 25% isolated from apparently healthy ones. Five different species including Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas enteropelogenes were fully identified and genetically characterized. Based on the available literature, this is the first report of Aeromonas enteropelogenes from the study area. The phylogenetic analysis showed genetic heterogeneity and distance within the species and the reference strains. The multiple resistant Aeromonas species were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and florfenicol. The Aeromonas species' multiple antibiotic resistance index values varied between 0.20 and 0.80 and were isolated from the farms where antibiotics were intensively used. Conclusions: The diversity of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas species isolated from fish farms is a major threat to fish production giving us more understanding of epidemiology and the multidrug Aeromonas species with a MAR index of greater than 0.2 were isolated from farms where antibiotic use was widespread. As a result, a considerably increased danger of multiple antibiotic resistance spreading to the fish culture environment may impact aquaculture production. Hence there is a need for appropriate and monitored drug usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aeromonas species is one of the most important causes of diseases in Clarias gariepinus, a public health threat with significant economic losses. Objectives: In this research, the prevalence and variety of Aeromonas species isolated from C. gariepinus cultured in an earthen pond were investigated, as well as the antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index Methods: Aeromonas species were isolated by culture and biochemical test and confirmed using a Microbact 24E kit. The antibiotic susceptibility to 10 antibiotics was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Aeromonas species were isolated with a prevalence of 43.1% with 4 different phenospecies with the highest prevalence of 46(24 %) for Aeromonas hydrophila followed by 15(7.8%) for Aeromonas caviae, then 10(5.2%) for Aeromonas veronii sobria, and the least was observed for Aeromonas veronii veronii 6(3.1%). The Aeromonas species showed high resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, colistin sulfate, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and penicillin, with varying resistant patterns, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged between 0.20 and 0.80. Conclusion: There was a diversity of Aeromonas species associated with multiple antibioticresistant leading to the wide spread of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is a need to control the use of antibiotics and ensure the effective use of biosecurity and preventive management measures in fish farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transportation of fish is a common practice in aquaculture. However, the transportation of fish results in significant stress that can cause mortality and disease outbreaks due to compromised immune status. To ameliorate the effect of this stress, it is advocated that a suitable antioxidant be supplemented to fish before subjecting to transportation. Objectives: The present experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of melatonin on haematological parameters and water quality indices of Clarias gariepinus post-transportation. Methods: Forty adult C. gariepinus fishes, weighing an average of 450.46 g and measuring an average of 38.23 cm and 4.46 cm were used for the experiment. They were divided into two groups. Group I (MMF) was supplemented with melatonin in their feed every day for one month while group II (OMF) was not administered melatonin. The subjects were fed a commercial pelleted diet once a day throughout the experiment. They were maintained in a tank made of plastic, and water was originally provided through a flow-through system. Haematological and water quality parameters were determined before and after transportation. Results: After the transportation process, erythrocyte count and packed cell volume of the group I was significantly higher (P<0.05). In comparison to group II, the total leucocyte count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of group I were all significantly lower (P<0.05). After transit, group II had considerably higher quantities of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia (P<0.05) than group I. Following transportation, group II had significantly higher nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia (P<0.05) than group I. However, in group I, dissolved oxygen concentration was greater (P<0.05) than that of group II. Conclusion: Accordingly, it was concluded that melatonin affected various haematological and water quality variables in C. gariepinus and will ameliorate the stress of transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ascertain the effects of Elaeis guineensis oil on the haematological and water quality parameters of Clarias gariepinus to road transportation, experiments were conducted. Forty-two clinically healthy adult Clarias gariepinus, weighing an average of 450.46 ± 26.06 g and measuring an average total length of 38.23 ± 4.46 cm were utilized for the experiment and split into two groups. Elaeis guineensis oil was given to group I every day for one month and on the day of transportation, but not to group II. After transportation, the group I's packed cell volume and erythrocyte counts were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). In comparison to group II, the group I's total leucocyte count, neutrophil count, and stress index (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) were all considerably lower (P < 0.05). Following transportation, group II had significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia than group I. However, the dissolved oxygen level was significantly elevated in group I than in group II. As a result, it was determined that palm oil improved the various Clarias gariepinus haematological and water quality indicators. As a result, it can be beneficial to the fish to reduce the stress of transportation consequently mitigating the effect of stress leading to disease susceptibility and mortality of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]