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Archaeology and indigenous history of Native Amazonian peoples in the Upper Xingu region of Brazil reveal unexpectedly complex regional settlement patterns and large-scale transformations of local landscapes over the past millennium. Mapping and excavation of archaeological structures document pronounced human-induced alteration of the forest cover, particularly in relation to large, dense late-prehistoric settlements (circa 1200 to 1600 A.D.). The findings contribute to debates on human carrying capacity, population size and settlement patterns, anthropogenic impacts on the environment, and the importance of indigenous knowledge, as well as contributing to the pride of place of the native peoples in this part of the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the nature and variability of cultural formations and economic patterns in Amazonia. Discussion of indigenous resource management systems with mechanized development strategies of the modern world; Implications of unrestrained development in the Amazon; Relevance of archaeology for constructing ecological and cultural variation in the region; Significance of cultural variability to diverse interest groups.