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Innovations in emerging technologies have an impact on privacy and fundamental rights. For example, emerging technologies include future biometric systems for crime prevention. In contrast to large-scale biometric systems for migration control, these systems promise to track down terrorists and organized criminals but also entail novel risks for society. One can govern science and technology by means of privacy impact assessments (which are currently being researched). Alternatively there is the approach – used in this paper – that primarily builds on the assumption that technology design can render the violation of a legal norm impossible. Using German and European constitutional law as an example, this paper will present proposals for technology design derived from the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public recognition of collectivities has been a difficult concept to embed in Western liberal states. Recognition is a complex and contested process, with minority rights proving particularly problematic. A commitment to recognising diversity within society that goes beyond the tokenistic 'food and dance' events must somehow be incorporated into the identity of a multicultural state. Yet, should this automatically mean the conferment of minority rights? If so, which rights? which groups? who decides and where does it end? Drawing on examples from Europe and Canada, this paper shall consider the issue of minority rights and integration, seeking to highlight some of the more important debates surrounding this issue including the importance of minority rights and recognition, their contested nature and the ability of such right to promote integration, or otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People of Mexican origin lacked broad-based mobilization for civil rights during the mid-twentieth century and failed to gain attention with national leaders unaware of the unique conditions in the Southwest. In the absence of these factors, elite leadership and issue networks filled the gap. In this article I explore the case of New Mexico. I argue that the elite leadership of New Mexico Senator Dennis Chavez helped to shape national debates regarding fair employment and other civil rights legislation. Chavez helped work for the passage of a strong state fair employment law in New Mexico in 1949 and increased awareness of the place of people of Mexican origin in civil rights policy and politics nationally and in New Mexico. Gaining support from African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and labor unions, Chavez helped to include people of Mexican origin in debates regarding civil rights policy. However, a lack of national legislation, policy implementation, and the rise of backlash politics prevented the creation of a strong policy and strong agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the right to work campaigns and anti-union conservatism during 1943-1958. It states that right to work elections are one of the most alternative aspects in the formation of Sunbelt conservatism and the rise of the Right. It notes that after the Second World War, every state on the southern part of the U.S. put some kind of right to work referendum on the ballot. The most dynamic economic sectors came for support, whose anti-union activists stood in rebellion against the New Deal regulatory state. The anti-union activists promised progress based on the idea of laissez-faire growth in transforming the region into a manufacturing power. The ideological argument of laissez-faire won over many voters, such as the members of the middle and working class.

Labor laws are an essential part of the Islamic framework as well as the conception of civil rights in Pakistan. Islam gives a dignified position to work, and its principles of justice advocate for just working hours, fair wages, a reasonable service contract, freedom to form associations, etc. Despite these religious and constitutional commitments, bonded and child labor is rampant in the brick kiln industry of the country. The present study discusses the plight of these trapped workers in light of survey data collected from 220 respondents belonging to the brick kilns of Tehsil Pattoki. The survey findings are categorized on the basis of nature of work and working hours, and different vulnerabilities of its respondents. The desk review of Islamic teachings with reference to labor provides a contrast to the situation at hand. After identification of these gaps, the study offers recommendations, most of which deal with policy-making, pertaining to rehabilitation and reintegration of the workers currently trapped in this morally reprehensible practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how public interest law organizations (PILOs) play a significant role in democracy and American society. Topics discussed include political process and have vindicated public values by enforcing civil rights law; ways in which strong civil society independent of the government; and role public interest law organizations should play in democratic debate and policy formation is not without controversy.

The article highlights the judicial innovation related to the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. It examine how it came to be enacted, noting that the original proposal was for a ‘higher law' instrument that would permit judicial override of legislation. It reports the failure of operation of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, as well as to other jurisdictions that have adopted statutory rights instruments.

The principle of non-discrimination in modern legal systems, both at national and at regional and global levels of government, is the primary prerequisite for the realization of all other (fundamental) rights and freedoms. The essence of this principle, which is, in fact, inextricably linked to the principle of equality in rights, is reflected in the requirement to ensure to all persons, without discrimination on any basis, the realization and enjoyment of the fundamental rights and freedoms that are guaranteed by provisions of the national constitutions, Laws and other legal acts. The functionality of the entire state government of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often hindered by the complex decision-making processes at all state levels which lead to obstruction of the entire decision-making process. Such a disfunctional decision-making process on the state level poses a threat and disables the Bosnian plural society to respond to the modern challenges of a democratic functioning state. The Bosnian model of democratic authority is trying to determine the individual primarily as a citizen, to which they bind certain rights and duties, but without neglecting the fact that citizens enjoy certain rights (and obligations) that belong to them based on their affiliation to a particular collectivity. Bosnian society as a community of citizens and a community of communities should not ignore any of the aforementioned sides of human nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how defense of responsible publication fits with ordinary qualified privilege in Great Britain. Topics discussed include standard of liability defined by law of defamation; language used by the Defamation Act 2013; and decision of the British Court in the case "Reynolds v Times Newspapers."

The article examines fundamental difference between human rights and human rights law. Topics discussed include importance of human rights in political deliberation; separation of powers between government that is capable of securing rights and democratic self-rule; and legal effect of laws and the freedom of a representative assembly to decide what should be done.

Much has been learned about why some citizens are tolerant and others are not. However, the subfield has not reached agreement as to how these attitudes ought to be measured, and at least three competing measurement approaches currently exist: (1) the fixed-group approach, championed by the General Social Survey; (2) the “least-liked” group approach, invented by Sullivan, Piereson, and Marcus (1982); and (3) an approach focusing not on groups but on support for restrictive public policies (e.g., Davis 2007). Although a few measurement studies have been published, generally research in this subfield has shown little concern about how different dependent variables overlap (or do not overlap). Measurement issues thus stand as an important impediment to advancing our understanding of the causes and consequences of political intolerance. This article considers the connections between political intolerance and general support for civil liberties. Most generally, I discover that different measures seem to be measuring somewhat different constructs, and that researchers therefore should not assume that different aspects of tolerance and support for civil liberties are interchangeable. These findings have important substantive implications for democratic theory: general support for civil liberties seems to be a policy preference legitimately contested within democratic politics, whereas political intolerance is a form of exceptionalism in which the political freedoms of particular groups and ideologies are targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the history of the freedom of expression which includes freedom of speech, petition and press. It is mentioned that freedom of expression in the origins was anti-hierarchical and effect of technological advances on it is discussed. Fostering of freedom expression by the government action in the U.S. is also discussed along with the post offices.

This article considers the implications of public health policy on the enjoyment of individuals’ fundamental rights. It specifically examines the appropriateness of mandatory premarital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in Nigeria. In doing this, the article discusses the importance of health as a human right, explains the relationship between public health and human rights, and the impact of the HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic in Nigeria. Arguments in favour of mandatory premarital HIV testing are critically examined and specific human rights that may be violated by this policy are discussed. In conclusion, the article argues that this policy will do more harm than good in curbing the spread of the epidemic in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Levels of private litigation enforcing statutes are critically determined by legislative choice. I set out a theoretical framework for understanding how legislators purposefully influence the potential economic value of statutory claims, thereby establishing a market for enforcement consistent with legislative preferences. To test the theory, I examine the effects of the Civil Rights Act (CRA) of 1991, which increased the value of employment discrimination claims under the CRA of 1964, and find that the law increased the number of claims filed. The origins and legislative history of the law also reveal that Congress utilized economic incentives as a policy instrument to purposefully increase private litigation, with a high degree of self-consciousness, in the course of conflict with other political actors over control of civil rights policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on the supervision and correcting of basic law concerning civil rights in international and national law settings. A definition is given for the author's use of terminology relating to civil rights monitoring, including references to quality control, improvement processes, and the development of evaluation standards. The author discusses the application of civil rights protection in constitutional law, particularly the German national constitution known as the Bundesverfassungsgesetz (BVerfG). Further comments are made concerning the structural boundaries protecting basic laws for civil rights.

The article presents a study which investigated the fundamental relationships among the variables associated with press freedom. The data used were collected from 137 countries at four points in time-1950, 1960, 1965 and 1966. Results revealed that there is a moderate support for some of the causal relations suggested in the theoretical model of press freedom development. The study suggested that growth of mass communication is significant to the development of the government and to greater freedom of expression.