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Introduction. This article addresses the role of engineering surveys in construction, engineering surveys in the Far North, the feasibility of using mobile soil testing laboratories for soil research, the influence and the technology of work performance in the conditions of permafrost soils. Besides, the co-authors address factors influencing the complexity of engineering surveys in the Far North. Materials and methods. The co-authors used the following research methods: the study of relevant regulatory documents related to the field of research, analysis and theoretical generalization of the obtained data, systematization, the analysis of existing Russian and English-language sources. Results. The design of a mobile soil laboratory in a 1SS container was studied. The use of mobile soil testing laboratories, organized in 1SS containers, contributes to the reduction of deadlines for the implementation of the required tests and production control. A mobile modular laboratory in 1SS type containers can be installed anywhere, including remote destinations, while the cost of financial and labour resources, needed to install the laboratory, is low, which positively affects the construction process organization. Conclusions. The article summarizes the efficiency and profitability of a mobile soil laboratory in the Far North in terms of construction process organization. Particular aspects of use of a mobile soil testing laboratory, its expediency in individual cases are addressed, since labour remuneration in the Far North is increased in accordance with the labour legislation of the Russian Federation.

Altyapı sistemleri, kentsel sistemin temel öğelerindendir. Elektrik, su, doğalgaz ve internet gibi temel ihtiyaçların kesintisiz sağlanabilmesi, kullanım sonucu açığa çıkan atık suların güvenli bir şekilde uzaklaştırılabilmesi için altyapı sistemlerinin gelişen kent hayatına cevap verebilecek nitelikte ve sürdürülebilir olması gerekmektedir. Kırsal alanlardan kentlere doğru olan göçler sonucu artan kent nüfusu, altyapı sistemlerinin önemini arttırmaktadır. Yeni hatlarının yapımı, var olan hatların bakım ve onarımı özellikle yoğun nüfuslu kentlerde önem kazanan bir konu haline gelmektedir. Söz konusu işlemler açık kazı yöntemiyle yapılabileceği gibi, sosyal ve ekonomik maliyetlerin yüksek olmasından dolayı kazısız yöntemler son yıllarda tercih edilmektedir. Özellikle hızla gelişen teknolojiler ile birlikte kazısız yöntemler, geleneksel açık kazı yöntemlerine göre teknik, ekonomik ve sosyal açılardan daha uygulanabilir olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın ilk kısmında geleneksel açık kazılı yöntemler ve kazısız teknoloji yöntemlerinden genel olarak bahsedilmiş, ikinci bölümünde ise kazısız teknoloji yöntemlerinden biri olan boru itme (sürme) yöntemi avantajlarıyla açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Infrastructure systems are one of the basic elements of the urban system. In order to provide uninterrupted basic needs such as electricity, water, natural gas and internet, and to safely remove wastewater from use, infrastructure systems must be sustainable and capable of responding to the developing city life. Increasing urban population as a result of migration from rural areas to cities increases the importance of infrastructure systems. The construction of new lines, the maintenance and repair of existing lines are becoming an important issue especially in densely populated cities. Although these operations can be done with the open excavation method, trenchless methods have been preferred in recent years due to the high social and economic costs. Especially with the rapidly developing technologies, trenchless methods are more applicable technically, economically and socially than traditional open excavation methods. In the first part of this study, traditional open-pit methods and trenchless technology methods were mentioned in general, and in the second part, pipe pushing (sliding) method, which is one of the trenchless technology methods, was tried to be explained with its advantages.

V diplomski nalogi sem opisal tehnologijo gradnje in organizacijo gradbišča za izgradnjo objekta večnamenske športne dvorane in dvonivojskega parkirišča v občini Lukovica. Diplomska naloga je razdeljena na 7 glavnih poglavji s podpoglavji. Po uvodnem delu, sledi splošni opis objekta večnamenske športne dvorane, dvonivojskega parkirišča in zunanje ureditve s kanalizacijo. V nadaljevanju poglavja predhodna dela se navezujem na teoretični del organizacije gradbišč. Sledi poglavje pripravljalna dela, kjer predstavim na kratko dela, ki jih je potrebno izvesti pred pričetkom gradnje. Posebno pozornost namenim pregledu obstoječega stanja in izdelavi terminskega plana. Poleg teoretičnega dela sledijo še praktični primeri, ki sem jih slikovno podkrepil. Nato sledijo poglavja gradbene jame telovadnice, dvonivojskega parkirišča in na koncu predstavim še glavna gradbena dela in tehnologijo gradnje za oba objekta. V zaključku povzamem zaključno misel. The diploma thesis describes the construction technology and construction site organisation for the construction of a multi-purpose sport hall and a two-level parking lot in the Lukovica municipality. The thesis is divided into 7 main chapters with subchapters. After the introduction, it gives a general description of the multi-purpose sport hall and the two-level parking structure, and of the exterior design with the sewer system. The chapter Preliminary Works refers to the theoretical aspect of construction site organisation. This is followed by the chapter Site Preparation Work, which briefly presents the works that have to be performed prior to commencing construction. Special attention is given to an overview of the existing situation and to preparing a schedule. The theoretical section is followed by practical examples, which are illustrated with figures. This is followed by chapters on the building pit of the gymnasium and of the two-level parking structure. In the end, the main construction works and the construction technology used for both buildings are presented. The conclusion sums up the final thoughts.

Ahşap elemanlar zamanla yapısal, kimyasal, fiziksel, biyolojik ve insan kaynaklı sebeplerle deformasyona uğramaktadır. Aynı zamanda statik ve dinamik yüklerden dolayı ahşap yapı elemanları büyük ölçüde hasara uğramakta olup fazla yükler altında dayanımı yetersiz kalmaktadır. Ahşap yapı elemanlarının dayanıklılığının arttırılması, korunması ve gelecek nesillere güvenle aktarılabilmesi için ahşap elemanlarının güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.Bu çalışma kapsamında 8x20x290 cm ebatlarında çam solid, çam ekli, ladin solid, ladin ekli ve ladin karışık ekli kiriş ahşap elemanların yükleme çerçevesinde iki noktasal yük altında eğilme dayanımı testleri yapılmıştır. Ahşap elemanlar ALANYALI ENTEGRE AHŞAP SAN. İNŞ. NAKL. TURZ. İHR. TİC. A.Ş. firması tarafından imal edilmiştir. Kiriş elemanlar TS 5497 EN 408 standardına bağlı kalınarak, 4 noktalı eğilme deneyine tabi tutulmuştur. Kirişlere, standartların izin verdiği yükler uygulanmış olup bu doğrultuda yük-deplasman ve moment eğrilik grafikleri oluşturulmuştur.Yapılan testler sonucunda ahşap kiriş elemanlarının göçme yükleri, ortalama göçme yükleri, göçme yükü altındaki maksimum deplasmanları, göçme yükü altında elemanda meydana gelen moment, eğrilik değerleri ölçülmüştür. Ölçülen değerler sonucunda hangi ahşap elemanın dayanımının yüksek olduğu karşılaştırmalı olarak tespit edilmiştir. The timber structures are deformed in time due to different factors such as chemical, physical, biological and human-induced. Also, the timber structures that are damaged largely due to static and dynamic loads, fail to satisfy under excessive loads. In order to increase of strength of timber structure elements, to protect them and to hand down the next generations in safe, the timber elements need to be reinforced.Within the scope of this study, bending tests of 8x20x20 cm pine solid, pine attached, spruce solid, spruce attached and spruce mixed attached timber beam elements under two point loads have been performed. Timber elements have been manufactured by ALANYALI ENTEGRE AHŞAP SAN. İNŞ.NAKL.TURZ.İHR.TİC. A.Ş. Keeping to TS 5497 EN 408 Standard, the experiments which are subject to the test apparatus in accordance with the method of determination of flexibility modulus in the global bending have been applied to the beam elements. The loads allowed by the standards have been applied and the load-displacement and moment-curvature graphs have been plotted.As a result of the tests, the failure loads, average failure loads, maximum displacements, moments and curvature values occurring under failure loads have been measured. According to this, which timber element has high strength has been determined comparatively. 52

The reliability of concrete infrastructure is vital to ensuring daily life, as well as commerce, can progress without interruption. From the pavement of interstate highways to the driveways and sidewalks in a local neighborhood, concrete is expensive to install and often even more expensive, and intrusive, when it needs to be replaced. Unfortunately, to maintain functionality in winter climates concrete is heavily exposed to deicing salts. This not only affects the roads, driveways, and sidewalks where salt is applied directly, but many other areas such as parking and residential garages where vehicles (and people) will track salt along with water or melting snow that transports dissolved salt into the concrete. Fluid iSoylator™ is a hydrophobic sealant that is sprayed onto the concrete’s surface and is absorbed into the pores, creating a barrier to block water and salt. Since this barrier is created within the concrete, it is not susceptible to mechanical abrasion or other damage at the surface like most sealing methods. Not only does Fluid iSoylator offer a durable, lasting protection, it is very easy to apply, handle, and store. Made from soybean oil, Fluid iSoylator is a USDA Certified Biobased product as part of the USDA Biopreffered® program. Fluid iSoylator contains (93%) USDA certified biobased content. Application is performed with a backpack sprayer in most instances, but can also be done with brush/roller or with a pull behind trailer depending on size and shape of the application area. Fluid iSoylator remains fluid in the concrete’s pores. This property minimizes the effect of a stress crack in a treated area. With reactive film sealants, a crack (caused by traffic, etc.) creates an entry point for water/salt to pass through the film. With Fluid iSoylator the pores surrounding a crack are still sealed, so the concrete in that area remains protected.

Fourth Quarter 2016 This is a quarterly report from the Purdue ECT.

The road and railway infrastructure in Poland has been intensively developed and modernized for the last years. Around 300 new bridges are built annually. Among the new structures, there is a group of modern extradosed bridges. This paper presents examples of short-, medium-, and long-span extradosed bridges designed and built in recent years in Poland. The following structures are described in details: (1) the first Polish extradosed bridge; (2) two-span landmark viaduct over motorway; (3) multi-span curved motorway bridge; (4) the longest Polish extradosed bridge; (5) tramway extradosed bridge; and (6) conceptual designs. The paper is concluded with geometrical parameters characterizing presented structures. The parameters are compared with values obtained for cable-stayed bridges and extradosed bridges built worldwide.

The Hillman-Composite Beam (HCB®), is an innovative structural member for use in highway and railroad bridges as well as marine facilities. The HCB is essentially a lightweight reinforced concrete beam strengthened and protected by a corrosion-resistant and resilient Fiberglass Reinforced Polymer (FRP) shell. The beam is comprised of three main components, a concrete arch (compression reinforcement), an FRP bottom flange encapsulating steel strands tying the ends of the arch together (tension reinforcement) and the FRP shell. Galvanized Rebar “shear connectors” are used to make the beam composite with the concrete deck in the same manner as pre-stressed concrete beams. The HCB has been deployed throughout North America and is currently being sought out by transportation agencies worldwide: projects using the HCB over the last 10 years, several State DOTs, Class 1 Railroads, the US Army Corps of Engineers among others have successfully completed projects using HCB. In all cases, the owner received a low-maintenance, high performance beam with a minimum 100-year service life.

The shield tunnel of the Kunming subway crosses beneath the Kun-Shi Railway. Due to the high requirements of railway track for settlement control, this article proposes the following technical measures for controlling the settlement based on the analysis of risks arising from the shield crossing railway: (1) Reinforcing the stratum of the region crossed by the shield in advance to achieve high stability; (2) Using a reinforced segment for the shield tunnel and increasing reserved grouting holes for construction; (3) Reasonably configuring resources, optimizing construction parameters, strengthening monitoring and information management during the shield crossing. In strict accordance with the construction plan, the shield successfully and safely crossed beneath the Kun-Shi Railway; this provides experience that can be used in similar projects in the future.

Namen predstavljenega diplomskega dela je predstavitev določitve kriterijev za izbiro tehnologije izgradnje objekta – mostu, ki je zaradi reliefno neugodnega terena, ter razpoložljivih zemljišč predstavljal za izvajalca del, velik logistični in organizacijski zalogaj. V razpisni dokumentaciji je bila predvidena izgradnja mostu z dvema podpornima stebroma in dvema krajnima opornikoma z izvedbo dilatacij na opornikih, izvajalec del pa je z izdelavo PZI dokumentacije preprojektiral z razpisno dokumentacijo določeno konstrukcijo v kontinuiran okvir (integralno konstrukcijo) brez dilatacij. Z investitorjevo odobritvijo take zasnove objekta, je izvajalec storil prvi korak k izboru ustrezne podporne konstrukcije, za katero je značilno, da je hitro in učinkovito sestavljena in razstavljena po izvedbi napenjanja mostu. Z namenom zmanjšanja stroškov se je izvajalec del odločil, da bo izdelavo temeljenja in spodnje konstrukcije izvedel v jesenskem času, zgornjo konstrukcijo in ostala zaključna dela zaradi rizika - slabega vremena, pa pričel z deli v spomladanskem času, ter zaključil konec jeseni naslednje leto. V nadaljevanju naloge je opisan postopek izbire tehnologije izgradnje mostu in pomembni dejavniki, ki so vodili izvajalca k izbiri tehnologije. The aim of the diploma thesis is determination of criteria for the selection of technology used in the structure under consideration – bridge. The construction presents, from logistic and organisational view, significant endeavour due to demanding terrain and lack of space available for construction activities. The tender documentation indicated that the bridge under construction will have two supporting columns and two abutments, where the expansion joints were planned as well. The selected contractor proposed, in accordance with the construction contract, re-design where an integral structure (continuous frame) with no expansion joints was foreseen. After approval of the client, the contractor selected scaffolding that can be composed and decomposed fast and efficiently after tensioning the cables. In order to reduce the costs, the contractor decided to execute the foundations and substructure in the fall, while the superstructure and the final works were executed in the spring and the fall of the second year.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, İnşaat sektörü, her projede tekrar örgütlenmesi gereken tarafların ve gözden geçirilmesi gereken iş kalemlerinin çokluğundan kaynaklı karmaşık yapısı nedeniyle diğer sektörlerden ayrı bir konuma sahiptir. Projelerin başarılı bir şekilde tamamlanması için geliştirilen inşaat proje yönetim disiplini, hedeflere daha rahat erişebilmek için mühendislik ve işletmenin ortak çalışabileceği bir platform olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Yapının mal sahibinin hayalindeki halinden başlayarak işin tamamlanıp teslim edilmesi ile sonlanan süreç dahilinde süre, maliyet ve kalite kontrolü için hazırlanan prosedürlerin genel adı olan inşaat proje yönetimi, sektörün ülke ekonomisindeki yeri nedeniyle büyük önemi haizdir. Projenin optimal süre ve maliyet koşulları içerisinde, kalite koşullarını yerine getirerek gerçekleştirilebilmesi için tüm taraf ve çalışanların süre, yer, kapasite ve maliyetler açısından iç ve dış sınır koşulları karşısında zamana bağlı olarak koordine edilmesine planlama denir. Planlamanın bir diğer tanımı ise imalatların fiziksel ve tercihi sıra göz önünde tutularak önem sırasına konma işidir. Geleneksel proje planlama ve programlama yazılımları bugüne değin proje yöneticilerinin ihtiyacına cevap vermiş, ancak inşaat sektörünün gelişimi ve bununla birlikte artan beklentilere karşılık sağlama noktasında yetersiz kalmıştır. Proje yönetim uzmanlarının bu nedenle girmiş olduğu arayış, inşaat proje planlamasında 4. boyut teknolojisine kapı aralamıştır. İnşaat sektörünün yapıları canlandırma talebine cevap veren çeşitli yaklaşımlar vardır. Bunlar üç boyutlu (3D) animasyon, sanal gerçeklik ve dört boyutlu (4D) modellemedir. Son yıllarda inşaat bilişiminde büyük değişimlere yol açan BIM yaklaşımı bu araçların özelliklerini bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. 4D CAD (Computer Aided Design) modeli, yapının üç boyutlu (3D) geometrisine dördüncü boyut olan zamanın entegre edilmesiyle oluşturulur. 4D modelde bulunan yapı bileşenleri, 3 boyutlu şekillerini tarif eden geometrik özelliklere sahiptir. Buna ek olarak, bileşenin inşaat başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerini gösteren zamansal özellik de bileşene ilave edilmiştir. Bir yapının 4D modeli, projenin yapım aşamalarını grafiksel biçimde simüle ederek, proje yöneticisinin inşaat sürecini sanal ve görsel verilerle kavramasını sağlar. 4D modelleme altyapısının bir inşaat firmasına adaptasyonu ve aktif bir şekilde kullanımı süreci belirli aşamalar içerir. Bu aşamalar 4D modellemenin kabulü, tasarım koordinasyonu ve inşaat koordinasyonudur. Donanımsal sistem değerlendirme, kullanılabilirlik çalışmaları ve yönetim planı revizyonu konuların incelenmesinin ardından 4D nin faydalarına ikna olan firmalar tasarım koordinasyonu neticesinde 3D modeli oluşturur ve inşaat koordinasyonuyla 4D nin takibini sağlar. 4D modellemenin proje yönetim disiplinine sunduğu başlıca katkılar en önemliden en az önemliye sıralanmış şekliyle şunlardır; sağladığı görsellikle planlamayı daha anlaşılabilir kılması, farklı disiplinlere ait tasarımları tek modelde birleştirerek çakışmaları tespit etme imkanı sunması, İnşa edilebilirlik analizi yapma fırsatı sunması, proje katılımcıları arası etkileşimi arttırması, proje üzerinde yapılan değişikliğin sonuca etkisini gösterebilmesi, iş güvenliği tehditlerini önceden belirleme imkanı sunması. Tüm bu faydalarına rağmen 4D modellemenin ülkemizde yaygın biçimde kullanılmıyor oluşu incelemeye değer bir konudur. 4D nin uygulanmasının önündeki başlıca engeller en önemliden en az önemliye sıralanmış şekliyle şunlardır; bilgi teknolojileri ve 4D alanında deneyim sahibi eleman eksikliği, modelin oluşturulması ve takibi için gerekli olan zaman ve insan kaynağı, sağlıklı analiz yapabilmek için tasarımda gerekli olan yüksek ayrıntı düzeyi, mevcut planlama (CPM) ve tasarım (2D) yöntemlerinin yeterli olduğu düşüncesi, firmanın organizasyonel iş akış yapısının revize edilmesini gerektirmesi, 4D için gerekli olan eğitim ve yazılım maliyeti. 4D nin Türk inşaat sektöründeki uygulanabilirliğini ele alan anket ve mülakat çalışması neticesinde sektördeki farklı meslek, eğitim, tecrübe, alışkanlık, pozisyon ve firma cinslerine göre farklılık arz eden yönelimler saptanmıştır. Anket sonucuna göre %11 oranında kullanılan 4D nin ülkemizde az tercih ediliyor oluşunun kültürel etkileri tartışılmış olup, değişim konusunda izlenecek yöntemler tartışılmıştır. 4D nin gelecekte herkesin kullanacağı bir araç haline geleceği fikri sektör çalışanlarının büyük çoğunluğu tarafından kabul görmüştür. Katılımcıların çoğunun haftada bir kontrol edilip güncellenen ayrıntılı bir iş programıyla çalışıyor olması başarılı bir 4D uygulamasının Türk inşaat sektöründe gerçekleştirilebilmesi adına olumlu bir alışkanlık olarak kaydedilmiştir. Tasarımda 3D modellemenin fazla tercih edilmediği görülmüş olup bu konuda alınması gereken önlemler dile getirilmiştir. 4D teknolojisini uygulama konusunda en az direnç göstererek en yüksek ihtimalle ikna olup uygulamaya koyacak olan profiller birey bazında 20 yıl ve üstü tecrübeliler , Firma sahibi & Genel yönetici olarak belirlenmiş olup firma bazında 4D ye en yakın grup 500 Milyon TL den fazla ciroya sahip firmalar olarak belirlenmiştir. Türk inşaat sektörünün 4D konusunda gelişmiş ülkelerin gerisinde kalan konumunu iyileştirmek ve bu teknolojiyi yaygın bir şekilde kullanılır hale getirip hem zaman, hem para, hem de itibar kazanmak adına yapılması tavsiye edilen müdahaleler; 3D çizimin üniversitelerde teşvik edilmesi, üniversitelerin lisans ve lisansüstü bölümlerinde 4D eğitiminin verilmesi, 4D teknolojisinin iyileştirilmesi üzerine lisansüstü ve doktora çalışmalarının yapılması, 4D danışmanlık firmalarından hizmet alınması, proje yönetim firmalarının kadrolarını 4D konusunda yetiştirip sektördeki değişimi sırtlaması, kamu ihalelerinde 4D modellemenin zorunlu kılınması ve İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası tarafından konu hakkında özellikle saha mühendislerine yönelik seminerler yapılması şeklinde sıralanmıştır., Two-dimensional world imagination, which has been used by human beings for a long time, has changed significantly in recent years thanks to the accelerated technological developments. Many fields from topography to medicine have benefited from the sense of reality which is provided by 3rd dimension and revealed academic researches on this subject. The reflection of this trend of change and transformation in the construction industry has occured as development in visuality properties of design tools. In many complex projects, 3D solutions, which help to prevent various problems, are preferred by some of construction firms instead of the traditional 2D designs. Technological improvements introduce 4D modeling as the next step which comes out from the integration of 3D modeling and scheduling disciplines. Turkish construction industry, which has a prominent domestic and overseas performance, hasn t shown sufficient interest in technological developments in the project management field despite its achievements on so many projects done by qualified managers and engineers. In order to fix the current stance and increase the use rate of 4D in Turkish construction industry, researchers should draw a road map based on realistic standards. The construction industry is different from any other industry when it comes to the terms of each project that require revising and analyzing the completed work process individually. The construction project management - which developed for the projects to complete successfully - has emerged in order to gain better access to the targets of collective platform or engineering and management. Starting with the project owner’s dream until the completion of work and delivery procedure, the time, cost and quality control procedures are generally named “construction project management” – and this has a great importance due to its place in the national economy. Within project optimal duration and cost conditions, the realization of quality requirements by performing of the all parties and employees in time, location, capacity, and cost in terms of internal and external limit conditions coordinated with time-depended is is called planning. Another definition of planning is placing the order of importance of manufacturing considering the physical and preferred options. Traditional project planning and scheduling softwares have responded to the needs of project managers until today – however, the development of the construction industry and with that, providing a response of the growing expectations remained poor. The solution search for project management experts has opened the door to 4 dimension technology for construction project planning. There are various responses for the animation of the structure need in the construction industry. These are three-dimensional ( 3D ) animation, virtual reality , and four-dimensional (4D) modeling . The BIM approach, which helped major changes in construction informatics in recent years incorporates the features of these tools. 4D CAD (Computer Aided Design) model is created by integrating the fourth dimension of time to the structure of the three-dimensional ( 3D ) geometry. The 4D components that exist in the model structure describe geometric characteristics of three-dimensional shapes. In addition to that, the start and end dates of the component are added as a timeline. The 4D model of a structure, the construction phase of the project in graphical form, by simulating the construction process by the project manager allows to grip with virtual and visual data . Adaptation and active usage of the 4D modeling infrastructure for the construction company process involves certain stages. These stages are: recognition of 4D modeling, design coordination and construction coordination. Following the evaluation of hardware system, usability studies and management plan revisions examination, the companies that are convinced of the benefits of 4D create a 3D model as a result of design coordination and follow up with construction coordination for 4D. According to results of the survey, the major contributions that 4D modeling has to offer to the project management discipline are ranked from the most important to the least important: makes planning more intelligible by providing visual, combines the various disciplines of design in a single model to identify the conflict, presents the opportunity of constructability analysis, increases the interaction between project participants, shows the effect of result changes made on the project, provides pre-determination work security threats. Considering the wide range of benefits of 4D modeling, the reason why it is not widely used in our country is an issue that that requires attention. The major obstacles of 4D implementation are, ranked from the most important to least important: the lack of personnel in information technology and 4D, the time and human sources to follow up the model creation, availability of high level detail required for healthy analyzing, the opinion of the existing planning (CPM) and design ( 2D) methods are enough, the requirement of revision in the company s organizational structure, necessary costs of training and software for 4D. The result of the survey and interview studies addressing the applicability of 4D in Turkish construction sector considering different occupations, education, experience, habits, positions and company type identify a different orientation. According to the survey results, the cultural effect of the current 4D usage ratio (11%) is proven to be less preferred in our country, therefore, the followed methods are discussed for changes. The idea that has been accepted by the majority of workers in the sector is that in the future 4D will become a tool that everyone should use. According to the 4D experts that answered this survey, all industries show resistance to change. This resistance can be stronger for people who are from the older age group. Potential users are more likely to be convinced and show less resistance when the 4D software is represented in a softer approach. Resistance to change should be seen like a feedback mechanism that shows the lacking technology instead of seeing it as a negative concept. In order to break the resistance, we can talk about 2 different change paths such as from down to up and from up to down. It will be better for bigger companies to have the change path from down to up and for small companies from up to down. The best approach is to impose the idea of change to the lower levels and get an approval from the higher level. The reason of less usage of 4D in Turkey is not cultural. As shown in our interviews, this opinion is rejected by the experts. The culture concept can show different identities throughout history, since history is dynamic. Associating the lack of technology to culture will bring deadlock with it. The whole world is becoming a big village with 21th century and people’s behavior is becoming closer to each other’s every day. Some countries which can be considered less developed than Turkey are already becoming very successful in construction information. The majority of participants checked and updated once a week with a detailed work program - this was considered a positive habit for a successful 4D applications that can be performed on behalf of the Turkish construction sector. 3D modeling has not been preferred for designing, so the actions that need to be taken have been expressed. The minimal resistance during implementation of 4D technology most likely convince and implemented which profiles of individuals on the basis of experienced 20 years and older , Company owner & General Manager is designated as a company basis the closest group for 4D has been determined the companies turnover more than 500 Million TL”. In order for Turkey to catch up in the 4D construction sector and to save time, money and earn credibility, the following solutions should be used; encouraging 3D drawing in universities, encouraging training of 4D for undergraduate and graduate departments, the graduate and doctoral work should be done in order to improve 4D technology, service procurement from the 4D consulting firms, the training of the staff of project management firms for 4D to shoulder the changes, making 4D mandatory for public tenders and giving seminars especially for field engineers by the Chamber of Civil Engineers., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011, İnşaat sektöründe özellikle günümüzdeki rekabet ortamında işveren ve müteahhit firmaların projeleri hızlı, olabildiğince düşük maliyetle ve en yüksek kalitede yapmaları beklenmektedir. Bu şartları yerine getirmek özellikle birçok değişkenin ve birçok farklı yapım metodunun olduğu bu ortamda çok güçtür. Ancak, literatürde bu 3 ana kriteri birden optimize eden çok fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Genellikle, süre ve maliyet optimizasyonu üzerinde durulmuş ve kalite göz ardı edilmiştir. Ancak, son yıllarda literatürde, süre, maliyet ve kalite kriterlerini en yüksek verimi verecek şekilde ayarlamak üzerine çalışmalar yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu tezde de bu çalışmalara ışık tutacak şekilde bir uygulama yapılmış ve günümüzde devam eden bir proje üzerinde bulanık mantık yöntemi kullanılarak optimizasyon denenmişitir. Bir konut projesinde süre, maliyet ve kalite kriterlerinin farklı alternatif yapım metodları incelenerek nasıl optimize edilebileceği bu tezde incelenmiştir. İncelemelerde literatür taraması yapılmış ve konu ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Yapılan irdelemenin ardından, bir konut projesi seçilmiş ve bu proje üzerinde projedeki aktivitelerin alternatif yollarla yapılması durumunda süre, maliyet ve kalite üzerinde ne gibi değişiklikler olduğu hesaplanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bulunan veriler üzerinde projenin en uygun değerli iş akış şeması oluşturulmuş ve projenin başarısına ışık tutulmuştur. Ayrıca bu tez ileride, teklif aşamasında teklif veren firmaların ihale kazanma başarılarını arttıracak veya hali hazırda devam eden projelerde daha fazla süre kazancı, kâr veya daha yüksek kalite hedeflerinin gerçekleştirebileceği bir model olarak da kullanılabilir., In today’s competitive construction industry both client and contractors are expected finish their works before the completion time, higher than expected profitability and higher than expected quality. In the unpredictable world of construction industry or where the construction methods differs a lot, that is very hard to success. Besides, in the literature there aren’t lots of models that optimize that 3 main criters. Usually, time and cost trade-offs are the main subject, however quality is not mentioned. Although, time, cost and quality optimization problems and their possible solvings are started to seen in literature. In this thesis, time, cost and quality optimization in a residence project by using fuzzy logic decision making method is used to shed a light on this studies. Time, cost and quality optimization in a residence project is examined in this thesis with using different costruction methods. In the thesis, first of all, literature searching is done and studies that mention this optimization methods are examined. After the literature search, a residence project is found and with different methods of construction time, cost and quality changes are tried to calculate. With the findings optimized work flow diagram fort his residence project is calculate and shed a light on the project success. On the other hand, this thesis increses the succes rate of the firms that estimete the constriction time, cost and quality which are tendering or time saving, higher completion profitabiliy and higher completion quality for the firms that already have ongoing works., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

V diplomskem delu je opisana rekonstrukcija in sanacija dijaškega doma Golnik. Na začetku je opisano dejansko stanje objekta ter predlog rešitve. V nadaljevanju pa opis pomembnejših tehnologij, ki so bile uporabljene pri izvedbi projekta. Diplomsko delo je nastajalo sočasno z izvedbo projekta s čimer je bilo omogočeno ne samo teoretsko ampak predvsem praktično prikazovanje tehnologij. Ta projekt je primer kako je mogoče s pravo idejo in vizijo nekoč star, dotrajan objekt vrniti v življenje, novim stanovalcem pa omogočiti visoko kakovost bivanja. Diploma describes reconstruction and repair of students hostel Golnik. At the beginning are described the facts about the facility and a proposed solution. Following is a description of major technologies that were used in the implementation of the project. Diploma was being written simultaneously with the execution of the project which gave us the opportunity to show not only theoretical but mainly practical display of used technologies. This project is an example of how is possible to bring back to life, with the right idea and vision, once old, worn out facility, and to give new residents higher quality of living.

Bu çalışmada polipropilen liflerin betonun mekanik özeliklerine etkisi deneysel olarak araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada çimento dozajı 300 kg/m3 olarak seçilmiştir. Ayrıca 0/4-0/5-0/6 olmak üzere üç farklı su/çimento oranı kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan bu karışımlara 0.9 ve 1.8 kg/m3 oranlarında üç farklı polipropilen lif (Enduro HPP45, Grace Strux 90/40, Fibermesh Harbourite 19 mm) eklenmiştir. Elde edilen beton karışımlarının her birine çökme deneyi uygulanmıştır. Ardından Standart küp ve prizma numuneler elde edilerek 7. ve 28. günlerde birim ağırlık, ultrasses geçiş süresi, Schmidt çekici, basınç, yarmada çekme, eğilmede çekme deneyleri uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak monofilament polipropilen liflerin betonun çekme dayanımını önemli ölçüde arttırdığı, elyafımsı polipropilen liflerin ise beton boşluk oranını azalttığı ve betonun dayanıklılığına katkıda bulunduğu gözlemlenmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Polipropilen, lifli beton, mekanik özelikler In this study, the effect of polypropylene fibers on mechanical properties of concrete is studied experimentally. Dosage of cement is selected as 300 kg/m3 in study. Also three different water/cement ratios are used 0/4?0/5?0/6. Three different polypropylene fibers (Enduro HPP45, Grace Strux 90/40, Fibermesh Harbourite 19 mm) with the ratio of 0.9 kg/m3 and 1.8 kg/m3 are added to the prepared mixtures. The slump test was applied to the each obtained concrete mixtures. After that standart cube and prism patterns were obtained and then unit weight, ultrasonic sound transmission velocity, Schmidt hammer, compression, tensile, bending tensile testing were applied to every pattern on the 7. and 28. days. As a result of these experiments, it is observed that while monofilament polypropylene fibers significantly raise the tensile strength of concrete, staple fibers reduce the porosity of the concrete and also raise the durability of the concrete.Key words: Polypropylene, fiber reinforced concrete, mechanical properties 78

Diplomsko delo obravnava tehnologijo izgradnje voziščne konstrukcije. Predstavljena je zgodovina izgradnje in struktura voziščne konstrukcije. Poudarek je na praktičnem primeru izgradnje voziščne konstrukcije na avtocestnem programu. Na podlagi pridobljenih izkušenj s tehnologijo je izdelana vrednostna analiza. Delo zaključuje opisana problematika posameznih faz izgradnje. My diploma thesis deals with pavement construction technology. Presented are a short history of the construction and the pavement structure. Emphasis is placed on the practical example of the construction of the pavement system used with the motorway programme. A value analysis has been made on the basis of the experience acquired in the field of technology. The thesis concludes with a description of the issues facing the individual construction phases.

Zayıf zeminin varlığı, yerleşim yerleri ve yol güzergahları gibi, pek çok yapısal anlamadaki faaliyetlerin seçilmesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Nüfusun ve teknolojinin hızla artması, beraberinde zemin güçlendirme metotlarına da belli bir ivme kazandırmıştır. Elverişsiz alanlarda yapı yapılması ve özellikle deprem bölgelerindeki zemin yetisizlikler gibi gerekliliklerde ön plana çıkan zemin güçlendirme metotlarının, günümüzde uygulanması kaçınılmazdır.Geçmişten günümüze hemen her bölgede değişik zemin güçlendirme metotları geliştirilmiş ve geliştirilmeye devam etmektedir. Mevcut zemin güçlendirme metotlarından biri olan sıkıştırma yöntemi en yaygın yöntemlerden biridir. Hemen her bölgede uygulanan bu yöntem, ekonomik ve daha yüzeyseldir. Bir başka yaygın uygulama şekli olan zemin değiştirme ile zemin iyileştirmesi, sıkıştırma yöntemine göre daha maliyetlidir. Özellikle son yıllarda enjeksiyon yöntemi oldukça ön plana çıkmaktadır. Birçok uygulama çeşidi olan bu yöntem, çeşitli enjeksiyon malzemelerinin zemine likit bir şekilde enjekte edilmesinin ardından, belli bir süre sonra enjeksiyon malzemesinin sertleşmesi esasına dayanmaktadır. Zeminin dondurulması, yakılması, elektro-osmoz gibi çeşitli metotlar ise maliyetlerinden, ihtiyaç duyulan ekipmandan dolayı yeterince uygulama alanı bulamamışlardır. Geosentetikler depolama, drenaj, ayırma, filtrasyon, donatı gibi uygulama alanlarında da uygulanabildiğinden dolayı giderek popülaritesini artırmaktadır. Henüz araştırma aşamasında olan fakat çevresel olduklarından dolayı ilgi uyandıran atık mermer tozu ile zemin güçlendirme ve biyoteknik zemin güçlendirme yöntemlerinin ise, zamanla daha yaygın kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.Birçok uygulama alanı bulunan geosentetikler, istinat duvarlarında da güçlendirme malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. İstinat duvarlarının, kayma, devrilme, taşıma kapasitesi gibi dayanımlarında önemli bir direnç artışı sağlayan geosentetik güçlendirmeler ile ilgili çeşitli araştırmalar ve çalışmalar yapılmış, ve bazı standartlar bu araştırmada tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bu standartların değişebileceği fikri oluşmuştur. Zira, gereksiz güçlendirme uzunluklarının ekonomi ve uygulama açısından bu yöntemin yeterince uygulama alanı bulamamasına ve yapılan uygulamalarda fazla maliyete sebep olabileceği düşünülebilir. Yapılan araştırma ve çalışmalarda bazı standartların aşırı muhafazakar tarafta kaldıkları, bazen geosentetik güçlendirme uzunluklarının yarı yarıya fark ettiği bu çalışmada gözlenmiştir. Parametrik yaklaşım sonuçları, çeşitli standartlarla karşılaştırılmış ve gerekli geosentetik güçlendirme uzunluğunun dünya standartlarındaki değerlerden daha kısa olabileceği fikrine varılmıştır. Bu parametrik yaklaşımlar sonucu, geosentetiklerin daha ekonomik bir şekilde istinat yapılarında kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir.Bu konuya yönelik olarak geogrid güçlendirmeli istinat duvarlarının kayma, devrilme, taşıma kapasitesi kontrolleri, çekme yetisizliği ve eksantrisite etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kontroller sonucu, bazı şartnamelerde verilen geogrid ve geosentetik güçlendirmeli istinat duvarlarında minimum güçlendirme uzunluklarının kısaltılmasının mümkün olduğu gösterilmiştir. İstinat duvarlarının arkasında yeterli mesafenin olmadığı durumlarda bu yarar daha da ön plana çıkmaktadır. Geosentetik malzemelerin birim fiyatları göz önüne alındığında, stabiliteden ödün vermeyerek, optimum boyutlarda daha az bir malzemeyle güçlendirme yapılabileceği için, bu ekonomik faydanın göz ardı edilemeyeceği görülür. The improvement of weak or loose soils to improve their load bearing capacity and reduce their potential settlement characteristics has proved to be cost effective in achieving an economical substructure solution to many developments. The research undertaken in this thesis provides the most important ground improvement techniques. Considerable developments have undertaken recently not only in technical matters but also in plant and equipment, and rate of production in the consideration of ground improvement. It has been many developments in the last decade in which the increasing demand for in-situ deep soil mixing work in Europe and North America have been observed, which are reflected in this thesis. As far as the traditional approaches are concerned, the selection of the correct ground improvement technique at an early stage in design can have an important effect on foundation choice and can often lead to more economical solutions. These considerations are explained in this research which provides an overview of the development of each specific technology as well as details of plant and equipment required. These developments are reflected in the increasing degree of standardisation of the various methods in codes and similar technical recommendations that cover geotechnical design that are considered in this research study and the compressions are made between the techniques presented in this thesis.Theoretical considerations on design aspects together with fields of application and limitations of the methods are also provided including aspects of monitoring and process controls complete the description of the various ground improvement methods. The comparisons are made with the ground improvement methods, the distinctions are made between methods of compaction or densification and methods of soil reinforcement through the introduction of additional material into the ground. Research concentrated on the methods of static compaction by preloading with and without consolidation aid, the most common methods are described and illustrated, the vibratory compaction by depth vibrators, the vibro stone column methods, dynamic compaction with current plant and equipment, the important ground improvement method of permeation grouting is presented with an emphasis on recent advances in cement grouting, the chemicals injection, jet grouting is described, the compaction effect of grouting pressure and the reinforcing effect of the low strength grout material is introduced, similar soil improvement features to compaction grouting used to control building settlement is explained, the lime/cement stabilisation method, the in-situ deep soil mixing methods are described.The main problem associated with providing foundations which perform satisfactorily on poor ground is the effect of differential settlements. The main object of ground improvement therefore is to achieve a reduction and more uniform ground settlement due to the applied loads thus reducing differential movements to within acceptable limits. Settlements are usually caused by the vertical load delivered by the building and its foundation, which can result in consolidation, compaction and shear strain of the soils. In addition, the rates of settlement are closely related to soil drainage. Ground improvement therefore aims to consolidate and compact the soil and improve its shear resistance and make its drainage characteristics more uniform. This reduces the magnitude of differential settlement under loading and improves the load-bearing capacity of treated soil. Soil stabilization requires a high degree of uniform particle bonding. A review of grouting processes illustrates that penetration by cements in most soils is impractical, but injection that displaces soil fabric and mixing that destroys it allows cement to be introduced into the soil. These processes are mainly applicable to surface layers, allowing the construction of roads, car parking areas and hard standings on otherwise unsuitable soils. In addition to the more common use of soil reinforcement in embankments and road construction, benefit can be gained from increased tensile resistance of soils for foundations. For example, reinforcement can improve soil behaviour during surface rolling for soil strengthening. The behaviour of the soil can be improved by restraint from side spread by the introduction of horizontal reinforcement between the layers of material.The another goal of this study is to characterize the governing failure mechanism for the required minimum geogrid reinforcement length used in the reinforced soil retaining walls as well as to investigate the possibility of using the shorter reinforcement lengths than the world guidelines suggest. Effect of various parameters on the optimum reinforcement length for each failure consideration in the design is investigated by the parametric study. The overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failures as well as the pullout failure mechanisms are analyzed. Guidelines regarding the minimum reinforcement lengths are decreased. In some cases, there is no enough space behind the wall, therefore, this investigation becomes more crucial since as it is concluded in this study that it is infect possible to shorten the geogrid length required in the improvement zone of the reinforced retaining wall without decreasing the stability required. 101

DZET Betonarme inşaat kalıpları eğer gerektiği gibi boyutlandırılıp, dizayn edilmez ise sonuçları çok pahalı kazalara neden olabilecekleri gibi, gayri ekonomik maliyetlere neden olarak istenmeyen dudumların ortaya çıkmasınada neden olabilir. Bu maksat ile doğru dizayn ve boyutlandırma yapabilmek için öncelikle kalıpta nasıl ekonomi sağlanacağı incelenmiştir. Hata yapılmasını engellemek için kalıp malzeme ve bağlantı elemanları ana başlıklar halinde incelenmiş, kalıp boyutlandırılmasında kullanılan yük hesap ilkeleri ve bağıntılar teker teker ele alınmıştır. Binanın bütün elemanları (temel, betonarme perde, kolon, döşeme) için yukarıda adı geçen bağıntılardan hareket ederek dizayn örnekleri verilmiş ve kolay dizayn yapabilmek amacı ile tablolar çıkarılmıştır. Bütün bunlar dışında endüstriyel kalıp sistemleri ele alınmış dizayn ve hesap ilkeleri incelenerek konvansiyonel usûl ile mukayesesi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca tez kapsamı dışı olan ama faydalı bir takım bilgiler ek olarak tezin en sonunda derlenmiştir. ?vııı- FDRHÜJORK FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUMMARY The subject matter may consist of a small residence construction or a dam project; whatever it is, the main material of civil engineering is the concrete. The concrete will behave like a plastic material and in a short time after its preparation it will start solidifying in order to turn out to be a good supporting element. In this sate, we can shape the concrete in every form we desire. Lie call the combination of these elements, used to shape the concrete in the desired form, under the common name of formwork. When the concrete is placed in the formwork, it will first exercise a certain load. This load will be exercised in the form of hydrostatic load on such elements like wall, column, foundation, side of beam and on other elements such as slab and bottom of beam it will be in the form of weight. Therefore, it has to be balanced with the elements we can name as tie-rod in the vertical elements existing in the formwork and so must be done the same with the elements we can call scaffolding and prop when the horizontal elements are concerned. Shortly, the formwork of reinforced concrete construction will be conposed of two main elements: 1- Formwork 2- Support When both vertical and horizontal structure elements are concerned, the formworks are constituted out ot three parts : 1- Sheatering 2- Vertical struts (in order to support the loads acting on sheatering and to prevent slop) 3- Horizontal struts in order to support the loads acting on Vertical struts and to prevent slop)Supports help to balance in a predeterminated may the transmitted loads acting on horizontal elements. On the vertical elements the load is balanced by passing some tie-rods through both sides of formwork. And on the horizontal structural elements, the load is transmitted to a solid ground by supporting the horizontal struts with some elements like scaffolding or props. The maximum care must be taken in balancing the loads created by the concrete, whatever would be the form of the load. Therefore this balancing process can't be carried out by simple guessing, on the contrary a minute and careful calculation must be made. Formuork for concrete structure are designed, dimensioned and manufactured in the verv same way as the other constraction elements. If this process is not done by a competent engineer in a controlled way; 1- The formworc system will not be able to resist the loads and consequently it will either cause huge failures or end up with deformation. Both results will bring a substantial Idss of labor and money and the repercussion of the failure will be hard the restore. 2- Or, the formwork system will be unnecessarily built up with excessive component, which will bring up an uneconomical result and this will cause a waste of scarce resources. Thanks to developments in the cement industry in the mineteenth centur, in the years of 1840 the first samples of reinforced concrete structure began to appear. It is also possible to accept this date as the first application of reinforced concrete structure in the history. Back in those times, as formwork material, wood has been used given that it was an easy material to treat and shape. Nowadays, this method is still holding it's particularity of beeing used wildly. In convantional method, the formwork was used to be mounted entirely in wooden material. In first application even the support were made of wood whreas later, due to development in steel industry related tD this field of application, manif acturing the supports out of steel has gained a larger application as a method. Hence, at the begining of 1900's, we encounter the convantional method where this time the mixture of wood and steel was used. -x-Right after the end of the second world war in Europe begins a period of the highly accelerated duelling constractions. As a result, in countries like England, Germany, France where the steel industry was considerably advanced, first time in the history appear the formworks made copletely of steel. Particularly in this period because of the construction of countless number of standart buildings we witness the innovation of TUNE `L` formwork system manifactured entirely out of steel. Although the TUNE `L` formwork system has been accepted as a reform in the recidence constructin field, since there has not been any other application field this system has gradualy lost momentum and finaly almost abandoned in Europe. Since -the system other than TUNE `L` formuork have been dificult to be applied, in 1950s, other system have been develoed with sheatering in wood and other components in steel. In the same period, due to some inconveniences of wood stated below, first applications on the plywood start to emerge: i- less usage of wood sheatering, ii- the need of frequent rectification of wood sheatering. iii- unability to create smooth concrete surface. The rapid technological development in the wood industry taken place in 1950s and 1960s, helped modular wooden elements to be guther developed. In nowadays technology, the modular formwork systems are composed out of these elements. These reasons why advanced wooden products find extensive field of application are: 1- Easiness of their usage, 2- Their multiusability, 3- Their considerable rigidity. Even though the steel material seems to possess these particularities at the first glance, in fact it is a system quite hard to use and treat. Besides, steel has the property of quick deformation. And in this case its reusability is not possible or making other uses of steel requires great expenses. -xi-Another advantage of modular formwork is that they provide important savings. In fact, the conventional formuork system, as investment cost, is relativly cheaper than both steel formwok systems and wood-steel composit modular formwork systems. Moreover, formwork system made completely of steel are comparatively cheaper than woodsteel composit modular formwork systems. From the beginnig of the second half of the twentieth century, labour and time turned out to be more expencive than other factors. All industrial pruducts under development have always had to bring an enswer to question of how the duration can be shortened and how less labour force can be employed. This is the same case for the construction sactor which is the vital sector in a country's economy. To that end, a big variety of constraction machines, equipment and so forth have been developed. Industrial formwork systems always' kept pace with this development process. But, in developing and under developed countries and even in same developed countries Those system have difficulties in finding wide application possibilities. Since labor cost is very cheap in Turkey using advanced industrial systems have been indispensable in big projects, and its application hasgradually been widespread. Actually, big companies are using these systems even in their smallest projects. But medium-sized and small firms are still using convantional formwork systems or steel formwork systems. In this subject, the best solution is still preceived as the least costing solution. This reasoning is absolutly wrong. In the first parts Df this thesis, applied and theoretical solutions are scrutinized to eliminate this ill reasoning. As a result it is determined that the best solution is not the cheapest solution. This guessination must not be reached by trial and error. On the contrary, firs of all a `METHOD DF CONSTRACTION` must be elaborated. Dorking with the material and equipment most appropriate to this method will bring up the most economical result. After this examination, a general approach has been brought to components used in convantional formwork systems. In this chapter, elements of modular formwork system are mentioned in detail. Hence, advantages and disadvantages are presented in comparison. Then, in order to prevent faulty design, it is pointed out how the formwork system could be calculated and also the effects of concrete acting on the formwork. The physical and mechanical properties that a formwork has to possess are clearly stressed. ?Xll-Towards the end of the thesis, constraction elements are examined one by one so that the most economical solution could be obtained. While doing so, a comparison has been carried out betuieen convantional formuork system and advanced modular formuork systems. In the final part of the thesis, though they are excluded by the scobe of the thesis, the most important informations related to the subject are examined thoroughly in the form of appendices. 231