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The sustainable development of an economy and a society cannot be realized without the help of modern geoscience. Engineering geology knowledge is necessary on a civil engineering construction site to ensure the construction work goes smoothly. This paper first discusses the importance of geoscience, especially the study of engineering geology. Then, the current Chinese engineering geology course for civil engineering students is summarized. The engineering geology course at Shijiazhuang Tiedao University is described in detail, including its history, its content, and some teaching tactics for the course. The paper closes with an evaluation of the effects of the teaching tactics.

In the process of vigorously promoting the development of China's smart city construction site engineering, the wide application of BIM technology and its advantages have been widely reflected in various places such as remote video site monitoring, visual chemical field technical data disclosure, and statistical engineering volume. BIM technology can effectively help enterprises manage the whole construction site, and can significantly and effectively improve the safety management level and work efficiency of the whole construction site. In this paper, a numerical simulation processing system for civil engineering is designed. This system can not only effectively predict and evaluate the design results of civil engineering but also help guide enterprises to obtain various earthquake-resistant and beautiful building structure designs, and various this kind of economical and reasonable engineering project construction decision-making. This paper uses simulation models to study the civil engineering of high-rise buildings, and conducts an in-depth study on the efficiency of simulation processing results and the analysis of visualization methods, which mainly include the efficient visualization of simulation time-varying vector fields and the efficient visualization after OpenSEES simulation processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting prefabricated steel structures is considered one of the crucial approaches to meeting the objectives of "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" in the construction industry. Due to insufficient practical experience and incomplete fine engineering techniques in civil construction, the sustainable development of prefabricated building systems in China faces many challenges. Taking steel components as an example, the design process of tubular columns does not pay enough attention to the influence of the cold-working effect on material mechanical properties, and the constitutive relationship of cold-formed steels is not clear, which will cause an engineering economic burden and may affect the judgment of catastrophic problems. To serve the refined design and meet the intelligent construction technology using the computer platform, a modified Menegotto-Pinto model using a continuously derivable function is proposed in the paper. The proposed model can successfully describe the complete stress-strain curve of cold-formed circular mild steels as long as the basic mechanical parameters of the parent material are determined. Taking into account the influence of the strength and thickness of the parent steel sheets, as well as the internal bending radius r, on the cold-rolling effect, the model can also flexibly track the elastic-plastic nonlinearity of the cold-formed materials. In addition, the research shows that the cold-rolling effect will weaken with the increase of the yield strength fsy,0 of the parent steels and r/t ratio, and may disappear when fsy,0 reaches 1748 MPa or the r/t ratio is approximately 60, which can be used as economic indicators during the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Understanding the frontier difference between building information modeling (BIM) research and practice is a top priority to guarantee the engineering significance and feasibility of academic achievements, yet such research gap has not been well-explored. The purpose of this paper is to provide an objective and accurate analysis of BIM knowledge using 551 published BIM-related papers and 68 documents of frontier BIM projects in China. Design/methodology/approach: This paper adopts the mixed method, combining the bibliometrics method with the qualitative method. Bibliometrics was used to analyze 551 BIM-related literatures from China with Citespace 5.0. Qualitative research was used to analyze 68 project documents from China with Nvivo. Finally, the analysis results are compared to obtain the final conclusion. Findings: The analysis results of the collected BIM-related papers, given by bibliometrics analysis, show that the subject categories of engineering, civil engineering, and construction and building technology, and 8 key research clusters are extremely important for development of BIM knowledge. The analysis results of the collected project documents, given by qualitative analysis, indicate that visualization, aided management, intelligent construction, simulation and analysis are the hot applications of BIM practice. Originality/value: Through comparison, certain research gaps between the research and practice community in China was identified, which are useful for identification of research trends and practice frontier in BIM community. This study offers useful and new insights to summarize the status quo of BIM and can be used as a reference to integrate future BIM developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate Origin-Destination (OD) prediction is significant for effective traffic monitor, which can support operation decision in traffic planning and management field. The enclosed expressway network system like toll gates system in China can collect mounts of trip records which can be gathered for OD prediction. The paper develops a novel neural network, which is named Expressway OD Prediction Neural Network (EODPNN) for toll data-based prediction. The network consists of the following three modules: The Feature Extension Module, the Memory Module, and the Prediction Module. In the process, the attributes data which can reflect the city attribute such as GDP, population, and the number of vehicles are considered to embeded into the notwork to increase the accuracy of the model. For the applicability improvment of the model, we categorize the cities in multiple classes based on their economy and population scales in this paper, which can provide a higher accurate prediction of OD by EODPNN. The results shows that, comparing to the traditional model like ARIMA and SVM, or typical neural networks like Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory, the EODPNN delivers a better prediction performance. The method proposed in this paper has been fully verified and has a potential to transplant to the other OD data-based management systems for a more accurate and flexible prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heating systems are essential municipal infrastructure in winter, especially in severe cold cities of China. The safety and efficiency of heating systems greatly affect building energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort. Heating networks (HNs), playing the role of transportation, are the key parts of heating systems. In HNs, hydraulic models could be affected by the accuracy of resistance characteristic parameters, which are expressed by pipe friction parameters (PFPs) in this paper. As the uniqueness of the estimation results of PFPs has not been discussed in previous studies, this paper builds an estimation method of PFPs by dividing two types of pipes, substituting variables and establishing a split-step linearization method. Combining with the theory of matrix equations, the decision conditions and solution methods for obtaining the unique estimation results of PFPs are determined. Theoretical analysis and case study results show that estimation values of PFPs can be obtained by utilizing measured data under multiple hydraulic conditions. In the example of DN and the simple actual HN, the average estimation deviation of PFPs is 1.42% and 1.86%, which are accurate enough for actual engineering. Estimation results of PFPs obtained by this method guarantee the accuracy of analysis and regulation in heating systems and improve social energy utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to effectively solve traffic congestion and transportation pollution in urban development is a main research emphasis for transportation management agencies. A carbon emissions tax can affect travelers’ generalized costs and will lead to changes in passenger demand, mode choice and traffic flow equilibrium in road networks, which are of significance in green travel and low-carbon transportation management. This paper first established a mesoscopic model to calculate the carbon emissions tax and determined the value of this charge in China, which was based on road traffic flow, vehicle speed, and carbon emissions. Referring to existing research results to calibrate the value of time, this paper modified the traveler’s generalized cost function, including the carbon emissions tax, fuel surcharge and travel time cost, which can be used in the travel impedance model with the consideration of the carbon emissions tax. Then, a method for analyzing urban road network traffic flow distribution was put forward, and a joint traffic distribution model was established, which considered the relationship between private cars and taxis. Finally, this paper took the city of Panjin as an example to analyze the road traffic carbon emissions tax’s impact. The results illustrated that the carbon emissions tax has a positive effect on road network flow equilibrium and carbon emission reduction. This paper will have good reference value and practical significance for the calculation and implementation of urban traffic carbon emissions taxes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities of the inexpensive theodolite created by the authors, compared with modern commercial instruments, equipped with a Leica TPS1203 robotic total station with built-in GoPro Hero6 camera image sensors. This theodolite was tested in the laboratory where simulated dynamic displacements were determined. The results of the experimental tests showed that the displacement errors and differences between the simulated displacements of the test machine and those detected by the theodolite were in the range of Δ = − 0. 1 5 mm to +0.13 mm depending on the simulated amplitude. The theodolite was further used in the field for static and dynamic tests of the Wanzhou Railway Bridge, China. Determination of the dynamic motions of the bridge and the results of calculating the natural frequencies from the measurement data are presented. During loading tests of the bridge, the frequencies were also determined by accelerometers and these data were used as a reference to assess the accuracy of the theodolite and its suitability for dynamic tests. An original algorithm was developed in the MATLAB software environment to process the recorded videos, i.e. image processing to determine displacements and natural frequencies. It is demonstrated that the position of the theodolite at a distance of 28.5 m from the bridge provides the correspondence of one pixel of 0.333 mm, which provides a high level of accuracy when determining the dynamic vertical displacements of a moving target. It is established that the proposed theodolite will cost less than 5 000 euros. The results obtained are relevant for use in civil engineering for monitoring the amplitude vibrations of structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China’s rail network has been expanding to western China. Most of western China is a complicated and steep mountainous area with complex terrain and a harsh natural environment. Many engineering geological problems and unfavorable geological hazards have been encountered in railway construction in this area. Railway route selection in complex and steep mountainous (CSM) areas has become one of the fundamental issues in railway design. In view of the existing literature, this paper is aimed to summarize the characteristics and difficulties of railway route selection in CSM areas. In view of the low efficiency of railway route selection in CSM areas, a set of general models for railway route selection in CSM areas is established in the present study. A new multifactor interactive matrix dynamic weight approach is proposed in this model, and the corresponding evaluation index system is then developed. This methodology has been successfully applied in two typical CSM railway route selection cases, which proves the validity and applicability of this novel approach. This scrutiny provides a newly solid reference for the route selection method of the railway in CSM areas and gives a new direction for the evaluation and decision-making of other complex system engineering problems. DOI: 10.1061/JTEPBS.TEENG-7719. © 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-hosted by Tsinghua University, ICOMOS China, Tsinghua Heritage Institute for Digitization, and Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, the CIPA2021 symposium (28th biennial symposium of the international scientific committee for documentation of cultural heritage) was held online successfully at Tsinghua University during August 28th to September 1st, 2021. This is the first time CIPA held a biennial symposium in mainland of China and in online format since its establishment in 1968. The theme of the symposium is "Great Learning & Digital Emotion". During the 5-day online symposium, opening ceremony & keynote-speech session-1, education session, outstanding youth forum, 12 sub-theme forums, and keynote-speech session-2 & closing ceremony were organized, which included 130 more presentations and attracted more than 1,000 online participants from more than 30 countries on five continents to conduct academic exchanges and seminars.Among all the presentations, four of them are keynote speeches. These include: 1) "deep learning for cultural heritage" by Professor Christian Heipke (President of ISPRS), 2) "space technology in support of world heritage" by Professor Huadong Guo (Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences), 3) "digital culture heritage and territorial spatial planning — China's practice and perspective" by Professor Jun Chen (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering), and 4) "documentation — foundation of any heritage policy" by Professor Teresa Patrício (President of ICOMOS). Besides these keynotes, all other 120 more presentations are selected from the publication papers of ISPRS Annals and Archives.The progress and prospects of research and practice of digital cultural heritage all over the world can be summarized as theory, technology, and method of CHIM that will be described as follows. Basically, CHIM refers of Cultural Heritage Information Modelling. However, based on CIPA2021 symposium and the paper publications, CHIM is not just Modelling and Model, but the current progress and future prospects of digital cultural heritage research and practice, such as "C" represents Collection, Collaboration, Coordination, and Conference; "H" represents High-Speed, High-Quality, High-Tech. and High-Education; "I" represents Integration, Interpret, International, and Intelligent; and "M" represents Multi-Classes, Methodology, Multidisciplinary, and Management. And all of the aspects are included into the following table (see Table 1) and it is clear that CHIM is not only a Model for documentation but also a platform for future intelligent conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to improve students' problem-solving skills in civil engineering and construction management education. Design/methodology/approach: The design includes structured role-playing as a pedagogical method in 21 project teams with a total of 82 undergraduate students at Chang'an University, China, in a nine-week Building Information Modeling (BIM) capstone course. The methodology is a teaching–learning experiment in a civil engineering education program with a detailed description of the empirical case and assessment instruments. The approach is to train project execution planning in a capstone course by role-playing with a real-world project using the procedures of the BIM Project Execution Planning Guide (PEPG) and process mapping. Findings: The study finds that students can significantly improve their problem-solving skills through planning and role-specific communication during projects. Research limitations/implications: The research sample needs to be expanded from senior-level undergraduate students to consider the different backgrounds and motivations of students. Practical implications: This pedagogy is helpful to educators who are interested in group learning with a real-world project; the procedures of BIM PEPG; self-chosen responsibilities within a capstone course time framework; raising the awareness of the importance of planning; information exchange; and team cooperation. Originality/value: This paper fulfills an identified need to study how role-playing in information and technology rich environments can be structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the severe natural disasters, typhoon hazard brings tremendous tragedy to human beings. The foreland in the southeast of China is one of the most typhoon prone areas in the world. There are amount of damage of civil engineering structures induced by typhoon every year. Especially for the spacious villages, the low-rise buildings are vulnerable to typhoon so that many of them are destroyed regionally. The typhoon vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures is a classical multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) issues. In this paper, the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number grey relational analysis (2TLNN-GRA) method is built based on the grey relational analysis (GRA) and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs) with incomplete weight information. For deriving the weight information of the attribute, an optimization model is built on the basis of the GRA, by which the attribute weights can be decided. Then, the optimal alternative is chosen through calculating largest relative relational degree from the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number positive ideal solution (2TLNNPIS) which considers both the largest grey relational coefficient (GRC) from the 2TLNNPIS and the smallest GRC form 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number negative ideal solution (2TLNN NIS). Then, combine the traditional fuzzy GRA model with 2TLNNSs information, the 2TLNN-GRA method is established and the computing steps for MAGDM are built. Finally, a numerical example for typhoon vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures has been given and some comparisons is used to illustrate advantages of 2TLNN-GRA method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the formal accession to the Washington Accord, the cultivation of the ability to solve complex engineering problems has become the focus of China's undergraduate engineering education. Because complex engineering problems are innovative, it is necessary to study the effect of TRIZ teaching on the cultivation ofthe ability to solve complex engineering problems. However, there are few studies on the effect of TRIZ on the cultivation of ability to solve complex engineering problems. Taking China's civil engineering major as an example, based on the network questionnaire, this paper investigates the ability of 1532 junior and senior students to solve complex engineering problems at four universities. The findings were that the ability of the surveyed students to solve complex engineering problems needs to be improved, especially their ability in the areas of engineering design. problem identification and problem analysis. At present, the cultivation of systematic thinking in China's engineering education is also inadequate. Normative research, course teaching and graduation design were used to verify the effectiveness of TRIZ in training Chinese civil engineering students' ability to solve complex engineering problems. Based on the text analysis of students' course reports and graduation designs, combined with the results of students' self-assessment questionnaires and TRIZ expert interviews, the results indicate that TRIZ can effectively cultivate students' ability to solve complex engineering problems, especially problem identification, problem analysis and innovative thinking. This paper provides guidance for further exploring the cultivation of the ability to solve complex engineering problems and for the integration of innovative methods and professional education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2030 the World Green Building Council has put forth a challenge that all buildings shall be designed for net zero operational carbon and by 2050 net zero embodied carbon. The construction of the Jin Mao Tower 20 years ago was unique for several reasons and ideas have resulted in progress toward those goals. At the time, it was the tallest building in China, one that resulted in re-writing the Chinese code for wind and seismic engineering but perhaps most importantly inspired the design of other buildings that would incorporate resilient systems. These systems have been designed based on a platform of thinking related to life-cycle engineering and minimal impact on the environment. Clearly conceived efficient tall building structural systems based on mega-columns interconnected with cores, friction-fused seismic systems, the application of optimization theories, and the considerations of carbon in construction were all influenced by the design of the Jin Mao Tower. This paper focuses on issues from research to build work that incorporate these ideas with visions of future opportunities. Techniques of calculating carbon will be discussed and ideas for the future contemplated considering machine learning and self-sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational education is education delivered to students in a country other than the country in which the awarding institution is based. While the outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected higher education, transnational education has exhibited its resilience against the pandemic, and has been continuously expanding in China. In parallel with the golden opportunities for the expansion of transnational education in China after the pandemic, a series of challenges resulting from the transnational context needs to be taken into due consideration, and to be properly addressed. In this paper, the opportunities and challenges for the post-COVID-19 development of transnational education in China are systematically discussed, based on the transnational education delivery at a Sino-Foreign cooperative university. Following our observations on opportunities and challenges, several suggestions are proposed, to address the potential challenges for the stable post-COVID-19 development of transnational education in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents, bad weathers, traffic congestions, etc. led to the uncertainties of travel times in real-life road networks, which greatly affected the quality of individual’s life and the reliability of transportation system. This paper addressed the school bus routing problem in such a stochastic and time-dependent road environment. Firstly, the problem was set based on a single-school configuration, and the students were picked up at their homes, which was in line with the current situation of school bus systems in China. Thus, it could be regarded as an independent problem of school bus route generation in random dynamic networks, which could be solved as a variant of extended Vehicle Routing Problem. However, due to the fluctuation and uncertainty of link travel times, the arrival time at each stop including the destination was varying. Therefore, the selection of optimal path connecting the current service node with the next one was treated as a sub-problem in this study, where the reliability of travel times in the stochastic and time-varying network was highly concerned by such time-rigid commuters. To this end, a Robust Optimal Schedule Times model with a hard time windows constraint was built to generate a most cost-reliable route for school buses. By the use of Robust Optimization method, it was intended to minimize the worst-case total cost which combined the cost of earlier schedule delays with the disutility of travel times. It was also proved that the proposed model could be converted into solving a conventional problem in deterministic dynamic networks for a reduction of computation complexity, which provided the potential of applying to the practical problems. Finally, the validity of the proposed model and its performance evaluation was analyzed through a small-scale computational instance, where all the link travel times in the simulated network were attributed to both time-varying and stochastic. Then, a mathematical programming solver was used to find the exact optimal solution. The results indicated that the model was valid, and the necessity of considering the stochastic and time-dependent nature of transportation networks was also confirmed in the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of rapid rail transit system is analyzed using tools of complex network for the first time. We evaluated the effectiveness of the system in Beijing quantitatively from different perspectives, including descriptive statistics analysis, bridging property, centrality property, ability of connecting different part of the system and ability of disease spreading. The results showed that the public transport of Beijing does benefit from the rapid rail transit lines, and the benefit of different regions from RRTS is gradually decreased from the north to the south. The paper concluded with some policy suggestions regarding how to promote the system. This study offered significant insight that can help understand the public transportation better. The methodology can be easily applied to analyze other urban public systems, such as electricity grid, water system, to develop more livable cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depth to bedrock influences or controls many of the Earth's physical and chemical processes. It plays important roles in soil science, geology, hydrology, land surface processes, civil engineering, and other related fields. However, information about depth to bedrock in China is very deficient, and there is no independent map of depth to bedrock in China currently. This paper describes the materials and methods to produce high-resolution (100 m) depth-to-bedrock maps of China. For different research and application needs, two sets of data are provided for users. One is the prediction by the ensemble of the random forests and gradient boosting tree models, and the other is the prediction and the uncertainty of prediction based on quantile regression forests model. In comparison with depth-to-bedrock maps of China extracted from previous global predictions, our predictions showed higher accuracy and more spatial details. These data sets can provide more accurate information for Earth system research compared with previous depth-to-bedrock maps. Measurement(s) depth Technology Type(s) computational modeling technique Factor Type(s) biomass yield • slope • wetness • rock type • soil type • geographic location Sample Characteristic - Environment land Sample Characteristic - Location China Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.11358929 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratio are two important parameters of dynamic properties of soil. These two parameters were extensively studied in the laboratory. However, there has been little research on these two parameters of the unsaturated red clay which is located in the southwest of Hunan, China. With the rapid development of high-speed railway in China, it is urgent to identify the dynamic properties of the unsaturated red clay to provide reference for the civil engineering industry. In this paper, DDS-70, an electromagnetic type dynamic tri-axial testing system, was used to study the effects of water content, dry density, confining pressure, over-consolidation ratio and loading frequency on dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio of unsaturated red clay. The result shows that within the phase of small strain the influences of water content, dry density, confining pressure, over-consolidation ratio and loading frequency on dynamic modulus of elasticity are obvious. Dynamic modulus of elasticity increases with the increase of dry density, confining pressure and over-consolidation ratio under the same strain, whereas dynamic modulus of elasticity decreases with the increase of water content and loading frequency. Moreover, the effects of these factors on damping ratio are also significant during the phase of small strain. With the increase of strain, damping ratio increases with the decrease of dry density, confining pressure and over-consolidation ratio under the same dynamic strain. There is no clear relationship between damping ratio and loading frequency. It is concluded that the influence of above factors on the dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratio is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of two types of deceleration markings on freeways in China: fishbone-shaped (FS) markings and edge-rate (ER) markings. An actual 4-lane, 6-km long freeway in Province Hebei was created in a driving simulator and used for the experiments. Three scenarios of deceleration markings were adopted: one without markings, one with FS markings, and the third with ER markings. For each scenario, three traffic flow levels were adopted (low, medium, and heavy). The appropriate dimensions of deceleration markings were first established using relevant design guidelines and then used to develop the simulation scenarios using Multigen Creator software. Sixty drivers carried out the simulation experiments with eye tracker equipment. The adequacy of deceleration markings was analyzed with respect to speed, perceived distance, pupil diameter, and geometric parameters. The results showed that both types of deceleration markings made a certain effect on vehicle speed, drivers’visual behavior, and mental characteristics. However, the effect of the FS markings was more pronounced than that of the ER marking. Specifically, the FS markings showed a speed reduction of 12.3 km/h to 15.2 km/h and a perceived distance of 70 m to 90 m, compared with 6.7 km/h to 9.9 km/h and 40 m to 60 m, respectively, for the ER markings. Application comments of the results are provided in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising energy source, natural gas hydrate production has ignited scientific research in multidisciplinary fields globally, generating a vast amount of literature. A review in multidisciplinary and international perspectives will contribute to a comprehensive understanding about this field. This paper maps the two-decade spatiotemporal landscapes of scientific research on natural gas hydrate (NGH) production with a bibliometric analysis. The landscapes suggested that the study on gas hydrate production covers multiple research fields and international collaboration. Research topics on NGH production experienced three stages involving resource exploration, productivity enhancement, and environmental issues. An analysis of the research with the most activity showed that Energy & Fuel, Chemical Engineering, and Multidisciplinary Geoscience were the most active, with Thermodynamics, Geological Engineering, Ocean Engineering, and Civil Engineering experiencing fast growth. In terms of the landscape of international collaboration, the United States and European countries were the main contributors in the early stage, followed by China after 2008. The breakthrough of the commercial production threshold relies on the international collaboration and the multidisciplinary research among Thermodynamics, Geological Engineering, Ocean Engineering and Civil Engineering to characterize the energy consumption, gas production rate, and reservoir stability. • A two-decade spatiotemporal landscape of scientific research on NGHs production is delineated with a bibliometric analysis. • Research landscapes visually show the evolution of topics, interdisciplinary intersection, and global collaboration pattern. • NGHs' commercial promise is assessed considering resource potential, production techniques, and environmental concerns. The reference co-citation network is a valuable tool for tracking the evolution of research topics. It highlights links between two references that are concurrently cited in a third article, with the link strength positively correlated to the number of articles that cite both references. Subsequently, the strongly lined references are grouped in a cluster with a topic, which is determined by extracting a phrase from the titles, keywords, and abstracts of the citing documents using the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) method. As a result, the co-citation network is divided into clusters with specific topics, providing insight into the topic evolution and the research frontiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nailing was employed to stabilise the sides of a basement excavation in an urban district of Wuhan City, China. During the course of the excavation, excessive movements were observed, and collapse occurred along one of the basement sides. A remedial earth-retaining system was developed to provide additional stability to the ground retained by the soil-nailed wall. In the revised system, the soil-nailed wall retained the upper soil while propped piles at the toe of the wall augmented the overall stability of the sides. The case study presented in this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the earth-retaining system in controlling movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of red sandstone, such as structures and compositions and disintegration characteristics, were investigated through a series of tests including laboratory tests, a large-scale simulated experimental test, and tests in a section of a highway in China. With the disintegration tests, red sandstone was classified according to its engineering properties. With the understanding of the properties of red sandstone, the filling methods, and the construction techniques of roadbeds and embankments, including quality control and quality examination with associated criteria, were developed. This paper confirmed that these techniques can be successfully applied to solve a series of difficult problems in highway construction in red sandstone regions with considerable potential economical benefits and significant technological and engineering values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circuity, defined as the ratio of the shortest network distance to the Euclidean distance between one origin–destination (O-D) pair, can be adopted as a helpful evaluation method of indirect degrees of train paths. In this paper, the maximum circuity of the paths of operated trains is set to be the threshold value of the circuity of high-speed train paths. For the shortest paths of any node pairs, if their circuity is not higher than the threshold value, the paths can be regarded as the reasonable paths. With the consideration of a certain relative or absolute error, we cluster the reasonable paths on the basis of their inclusion relationship and the center path of each class represents a passenger transit corridor. We take the high-speed rail (HSR) network in China at the end of 2014 as an example, and obtain 51 passenger transit corridors, which are alternative sets of train paths. Furthermore, we analyze the circuity distribution of paths of all node pairs in the network. We find that the high circuity of train paths can be decreased with the construction of a high-speed railway line, which indicates that the structure of the HSR network in China tends to be more complete and the HSR network can make the Chinese railway network more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed at the complicated problems of attraction characteristics regarding passenger flow in urban rail transit network, the concept of the gravity field of passenger flow is proposed in this paper. We establish the computation methods of field strength and potential energy to reveal the potential attraction relationship among stations from the perspective of the collection and distribution of passenger flow and the topology of network. As for the computation methods of field strength, an optimum path concept is proposed to define betweenness centrality parameter. Regarding the computation of potential energy, Compound Simpson’s Rule Formula is applied to get a solution to the function. Taking No. 10 Beijing Subway as a practical example, an analysis of simulation and verification is conducted, and the results shows in the following ways. Firstly, the bigger field strength value between two stations is, the stronger passenger flow attraction is, and the greater probability of the formation of the largest passenger flow of section is. Secondly, there is the greatest passenger flow volume and circulation capacity between two zones of high potential energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a sustainable transportation mode, high-speed railway (HSR) has become an efficient way to meet the huge travel demand. However, due to the high acquisition and maintenance cost, it is impossible to build enough infrastructure and purchase enough train-sets. Great efforts are required to improve the transport capability of HSR. The utilization efficiency of train-sets (carrying tools of HSR) is one of the most important factors of the transport capacity of HSR. In order to enhance the utilization efficiency of the train-sets, this paper proposed a train-set circulation optimization model to minimize the total connection time. An innovative two-stage approach which contains segments generation and segments combination was designed to solve this model. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach, an experiment was carried out in the Beijing-Tianjin passenger dedicated line, to fulfill a 174 trips train diagram. The model results showed that compared with the traditional Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA), the utilization efficiency of train-sets can be increased from 43.4% (ACA) to 46.9% (Two-Stage), and 1 train-set can be saved up to fulfill the same transportation tasks. The approach proposed in the study is faster and more stable than the traditional ones, by using which, the HSR staff can draw up the train-sets circulation plan more quickly and the utilization efficiency of the HSR system is also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movable bridges involve a combination of structural, mechanical and electrical components with specific kinetic characteristics in operation. This paper presents the structural evaluation, kinetic analysis and innovative retrofit design in the rehabilitation of an 80 year old rolling lift bascule bridge in Tianjin, China. Structural inspection and evaluation were first performed; the decision was made to preserve the original style and re-enable the rolling function by replacing severely corroded members and the deck system, re-balancing the counterweights and restoring the mechanical and electrical systems. Then, based on a transformable three-dimensional finite-element model, the structure of the bascule bridge was analysed at different states of opening. Dynamic effects caused by abrupt stopping of the mechanism were analysed using a rigorous modal superposition method, and with an approximate equivalent static method. A low-depth steel orthotropic deck system was designed and finally new counterweights were optimised. The refurbished bridge is now fully operational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of investigations on the mechanical property, durability, and the structural performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) have been carried out in the past 15years (1996–2011) in China. The achievements of researches on recycled concrete are relatively sufficient to review and share with investigators from other countries. Some research progress of micro- and meso-structure of RAC is introduced in the first part of this paper. The second part of this paper is devoted to the mechanical properties of RAC material: strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, stress–strain curve. The third part of the paper gives research on durability of RAC: carbonization, chloride penetration, shrinkage and creep. The last part presents a review on the structural performance of RAC elements and structures: beams, columns, slabs, beam–column joints, shear walls as well as frames made with RAC. Results of all researches reveal that with proper design and construction, it is safe and feasible to apply RAC as a structural material in civil engineering. Moreover, in this paper, the relevant research results of RAC obtained in China and from other countries are compared and discussed. This review provides helpful directions to those who are already engaged in this research, and points out areas which are needed to promote safe and economic use of RAC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the performance of an overexcavated metro station in soft clay within Shanghai metropolitan area, in which there are many high-rise buildings and buried utility pipelines in the proximity. The excavation was supported by stiff concrete diaphragm walls braced by steel pipes. The measured performance included deflections of diaphragm walls, ground settlements, and settlements of the adjacent buildings and utility pipelines. On the basis of daily monitored data, the effects of overexcavation on wall deflections, deflection rates, and the locations in which the maximum wall deflections and the maximum wall deflection rates occurred were investigated. For those buildings in the proximity, the heavy high-rise steel-reinforced concrete buildings supported by deep foundations experienced limited uniform settlements, whereas the light brick buildings resting on shallow foundations experienced substantial total and differential settlements. For the adjacent utility pipelines, the excavation-induced settlements were relatively uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nailing is an effective and practical means for stabilizing slopes and supporting excavations. It has been used extensively in slope improvement works in Hong Kong since the mid-1990s. However, once a soil nail has been installed, it is difficult to check its quality, such as the length of the steel bar and the integrity of cement grout annulus. To enhance the quality control of soil-nail installation works, the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of the Civil Engineering and Development Department in Hong Kong has carried out a study to identify and develop nondestructive means for checking the quality of installed soil nails. Among the various techniques tried, time-domain reflectometry (TDR) was found to be the simplest, quickest, and least expensive. Since then, a large number of field measurements have been taken to gain experience on the practicality and reliability of this technique. In mid-2004, the GEO introduced TDR to its soil-nailing works under the Landslip Preventive Measures Programme for pilot use during independent site audits. In 2007, an independent review was carried out that supports the continual use of TDR in the program and suggests further enhancement of the sampling strategy of the assurance program. This paper gives an overview of the use of TDR in assessing the quality of steel soil nails with preinstalled wires. The sources of uncertainty in relation to the test are discussed. It also describes cases in which TDR has identified anomalies and the corresponding follow-up actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: According to the problem that in what scope can subway engineering influence the prices of peripheral real estate, this paper summarized the problems in similar research presented, and put forward that the influence is taken by factors of person, and the influence can be studied by the probability of choosing subway. Different from other similar research, based on the analysis of the factors which can influence people choose subway or not, this paper constructs the logistic model. Testing the model by using the research data of Beijing, this paper get the list on which we know in what scope can subway engineering influence the surrounding real estate prices by adjusting the logistic model variable X4. Finally, discussed the model applicability and in different cities to application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the recent years, much attention has been paid to the research and development of structural control techniques with particular emphasis on alleviation of wind and seismic responses of buildings and bridges in China. Structural control in civil engineering has been developed from the concept into a workable technology and applied into practical engineering structures. The aim of this paper is to review a state of the art of researches and applications of structural control in civil engineering in China. It includes the passive control, active control, hybrid controland semiactive control. Finally, the possible future directions of structural control in civil engineering in China are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Constructing concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRDs) with weak rocks has great advantages as a result of the use of local materials, cost-effectiveness, extensive adaptability, simple construction, and short construction period. However, the behaviors of CFRDs constructed with weak rocks are not well-understood. This paper reports the physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of weak rockfill during placement and compaction in three dam projects in China. These properties were obtained from laboratory and field tests. Important considerations, such as the control of crushing and crusting and the increase of the permeability of weak rocks, are discussed. Numerical studies on the settlements and slope stability of the dams were conducted and their results were compared with the field measurements. This study provides the opportunities for further understanding the behaviors of CFRDs with weak rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of research papers published in previous issues of the publication "Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers." The paper "Weathering Steel Bridges," by C.N. Dolling and R.M. Hudson, highlights the benefits of weathering steel bridges, describes the limitations, and comments on both the material availability and the appearance of such bridges. Another paper "Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge, China," by J. Young, outlines the studies undertaken to select the preferred location and form of the bridge. The development of the design of the principal elements of the bridge is discussed and the construction process described.

Based on the demands of qualified civil engineers in China, integrated knowledge structure, multi-level knowledge and abilities of innovation, adaptation, cooperation, communication and organization are set forth as the goals of civil engineering education. The predicaments of civil engineering education are discussed. Three challenges, that is, student-centred education, dynamics of education organization and open education, are highlighted in this paper to draw the attention of educators, construction practitioners, industry leaders and legislators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive tunnel settlement, especially differential settlement, will deteriorate the operational serviceability and safety of a metro system. This paper presents grouting-based treatment technology for tunnel settlement in the soft deposits of Shanghai, China. The aim of the grouting treatment is to control the development of the tunnel settlement. The mechanism of settlement control through grouting is presented. A dual-fluid system of cement and sodium silicate is adopted in the proposed grouting-based treatment technology. A new front-end device is designed specially to avoid blocking the grouting holes. The grouting parameters are determined based on field tests and engineering practices. Engineering cases of a double-O-tube (DOT) tunnel and twin tunnels are used to present the feasibility and efficiency of the grouting treatment. For the DOT tunnel, the grouting treatment was carried out in multiple stages; the tunnel settlement finally ceased, from an initial settlement rate of 0.4 mm/d, and the maximum horizontal differential settlement decreased from 20 mm to 10 mm. For the twin tunnels, the tunnel settlement recovered after grouting; the recovery of the maximum tunnel settlement was 8 and 11 mm for the upper- and lower-line tunnels, respectively, and the settlement finally ceased, from an initial rate of 0.027 mm/d. Moreover, in situ measurements of the surroundings indicate that the proposed grouting-based treatment technology creates minimal disturbance to the surrounding soil. This grouting-based treatment provides an effective way to control the settlements of tunnels in soft deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the principles and practices in formulating and assessing claims for extensions of time due to excusable delays. Typical frequency and magnitude profiles of claims for extensions of time are derived from a surveyed sample of 67 civil engineering projects in Hong Kong, and major categories of claims for extensions of time have been identified from the data obtained. Recommendations are made to minimize claims for extensions of time and to achieve more consistent assessments of the unavoidable claims, for example those relating to inclement weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper probes the range of factor affecting construction project duration through a literature review and a pilot survey in Hong Kong. Time-cost models previously proposed in Australia and the UK are compared with data obtained in Hong-Kong and similarities are noted. The 111 responses to the detailed questionnaire issued in Hong Kong and the follow-up interview also indicate other factors that may significantly affect project duration. Of these productivity is examined here, while other factors will be probed in the second phase of this investigation. Time-floor area relationships are also examined and found to be significant. Projects are classified as public or private sector housing and other buildings, road and other civil engineering projects. Large sample in each category of construction project will be targeted to test the validity of the models and their parameters in Hong Kong as derived from the pilot survey. It is noted that standardization in public housing projects (as in Hong Kong and Singapore) leads to more consistency in durations, providing useful reference points for such studies. International comparisons are intended to test the models, parameters and significant factors relating to the timeframe of construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an established technology with a wide range of applications for civil engineering, geological research, archaeological studies, and hydrological practices. In this regard, this study applies bibliometric and scientometric assessment to provide a systematic review of the literature on GPR-related research. This study reports the publication trends, sources of publications and subject categories, cooperation of countries, productivity of authors, citations of publications, and clusters of keywords in GPR-related research. The Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), which can be accessed through the Web of Science Core Collection, are used as references. The findings report that the number of publications is 6880 between 2001 and 2021. The number of annual publications has increased significantly, from 139 in 2001 to 576 in 2021. The studies are published in 894 journals, and the annual number of active journals increased from 68 in 2001 to 215 in 2021. Throughout the study, the number of subject categories involved in GPR-related research fluctuated, ranging from 38 in 2001 to 68 in 2021. The research studies originated from 118 countries on 6 continents, where the United States and the People's Republic of China led the research articles. The top five most common keywords are ground-penetrating radar, non-destructive testing, geophysics, electrical resistivity tomography, and radar. After investigating the clusters of keywords, it is determined that civil engineering, geological research, archaeological studies, and hydrological practices are the four main research fields incorporating GPR utilization. This study offers academics and practitioners an in-depth review of the latest research in GPR research as well as a multidisciplinary reference for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bibliometric analysis on global asphalt and bitumen research was reported. • Standard research score and cumulative research output score were concluded. • Productive journal, institute, countries and authors were studied. • Core research activities and the potential cooperators were recommended. Many researches are being performed for design of asphalt pavement and its materials for sustainability and use of renewable energy. This research conducted a bibliometric analysis on the peer-reviewed journal papers published since 2000, with the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" in their titles. Statistics such as top productive countries, organizations, journals, authors, ESI highly cited papers, most-cited papers, and core research activities were plotted and analyzed. Standard research score and cumulative standard research output score were defined and calculated to minimize the data differentials between the statistics analyzed. The records from Web of Science indicated that three-quarters of the researchers in the world prefer to use the term "asphalt" rather than "bitumen" in their writing. The People's Republic of China and the United States of America together produced 60% of journal papers in asphalt-related topics. Asphalt-related research papers were mostly published in journals such as Construction and Building Materials, Transportation Research Record, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Road Materials and Pavement Design. The records of keywords illustrate that innovational technologies, such as cold recycling and self-healing, are increasingly developed and used in asphalt pavement engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the main features of the November 2001 issue of the periodical "Construction Management and Economics." One paper considers organizational change in a Hong Kong government department. Another paper investigates the concentration of the building and civil engineering sectors in Hong Kong, China. The market shares of individual contractors over a 5-year period have been analyzed. In one paper, a practical system for developing a site layout plan has been presented. The quality of maintenance in mechanical and engineering services is explored in one paper. A method has been developed for assessing service quality, utilizing the Gap model to quantify the relationships between customer satisfaction, expected service, perceived service and service quality Gap. In another paper, a design-build case study has been used to demonstrate the potential benefits of employing the cost of quality (COQ) measurement approach in construction. It has been shown that by using COQ, it is possible to target and control quality management effort far more precisely during a construction project.

Open caissons are widely used in civil engineering as deep foundations and underground structures. It is necessary to control the sinking process of open caissons to achieve safe sinking. This paper proposes a key index of open caisson sinking, the sinking by earth excavation index (SEI). Then, a time series prediction model of SEI based on convolutional neural network (CNN) was established, and an active control method with a data-driven strategy was proposed based on this model. The proposed model was applied in the Changtai Yangtze River Bridge Project in China and was validated by field data. Finally, the effects of hyperparameters in the model were analysed, and a real-time SEI prediction was simulated to describe the practicability of the model. Results show that the proposed model is reliable and practicable in open caisson engineering, and the prediction accuracy is higher than that of other algorithms. Three hyperparameters have little effect on prediction accuracy, including the number of neurons in the fully connected layer, dropping probability of dropout and input length, while the prediction length has a strong influence. With strong objectivity and remarkable performance, the proposed method is conducive to ensuring the steady state and safety of open caissons. • A key index is proposed for the sinking control of open caissons. • A CNN-based intelligent model of the key index is established. • The model is validated to be applicable in the open caisson engineering. • The active control method is proposed based on the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of project governance in curbing opportunistic behavior (OB) has been clearly established in the project literature. Although contract governance and trust are considered critical factors that explain project governance, there is a lack of understanding regarding their interplay at various stages of project development. The current study takes a dynamic perspective and breaks down contract governance into contract completeness (CC) and contract enforcement (CE), while differentiating ex-ante trust from ex-post trust. As such, the current study takes a dynamic perspective and the Grossman-Hart-Moore (GHM) model, which aims to investigate how each of the two facets of contract governance and trust intertwine during the management of construction projects as well as their effects on OB. We undertook a questionnaire survey of individuals involved in 342 construction projects in China, and our research results show that, first of all, governance mechanisms at different stages have different inhibitory effects on OB. Taking contract-signing as the boundary, the governance effect of a contract is gradually enhanced, while the governance effect of trust is gradually reduced. Second, ex-ante trust is more important than ex-post trust: the former moderates not only the relationship between CE and OB, but also the influence of CC on OB. Finally, a contract that is overly complete is not conducive to precluding OB, as such completeness can give the contract parties a sense of security that is guaranteed. The current study not only garners insights into project governance research but also provides implications for architectural practitioners in deploying resources that relate to governance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the global energy crisis, building construction engineering occupies a dominant position in the urbanization. To better comprehend the role of commercial construction engineering in urban economy, a comprehensive emergy-based hybrid evaluation framework is presented in this paper for the first time. The structure engineering of the landmark buildings in E-town, Beijing (Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, BDA) is analyzed through a series of eco-efficiency indicators to reflect its eco-efficiency. Over one hundred items are considered in this study based on the most exhaustive first-hand project data. The solar emergy and empower density of the case engineering are quantified to be 4.78E+19 sej and 2.73E+14 sej/yr/m 2 , respectively. The material inputs prove to be the largest component (about 90% of the total), within which steel and concrete are the two largest contributors. This situation is originated from the fact that all the case buildings are reinforced-concrete structured. Labor input, as the second largest contributor, accounts for 8.42% of the total, followed by service inputs (0.43%). The Percent Renewable Index (% R ) is calculated as 7.49%, representing that renewable natural resources share a negligible proportion in commercial structure engineering. However, parts of the economic products are originally derived from the renewable natural sources, and these parts account for about 85% of the total renewable natural resources. Thus, even though a low dependence on local renewable resources and a heavy environmental stress on the environment are observed in the case engineering, the renewability of the case engineering still can be improved through some specific measures such as manufacturing process improvement and raw material source adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]