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In both developed and developing countries, port-city relationships have always attracted much attention. However, in the port–city interface, views differ as to whether the port drives the city or vice versa. The combination of remote sensing data and geospatial big data (point of interest) has provided a favorable solution. Taking the typical estuarine and coastal port cities in China's coastal zone as an example, this study examines the following contents based on the port–city interface: the formation age of urban built-up areas and port areas on both sides of the port–city boundary; interaction between port and urban built-up areas; and the distribution of urban functional areas outside the port. Results show that the degree of spatial integration in estuarine port cities is higher than that of coastal port cities and that in the past 30 years, the expansion of ports has led to the expansion of cities. This expansion is port- and sea-oriented, and the expansion direction of the port city is consistent. On the port–city interface, the estuarine and coastal port cities form different urban regional structure modes. Aside from enriching literature on the port–city relationship, this study provides a reference for the spatial planning and transformation of ports and cities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sustainable economy through the rational spatial expansion of coastal areas is an increasingly essential global topic. This paper aims to explore the mechanism by which supporting cities influence the spatial expansion of economic development zones (EDZs) in 264 coastal EDZs of China during 1995–2020. Meanwhile, the effects of variations in the distance between supporting cities and coastal EDZs and different city scales are considered. The results provide new explanations for realizing the sustainable development of the coastal economy by planning EDZs at a suitable location from the supporting city. The supporting cities' economic strength can significantly contribute to the spatial expansion of coastal EDZs. The influence shows a distance decay law when the distance is less than 47.692 km, between 47.692 and 58.039 km, and greater than 58.039 km, with impact coefficients of 0.479, 0.393, and 0.212, respectively. The average spatial scale of coastal EDZs varies in an "inverted U–shape" with increasing distance. The average spatial scale of the urban general radiation type (47.692 km ≤ distance <58.039 km) is the largest. Supporting cities' scale affects the economic radiation range of supporting cities. The results suggest three implications for the future development of coastal EDZs. 1) Building the EDZ while incorporating practical development needs; 2) Scientifically planning the spatial layout of EDZs; 3) The synergistic development of supporting cities, transportation hubs, and EDZs. [Display omitted] • Supporting cities can promote coastal economic development zones' expansion. • The contribution of supporting cities to zone expansion shows a distance decay law. • The average spatial scale of coastal zones shows an "inverted U-shaped" change. • Supporting cities scale affects the economic radiation range by supporting cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed the Gaussian Mixture Model to identify the location evolution and two-dimensional morphology of catering clusters in Shanghai in 2016, 2018 and 2020. We used the two-way fixed model to analyze the relationship between the location and type change of catering clusters and the other five land use types (17 types of POIs). The findings revealed that although restaurants follow the agglomeration mode under the principle of cumulative attraction, it is inconsistent with the rolling diffusion mode of traditional industrial clusters. Large clusters with obvious indigenous scale advantages evolve into more clusters with relative scale advantages and agglomeration forms relying on one or more buildings and spreading along the street. While the former has a more substantial economic contribution, the latter has stronger spatial expansion. The spatial combination of urban ring road expansion and residential land, land for commercial services, land for entertainment, and scenic spots determines the location selection and structural differences of catering clusters. Our findings can help Shanghai alleviate the siphoning effect in the central urban area. • Agglomeration and spatial form changes of catering clusters were explored. • Relationship between location and type change of catering clusters was analyzed. • The clusters do not follow the expansion mode of traditional industrial clusters. • Finding can help Shanghai alleviate the siphon effect in the central urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]